C++, Mentor Computer classes 2017

Chapter-1: Introductory Program

Program 1.1 WAP to accept an integer from the keyboard and print the number when it is
multiplied by 2.

Solution:
#include <iostream.h>
void main ()
{
int x;
cout << "Please enter an integer value: ";
cin >>x;
cout <<endl<< "Value you entered is " <<x;
cout << " and its double is " <<x*2 << ".\n";
}
Output:
Please enter an integer value:
5
Value you entered is 5 and its double is 10.

Program 1.2 Write a program to demonstrate arithmetic operation.

Solution:
#include <iostream.h>
void main ()
{
int a, b, p, q, r, s;
a = 10;
b=4;
p= a/b;
q= a*b;
r= a%b;
s= b%a;
cout<<p<<q<<r<<s;
}

Output:
2 40 2 4

Program 1.3 Write a program to find the greatest of two numbers.

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Solution:

#include <iostream.h>
void main ()
{
int a,b,c;
a=2;
b=7;
c = (a>b) ? a : b;
cout<<c;
}

Output: 7

Program 1.4 WAP to check whether a person is old or young. A person will be said old if his
age is above 35 and young if his age is below 35.

Solution:

#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int age;
cout<<”Enter Age”;
cin>>age;
if(age>=35)
cout<<"Old";
else
cout<<”Young”;
}

Output:
Enter age 39
Old

Program 1.5 Write a program to calculate division obtained by a student with his percentage

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 C++, Mentor Computer classes 2017
mark given.

Solution:
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int mark;
cout<<”Enter mark”;
cin>>mark;

if(mark>=60)
cout<<”1st Division”;

else if(mark>=50 && mark<60)

cout<<”2nd Division”;

else if(mark>=40 && mark<50)

cout<<”3rd Division”;

else
cout<<”Fail”;
}

Output:
Enter mark 87
1st Division

Program 1.6 Write a program to illustrate the use of switch case statements.

Solution:
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int i
for(int i=0; i<6; i++)
switch(i)
{
case 0:
cout<<”i is zero.”;
break;
case 1:
cout<<”i is one.”;
break;
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case 2:
cout<<”i is two.”;
break;
case 3:
cout<<”i is three.”;
break;
default:
cout<<”i is greater than 3.”;
}
}

Output:
i is zero.
i is one.
i is two.
i is three.
i is greater than 3.
i is greater than 3.

Program 1.7 Write a program to print the message “C++ is good” 10 times using while loop.

Solution:
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int n = 0;
while (n <10)
{
cout<<”C++ is good”;
n++;
}
}

Program 1.8 Write a program to print the message “C++ is good” 10 times using do while loop.
Solution:
#include<iostream.h>

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void main()
{
int n = 0;
do
{
cout<<”C++ is good”;
n++;
} while(n<9);
}

Program 1.9 Write a program to print the message “C++is good” 10 times using for loop.
Solution:
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int n ;
for(n=0; n<10; n++)
{
cout<<”C++ is good”;
}
}

Program 1.10 Write a program to check whether a number is prime or not.

#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int n, i;
cout<<”Enter a number:”;
cin>>n;
for(i=2; i<n; i++)
{
if(n%i==0)
{
cout<<”Number is not Prime”;
break;
}
}
if(i==n)
cout<<”Number is Prime”;
}
Output:
Enter a number 13
Number is Prime

Program 1.11 The marks obtained by a student in 5 different subjects are input through the
keyboard. The student gets a division as per the following rules:

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Percentage above or equal to 60 - First division
Percentage between 50 and 59 - Second division
Percentage between 40 and 49 - Third division
Percentage less than 40 – Fail. Write a program to calculate the division obtained by the student.

Solution:
#include<iostream.h>
void main( )
{
int m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, per ;
cout<< "Enter marks in five subjects " ;
cin>>m1>>m2>>m3>>m4>>m5 ;
per = ( m1 + m2 + m3 + m4 + m5 ) / 5 ;
if ( per >= 60 )
{
cout<< "First division" ;
}
else if ( ( per >= 50 ) && ( per < 60 ) )
{
cout<< "Second division" ;
}
else if ( ( per >= 40 ) && ( per < 50 ) )
{
cout<<"Third division" ;
}
else
{
cout<< "Fail" ;
}
}

Output:
Enter marks in 5 subjects 65 65 65 60 70
First division

Program 1.12 Write a program to find the roots of a quadratic equation ax 2+bx+c=0, where the
values of coefficient a, b and c are given from the keyboard.

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Solution:
#include<iostream.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
int a, b, c, d;
float r1, r2, x, y;
cout<<“Enter the coefficients”;
cin>>a>>b>>c;
d=(b*b) - (4*a*c);
if(d>0)
{
r1=(-b+pow(d,0.5))/2*a;
r2=(-b- pow(d,0.5))/2*a;
cout<<”Roots are real and the roots are ”<<r1<<” and ”<<r2;
}
else if(d==0)
{
r1=-b/2*a;
cout<< “Roots are equal and the root is “<<r1;
}
else
{
x=-b/2*a;
y =pow(-d,0.5)/2*a;
cout<<”Roots are imaginary and the roots are”<<endl;
cout<<x<<“+i ”<<y<<endl;
cout<<x<<“-i ”<< y;
}
}

Output:
Enter the coefficients 1 -4 4
Roots are equal and the root is 2

Program 1.13 If the three sides of a triangle are entered through the keyboard, write a
program to check whether the triangle is isosceles, equilateral, scalene or right angled triangle.
Solution:
#include<iostream.h>
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void main()
{
int a, b, c;
cout<<“Enter 3 sides”;
cin>>a>>b>>c;
if(a+b>c && b+c>a && c+a>b)
{
if((a*a+b*b)==c*c || (b*b+c*c)==a*a || (c*c+a*a)==b*b)
{
cout<<“Right Angled”;
}
else if( (a==b &&b!=c) || (b==c&&c!=a) || (c==a&&a!=b))
{

cout<<“Isosceles”;
}
else if(a==b && b==c)
{
cout<<“Equilateral”;
}
else
{
cout<<“Any Valid Triangle”;
}
}
else
{
cout<<“Cannot form a valid triangle”;

}
}

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Program 1.14 to print all the even integers from 1 to 100.
Write a program
#include<iostream.h
> void main()
{
int i;
for(i=0; i<100 ; i+=2)
{
cout<< i<<“\n”;
}
}
PrograWmA1P. Compute 1+2+3+4+………………….+n for a given value of n.
1 t 5o
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int i, n, s=0;
cout<<“Enter the value of n”;
cin>>n;
for(i=1; i<=n; i++)
{

s=s+i;
}
cout<< s;
}

Program 1.16 Write a program to compute factorial of a number.

#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int i, n, f=1;
cout<<“Enter the value of n”;
cin>>n;
for(i=1; i<=n; i++)
{
f=f*i;
}
cout<<f;
}

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Program 1.17 Write a program to find sum of digits of a number.

Solution:
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int a, n, s=0;
cout<<“Enter a number”;
cin>>n;
while(n!=0)
{ a=n
%10;
s=s+a;
n=n/10;
}
cout<<s;
}

Program 1.18 Write a program to reverse a number.

Solution:

#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int a, n, rn=0;
cout<<“Enter a number”;
cin>>n;
while(n!=0)
{ a=n
%10;
rn=rn*10+a;
n=n/10;
}
cout<<rn;
}

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Example 1.19 Write a program to check whether a no is palindrome number or not. (A number
is said to be palindrome number if it is equal its reverse
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int a, n, rn=0, b;
cout<<“Enter a number”;
cin>>n;
b=n;
while(n!=0)
{ a=n
%10;
rn=rn*10+a;
n=n/10;
}
if(b==rn)
{
cout<<“palindrome”;
}
else
{
cout<<“not palindrome”;
}
}
Example 1.20 Write a program to check whether a no is Armstrong number or not. (A number
is said to be Armstrong number if sum of cube of its digit is equal to that number).
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int a, n,s=0, b;
cout<<“Enter a number”;
cin>>n;
b=n;
while(n!=0)
{ a=n
%10;
s=s+a*a*a;
n=n/10;
}
if(b==s)
{

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 C++, Mentor Computer classes 2017
cout<<“Armstrong”;
}
else
{
cout<<“Not Armstrong”;
}
}
Example 1.21 Write a program to print all the prime numbers from 1 to 500.
#include<iostream.h>
void main( )
{
int n, i ;
for(n=2; n<=500; n++)
{
for(i=2; i<=n-1; i++)
{
if ( n% i == 0 )
{
break ;

}
}
if ( i == n )
{
cout<<n<< "\t" ;
}
}
}

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Program 1.22 Write a program to swap two integers using call by value and call by ref.

Call by value Call by refernece

#include<iostream.h> #include<iostream.h>
void swap(int, int); void swap(int *, int *);
void main() void main()
{ {
int x=5, y=7; int x=5, y=7;
swap(x, y); swap(&x, &y);
cout<<x<<y<<endl; cout<<x<<y<<endl;
} }
void swap(int a, int b) void swap(int *a, int *b)
{ {
int t=a; int t=*a;
a=b; *a=*b;
b=t; *b=t;
cout<<a<<b; cout<<*a<<*b;
} }

Output: Output:
57 75
75 75

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 C++, Mentor Computer classes 2017
Assignment-1

Short Type Questions

1. What is a structure and how to define and declare a structure?

2. What are the advantages of using unions?
3. Can we initialize unions?
4. Why can’t we compare structures?
5. Define array and pointer?
6. Define keyword.
7. Differentiate between = and ==.
8. Differentiate between while loop and do while loop.
9. Define loop. Write the syntax of for loop.
10. Differentiate between const and volatile.

Long Type Questions

1. Why structure is used instead of union? Write the difference between structure and union.
2. What is the difference between procedure oriented programming and object oriented
programming?
3. Describe the basic concepts of object oriented programming briefly.
4. Describe different types of operators in c++.
5. What is pointer? Differentiate between call by value and call by reference.
6. Explain function prototype, function calling and function definition with suitable examples.
7. Write a program to find factorial of a number.
8. Write a program to find largest among a list of integers stored in an array.
9. Using structure, write a program to find addition of two complex number.
10. Write a program to check whether a number is Armstrong or not?
11. Write a program to reverse a number using function recursion.
12. Write both recursive and non recursive function to find gcd of two integers.
13. Write a program to print fibonacii sequence up to 50 terms. (Assume, first two terms of fibonacii
sequence are 0 and 1 respectively.)
14. Write a program to print all integers from 1 to n using recursion, where the value of n is supplied
by the user.
15. Write a program to convert a 2×2 matrix into 3×3 matrix, where a new row element is obtained
by adding all elements in that row, a new column element is obtained by adding all elements in
that column and the diagonal element is obtained by summing all diagonal elements of given
2×2 matrix.

Chapter 2
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Program 2.1 Write a program to find sum of two integers using class and object.

Solution:
#include<iostream.h>
class Add

{
int x, y, z;
public:
void getdata()
{
cout<<”Enter two numbers”;
cin>>x>>y;
}
void calculate(void);
void display(void);
};

void Add :: calculate()

{
z=x+y;
}

void Add :: display()

{
cout<<z;
}

void main()
{
Add a;
a.getdata();
a.calculate();
a.display();
}

Output:
Enter two numbers 5 6
11

Object as Function argument

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Program 2.2 Write a program to add two time objects (in the form hh:mm).

Solution:
#include<iostream.h>
class time
{
int hours, minutes;

public:
void gettime(int h, int m)
{
hours=h;
minutes=m;
}
void sum(time, time);
void display(void);
};
void time :: sum (time t1, time t2)
{
minutes=t1.minutes+t2.minutes;
hours=minutes/60;

minutes=minutes%60;
hours=hours+t1.hours+t2.hours;
}
void time :: display()
{
cout<<hours<<” : ”<<minutes<<endl;
}
void main()
{
time T1, T2, T3;
T1.gettime(2,45);
T2.gettime(3,30);
T3.sum(T1, T2);
T1.display();
T2.display();
cout<<"Addition of above two time is ";
T3.display();
}
Output:

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2 : 45
3 : 15
Addition of above two time is 6:15

Array of object

Collection of similar types of object is known as array of objects.

Program 2.3 Write a program to input name and age of 5 employees and display them.

Solution:
#include<iostream.h>
class Employee
{
char name[30];
int age;
public:
void getdata(void);
void putdata(void);
};

void Employee:: getdata(void)

{
cout<<”Enter Name and Age:”;
cin>>name>>age;
}

void Employee:: putdata(void)

{
cout<<name<<”\t”<<age<<endl;
}

void main()
{
Employee e[5];
int i;
for(i=0; i<5; i++)
{
e[i].getdata();
}
for(i=0; i<5; i++)
{
e[i].putdata();
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}
}

Output:
Enter Name and Age: Rajib 25
Enter Name and Age: Sunil 27
Enter Name and Age: Ram 23
Enter Name and Age: Bibhuti 26
Enter Name and Age: Ramani 32
Rajib 25
Sunil 27
Ram 23
Bibhuti 26
Ramani 32

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Program 2.4 Demonstration of default Constructor.

Solution:
#include<iostream.h>
class Add
{
int x, y, z;

public:
Add(); // Default Constructor
void calculate(void);
void display(void);
};
Add::Add()
{
x=6;
y=5;
}
void Add :: calculate()
{
z=x+y;
}
void Add :: display()
{
cout<<z;
}
void main()
{
Add a;
a.calculate();

a.display();
}

Output:
11

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Parameterized constructor

The constructor which takes some argument is known as parameterized constructor.

Program 2.5 Write a program to initialize two integer variables using parameterized
constructor and add them.

Solution:
#include<iostream.h>
class Add
{
int x, y, z;
public:
Add(int, int);
void calculate(void);
void display(void);
};
Add :: Add(int a, int b)
{
x=a;
y=b;
}
void Add :: calculate()
{
z=x+y;
}
void Add :: display()
{
cout<<z;
}
void main()
{

Add a(5, 6);

a.calculate();
a.display();
}
Output:
11

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Copy Constructor
The constructor which takes reference to its own class as argument is known as copy constructor.

Program 2.6Write a program to initialize two integer variables using parameterized

constructor. Copy given integers into a new object and add them .

Solution:
#include<iostream.h>
class Add
{
int x, y, z;
public:
Add()
{
}
Add(int a, int b)
{
x=a;
y=b;
}
Add(Add &);
void calculate(void);
void display(void);
};

Add :: Add(Add &p)

{
x=p.x;
y=p.y;
cout<<”Value of x and y for new object: ”<<x<<” and ”<<y<<endl;
}
void Add :: calculate()
{
z=x+y;
}
void Add :: display()
{
cout<<z;
}
void main()
{
Add a(5, 6);

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Add b(a);
b.calculate();
b.display();
}

Output:
Value of x and y for new object are 5 and 6
11

Note: Here in the above program when the statement Add a(5, 6); will execute (i.e. object creation), the
parameterized constructor Add (int, int) will be called automatically and value of x and y will be set to 5
and 6respectively. Now when the statement Add b(a) ; will execute, the copy constructor Add(Add& )
will be called and the content of object a will be copied into object b.

What is Constructor Overloading?

If a program contains more than one constructor, then constructor is said to be overloaded.

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Destructor

Program 2.7 Demonstration of Destructor.

Solution:
#include<iostream.h>
class XYZ
{
int x;
public:
XYZ( );
~XYZ( );
void display(void);
};
XYZ::XYZ( )
{
x=9;
}

XYZ:: ~XYZ( )
{
cout<<”Object is destroyed”<<endl;
}
void XYZ::display()
{
cout<<x;
}
void main()
{
XYZ xyz;
xyz.display();
}

Output:
9
Object is destroyed.

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Inline function
Program 2.8
Write a program to find area of a circle using inline function.

Solution:
#include<iostream.h>
inline float area(int);
void main()
{
int r;
cout<<“ Enter the Value of r: ”;
cin>>r;
cout<<” Area is: “ << area(r);
}
inline float area (int a)
{
return(3.14*a*a);
}

Output:
Enter the Value of r:
7
153.86

Friend Function
Program 2.9
Demonstration of Friend Function.

Solution:
#include<iostream.h>
class Add
{
int x, y, z;
public:
Add(int, int);
friend int calculate(Add p);
};

Add :: Add(int a, int b)

{
x=a;
y=b;
}
int calculate(Add p)
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{
return(p.x+p.y);
}
void main()
{
Add a(5, 6);
cout<<calculate(a);
}

Output:
11

Note: Here the function calculate () is called directly like normal function as it is declared as friend.

Friend Classes
It is possible for one class to be a friend of another class. When this is the case, the friend class and all of
its member functions have access to the private members defined within the other class.

#include <iostream.h>
class TwoValues
{
int a;
int b;
public:
TwoValues(int i, int j)
{
a = i;
b = j;
}
friend class Min;
};
class Min
{
public:
int min(TwoValues x);
};
int Min::min(TwoValues x)
{
return x.a < x.b ? x.a : x.b;
}
int main()
{
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TwoValues ob(10, 20);
Min m;
cout << m.min(ob);
return 0;
}

Output:
10

Note: In this example, class Min has access to the private variables a and b declared within the
TwoValues class.

Static Data Members

Program 2.11 Demonstration of static data members.

Solution:

#include<iostream.h>
class A
{

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 C++, Mentor Computer classes 2017
i d
n )
t ;

p v
; o
} i
; s d
A: t
: a d
A() t i
{ i s
c p
} l
i a
y
n
(
t
v
o
q
i
;
d
)
p
;
u
b
l
i
p=5;
c
:
A();
v
o
i
d

i
n
c
r
(
v
o
i

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 C++, Mentor Computer classes 2017
int A:: q=10;
void A:: incr()
{
p++;
q++;
}
void A:: display()
{
cout<<p<<”\t”<<q<<endl;
}
void main()
{
A a1, a2, a3;
a1.incr();
a1.display();
a2.incr();
a2.display();
a3.incr();
a3.display();
}

Output:
6 11
6 12
6 13

Note: Here p is a normal variable, whose value is 5 for all 3 objects a1, a2 and a3 (For each object,
separate copy of p exists). But q is static variable or member, whose initial value is 10 and a single copy
of q exists for all the objects.

Static Member function/method

Program 2.12 Demonstration of static member function.

Solution:
#include<iostream.h>

class ABC
{
public:
static int add(int, int);
};
int ABC:: add(int a, int b)

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{
return(a+b);
}

void main()
{
ABC abc;
int res;
res=ABC :: add(30, 40);
cout<<res;
}

Output:
70

Short Type Questions

1. What is friend function? State its properties.

2. What is inline function?
3. What is static data members and static member function?
4. How a member function of a class can be accessed?
5. Differentiate between macros and inline function.
6. What are data members and member function?
7. Define copy constructor with an example.
8. Define default constructor with an example.
9. Define dynamic initialization of object. How it is achieved?
10. What is scope resolution operator? State any two applications.

Long Type Questions

1. Explain function prototype, calling and definition with suitable examples.

2. What do you mean by static data members? Discuss.
3. WAP to find greatest of 2 no’s using class and object
4. WAP to add two time objects (in the form of hh : mm :ss).
5. WAP to add two string object. The string object is initialized by following constructor. string
(char[]).
6. Define a class student with member variables as roll number and name. Generate an object and
initialize its variables using constructors and display them.
7. What is the difference between public, private and protected members of class?
8. What is a constructor? Explain about copy constructor with a suitable example.
9. What is a destructor? Explain with an example.
10. What is class and object? How a class differs from a structure?
11. Define a complex number. Write a program to read and print a complex number using class and
object.
12. What is default argument? Discuss with a suitable example.
13. A function can return more than one value. Explain.
14. What is the difference between method overriding and method overloading? Explain your
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answer with suitable example.
15. How does an inline function differ from a preprocessor Macro?
16. Create a class called Employee which contains protected attributes such as emp_id, emp_salary
and emp_da. emp_da is 20% of the emp_salary. Provide an appropriate method to take user
input to initialize the attributes and display the details regarding 25 students of a class.
17. Write a complete program to create a class called Account with protected attributes such as
account number and balance. The attributes should be initialized through constructors. The
class contains a public method named as show () to display the initialized attributes. Provide a
mechanism to create an array of Account objects. The array size should be given by the user at
run time.
18. What is a copy constructor? Explain the role of a copy constructor while initializing a pointer
attribute of a class for which the memory allocation takes place at the run time.

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Chapter 3 Inheritance

Program 4.1 Example of single inheritance with base class access control as public.

Solution:
#include <iostream.h>
class A
{
int i, j;
public:
void set(int a, int b)
{
i=a; j=b;
}
void show()
{
cout << i << " " << j << "\n";
}
};
class B : public A
{
int k;
public:
B(int x)
{
k=x;
}
void showk()
{
cout << k << "\n";
}
};

void main()
{
B b(3);
b.set(1, 2);
b.show();
b.showk();
}

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Output:
12
3

Note: Here all public and protected members of the base class become private members of the derived
class. So object of derived class cannot directly access the member function and data members of the
base class.

Program 4.2 Example of single inheritance with base class access control as private.
Solution:

#include <iostream.h>
class A
{
int i, j;
public:
void set(int a, int b)
{
i=a; j=b;
}
void show()
{
cout << i << " " << j << "\n";
}
};

class B : private A
{
int k;
public:

B(int x)
{
k=x;
}
void showk()
{
cout << k << "\n";
}

};
void main()
{
B b(3);
b.set(1, 2);
b.show(); //******Error******
}

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How to access the private data member of base class in derived class?
Private data members of base class can be accessed by derived class by using public member
function/methods of the base class.

Multiple Inheritance

In multiple inheritance derived class is derived from more than one base class.

A B C

(Multiple Inheritance)

Multilevel Inheritance

In multilevel inheritance class B is derived from a class A and a class C is derived from the class B.

Syntax:
class base-class-name1
{
Data members
Member
functions
};
class derived-class-name : visibility mode base-class-name
{

Data members

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};

class derived-class-name1: visibility mode derived-class-name

{
Data members
Member functions
};

Note: visibility mode can be either private, public or protected

(Multilevel inheritance)

Hierarchical Inheritance

In hierarchical inheritance several classes can be derived from a single base class

Syntax:
class base-class-name
{
Data members
Member functions
};

class derived-class-name1 : visibility mode base-class-name

{
Data members
Member functions
};

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class derived-class-name2: visibility mode base-class-name

{
Data members
Member functions
};

Note: visibility mode can be either private, public or protected

B C D

(Hierarchical inheritance)

Hybrid inheritance

It is the mixture of one or more above inheritance.

B C

Constructor and Destructor Execution in Inheritance

When an object of a derived class is created, if the base class contains a constructor, it will be called
first, followed by the derived class' constructor. When a derived object is destroyed, its destructor is
called first, followed by the base class' destructor, if it exists (i.e. constructor functions are executed in
their order of derivation. Destructor functions are executed in reverse order of derivation).

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Program 4.4 Constructor and Destructor execution in single inheritance.

Solution:
#include <iostream.h>
class base
{
public:
base()
{
cout << "Constructing base\n";
}
~base()
{
cout << "Destructing base\n";
}
};
class derived: public base
{
public:
derived()
{
cout << "Constructing derived\n";
}
~derived()
{
cout << "Destructing derived\n";
}
};
void main()
{
derived ob;
}

Output:
Constructing base
Constructing derived
Destructing derived
Destructing base

Note: In the above program, first base's constructor is executed followed by derived's. Next (because ob
is immediately destroyed in this program), derived's destructor is called, followed by base's.

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Program 4.5 Constructor and Destructor execution in multilevel linheritance.

Solution:
#include <iostream.h>
class base
{
public:
base()
{
cout << "Constructing base\n";
}
~base()
{
cout << "Destructing base\n";
}
};
class derived1 : public base
{
public:
derived1()
{
cout << "Constructing derived1\n";
}
~derived1()
{
cout << "Destructing derived1\n";
}
};
class derived2: public derived1
{
public:
derived2()
{
cout << "Constructing derived2\n";
}
~derived2()
{
cout << "Destructing derived2\n";
}
};
void main()
{

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 C++, Mentor Computer classes 2017
derived2 ob;
}

Output:
Constructing base
Constructing derived1
Constructing derived2
Destructing derived2
Destructing derived1
Destructing base

Program 4.6 Constructor and Destructor execution in multiple inheritance.

Solution:
#include <iostream.h>
class base1
{
public:
base1()
{
cout << "Constructing base1\n";
}
~base1()
{
cout << "Destructing base1\n";
}
};
class base2
{
public:
base2()
{
cout << "Constructing base2\n";
}
~base2()
{
cout << "Destructing base2\n";
}
};
class derived: public base1, public base2
{
public:

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derived()
{
cout << "Constructing derived\n";
}
~derived()
{
cout << "Destructing derived\n";
}
};
void main()
{
derived ob;
}

Output:
Constructing base1
Constructing base2
Constructing derived
Destructing derived
Destructing base2
Destructing base1

Note: In the above program, constructors are called in order of derivation, left to right, as specified in
derived's inheritance list. Destructors are called in reverse order, right to left.

Passing Parameters to Base-Class Constructors

So far, none of the preceding examples have included constructor functions that require arguments. In
cases where only the derived class' constructor requires one or more parameters, we simply use the
standard parameterized constructor syntax. However, how do you pass arguments to a constructor in a
base class? The answer is to use an expanded form of the derived class's constructor declaration that
passes along arguments to one or more base-class constructors. The general form of this expanded
derived-class constructor declaration is shown here:

derived-constructor (arg-list) : base1(arg-list),base2(arg-list), …...,baseN(arg-list)

{
// body of derived constructor
}

Here, base1 through baseN are the names of the base classes inherited by the derived class. Notice that
a colon separates the derived class' constructor declaration from the base-class specifications, and that
the base-class specifications are separated from each other by commas, in the case of multiple base
classes.

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Program 4.7 Passing Parameters to Base Class Constructors in Single Inheritance.

Solution:
#include <iostream.h>
class base
{
protected:
int i;
public:
base(int x)
{
i=x; cout << "Constructing base\n";
}
~base()
{
cout << "Destructing base\n";
}
};
class derived: public base
{
int j;
public:
derived(int x, int y): base(y)
{
j=x; cout << "Constructing derived\n";
}
~derived()
{
cout << "Destructing derived\n";
}
void show()
{
cout << i << " " << j << "\n";
}
};
void main()
{
derived ob(3, 4);
ob.show();
}

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Program 4.7 Demonstration of ambiguities in multipath inheritance.

Solution:
// This program contains an error and will not compile.
#include <iostream.h>
class base
{
public:
int i;
};
class derived1 : public base
{
public:
int j;
};
class derived2 : public base
{
public:
int k;
};
class derived3 : public derived1, public derived2
{
public:
int sum;
};
void main()
{
derived3 ob;
ob.i = 10; // this is ambiguous, which i???
ob.j = 20;
ob.k = 30;
ob.sum = ob.i + ob.j + ob.k; // i ambiguous here, too
cout << ob.i << " "; // also ambiguous, which i?
cout << ob.j << " " << ob.k << " ";
cout << ob.sum;
}

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Program 4.8 Remove Ambiguities using virtual base class.

Solution:
#include <iostream.h>
class base
{
public:
int i;
};
class derived1 : virtual public base
{
public:
int j;
};
class derived2 : virtual public base
{
public:
int k;
};
class derived3 : public derived1, public derived2
{
public:
int sum;
};
void main()
{
derived3 ob;
ob.i = 10; // now unambiguous

ob.j = 20;
ob.k = 30;
ob.sum = ob.i + ob.j + ob.k; // unambiguous
cout << ob.i << " "; // unambiguous
cout << ob.j << " " << ob.k << " ";
cout << ob.sum;
}

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Assignment 3

Short Type Questions

1. Define Inheritance.
2. Write any two advantages of inheritance.
3. List various types of inheritances.
4. Define virtual base class.
5. How do the properties of the following two derived classes differ?
class X: private Y { //….};
class A: proctected B { //….};
6. Private attributes can’t be inherited. State a remedy for this problem so that attributes of a
class behave like private attributes but can be inherited. Explain with an example.

Long Type Questions

1. Describe various types of Inheritance with suitable example.

2. How to restore the access label of an inheritance data member in derived class? Explain with
the help of a program in C++.
3. Give the definition of a virtual base class in C++ syntax.Explain why virtual base classes are
required?
4. Explain why object-oriented programs are more maintainable and reusable compared to
function-oriented programs.
5. Define ambiguity in inheritance. How ambiguities can be removed by using scope resolution
operator and virtual base class. Explain your answer with example.
6. With an appropriate example, explain how ambiguities can be resolved for public and protected
attributes in case of multi path inheritance without using virtual base class.

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Chapter 4

Program 4.1 Write a program to overload function area () to calculate area of circle and
area of a rectangle.

Solution:
#include <iostream.h>
float area(int);
int area(int, int);
void main( )
{
int r, l, b;
cout << “Enter the Value of r, l & b: ”;
cin>>r>>l>>b;
cout<< “Area of circle is ”<<area(r)<<endl;
cout<< “Area of rectangle is ”<<area(l,b);
}

float area(int a)
{
return (3.14*a*a);
}
int area(int a, int b)
{
return (a*b);
}

Output:
Enter the Value of r, l & b:
786
Area of circle is 153.86
Area of circle is 48

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Program 4.2 Demonstration of function overriding.

Solution:
#include<iostream.h>
class B
{
public:
void show()
{
cout<<"I am in base show"<<endl;
}
};
class D:public B
{
public:
void show()
{
cout<<"I am in derived show"<<endl;
}
};
void main()
{
B b, *bp;
D d;
bp=&b;
bp->show();
bp=&d;
bp->show();
}

Output:
I am in base show
I am in base show

Note: Here the base version of function show () will work as it overrides the derived version of show ().

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Program 4.3 Write a program to demonstrate virtual function.
#include<iostream.h>
class B
{
public:
virtual void show()
{
cout<<"I am in base show"<<endl;
}
};
class D:public B
{
public:
void show()
{
cout<<"I am in derived show"<<endl;
}
};
void main()
{
B b, *bp;
D d;
bp=&b;
bp->show();
bp=&d;
bp->show();
}
Output:
I am in base show
I am in derived show

Important Tips!
A base pointer can be made to point to any number of derived objects, it cannot access the members
defined by a derived class. It can access only the members which are common to the base class. If a
same function is present in both base and derived class, always base version of the function is called
when we access the function using base pointer (no matters whether it points to base class or derived
class). Derived version of the function can be called by making the function (having same name) as
virtual. This is also called function overriding because function in the base class is overridden by the
function in the derived class.

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Remember!
When a virtual function is inherited, its virtual nature is also inherited. This means that when a derived
class that has inherited a virtual function is itself used as a base class for another derived class, the
virtual function can still be overridden.

Pure virtual function and abstract class

Program 4.4 Create an abstract class called Shape which contains a pure virtual function called
find_vol() and a protected attribute named as volume. Create two new derived classes from the
above class named as Cube and Sphere having double type attribute named as side and radius
respectively. Implement dynamic polymorphism to find out volume of a cube and a sphere. Also
display the result.

Solution:
#include<iostream.h>
class Shape
{
protected:
double volume;
public:
virtual void find_vol()=0;
};
class Cube: public Shape
{
protected:
double side;
public:
Cube();
void find_vol();
};

class Sphere: public Shape

{
protected:
double radius;
public:
Sphere();
void find_vol();
};

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Cube::Cube()
{
cout<<”Enter side of the Cube:”<<endl;
cin>>side;
}
Sphere::Sphere ()
{
cout<<”Enter radius of the sphere:”<<endl;
cin>>radius;
}

void Cube:: find_vol()

{
volume=side*side*side;
cout<<”Volume of Cube is: ”<<volume<<endl;
}
void Sphere:: find_vol()
{
volume=(4/3)*3.14*radius*radius*radius;
cout<<”Volume of sphere is: ”<<volume;
}

void main()
{
Shape *ptr;
Cube cube;
Sphere sphere;
ptr=&cube;
ptr->find_vol();
ptr=&sphere;
ptr->find_vol();
}

Output:
Enter side of the Cube:
3
Enter radius of the sphere:
4
Volume of Cube is: 27
Volume of sphere is: 200.96

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Assignment 4

Short Type Questions

1. Why class is called an ADT?

2. Define function overriding and function overloading.
3. Define early binding and late binding.
4. Give two example of static polymorphism.
5. What is run time polymorphism?
6. Define pure virtual function.
7. Define ambiguity in function overloading.
8. How run time polymorphism can be achieved?
9. How compile time polymorphism can be achieved?

Long Type Questions

1. Explain virtual function with a suitable example.

2. Explain function overloading with an example. Also explain ambiguity problem in function
overloading.
3. Discuss object slicing with a suitable example.
4. “Pure virtual functions force the programmer to redefine virtual function inside derived class”.
Comment on this statement.
5. An abstract class cannot have instances. What then is the use of having abstract classes?
Explain your answer using a suitable example.
6. Distinguish between virtual member function and non-virtual member function.
7. Explain function overloading and function overriding with suitable examples.
8. Create a class called Volume which contains a method called find_vol (). Write down appropriate
code to create objects named as sphere and cylinder of the above class and implement function
overloading to calculate volume of a sphere and cylinder based upon user input.

Chapter 5

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Operator Overloading

this Pointer
Every object in C++ has access to its own address through an important pointer called this pointer. The
this pointer is an implicit parameter to all member functions. Therefore, inside a member function, this
may be used to refer to the invoking object.
Friend functions do not have a this pointer, because friends are not members of a class. Only non static
member functions have a this pointer.

Program 5.1 Write a program to demonstrate this pointer.

Solution:
#include <iostream.h>
class Box
{
private:
double length;
double breadth;
double height;

public:
Box(double l=2.0, double b=2.0, double h=2.0)
{
cout <<"Constructor called." << endl;
length = l;
breadth = b;
height = h;
}
double Volume()
{
return (length * breadth * height);
}
int compare(Box box)
{
return (this->Volume() > box.Volume());
}

};
void main(void)
{
Box Box1(3.3, 1.2, 1.5);
Box Box2(8.5, 6.0, 2.0);

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if(Box1.compare(Box2))
{
cout << "Box2 is smaller than Box1" <<endl;
}
else
{
cout << "Box2 is equal to or larger than Box1" <<endl;
}
}

Output:
Constructor called.
Constructor called.
Box2 is equal to or larger than Box1

Overloading Operators

Program 5.2 Write a program to overload unary operator ++ using member function.

Solution:
#include<iostream.h>
class A
{
int n;
public:
void getdata( );
void operator ++( );
void display( );
};
void A::getdata( )
{
cout<<”Enter a number”;
cin>>n;
}
void A::operator ++( )
{
n=n+1;
}
void A::display( )
{
cout<<n;
}

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void main()
{
A a;
a.getdata();
a++;
a.display();
}
Output:
Enter a number
5
6

Program 5.3 Write a program to overload unary operator ++ using friend function.

Solution:
#include<iostream.h>
class A
{
int n;
public:
void getdata( );
friend void operator ++( A &);
void display( );
};

void A::getdata( )
{
cout<<”Enter a number”;
cin>>n;
}
void operator ++(A x)
{
x.n=x.n+1;
}
void A::display( )
{
cout<<n;
}
void main()
{
A a;
a.getdata();

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a++;
a.display();
}

Output:
Enter a number
5
6

Program 5.4Write a program to overload binary operator + to find sum of two complex
numbers using member function.

Solution:
#include<iostream.h>
class Complex
{
float real, img;
public:
Complex(float, float );
Complex operator + ( Complex);
void display( );
};
Complex::Complex(float x, float y )
{
real=x;
img=y
}
Complex Complex::operator +(Comlex c)
{
Complex temp;
temp.real=real+c.real;
temp.img=img+c.img;
return(temp);
}
void A::display( )
{
cout<<real<<” +j”<<img<<”\n”;
}

void main( )
{
Complex c1(2.5, 3.4), c2(4.2, 6.5), c3;
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c3=c1+c2;
c1.display( );
c2.display( );
c3.display( );
}
Output:
2.5+ j3.4
4.2+ j6.5
6.7+ j9.9

Note: As you can see, operator+ () has only one parameter even though it overloads the binary +
operator. (You might expect two parameters corresponding to the two operands of a binary operator.)
The reason that operator+ () takes only one parameter is that the operand on the left side of the + is
passed implicitly to the function through the this pointer. The operand on the right is passed in the
parameter c. The fact that the left operand is passed using this also implies one important point: When
binary operators are overloaded, it is the object on the left that generates the call to the operator
function.
The statement c3=c1+c2; is same as c1.operator+(c2).

Program 5.5 Write a program to overload binary operator + to find sum of two complex
numbers using friend function.

Solution:
#include<iostream.h>
class Complex
{
float real, img;
public:
Complex(float, float );
friend Complex operator + ( Complex, Complex);
void display( );
};

Complex::Complex(float x, float y )
{
real=x;
img=y
}

Complex operator+(Comlex a, Complex b)

{
Complex temp;

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temp.x=a.real+b.real;
temp.y=a.img+b.img;
return(temp);
}
void A::display( )
{
cout<<real<<” +j”<<img<<”\n”;
}
void main()
{
Complex c1(2.5, 3.4), c2(4.2, 6.5), c3;
c3=c1+c2;
c1.display();
c2.display();
c3.display();
}

Output:
2.5+ j3.4
4.2+ j6.5
6.7+ j9.9

Program 5.5 Suppose there is a class called X with two double type attributes. Write a C++
program to create two objects named ob 1 and ob 2 of the above class and overload the binary ==
operator to perform the following operation within main():
if(ob 1== ob 2)
cout<<”Objects are same”<<endl;
else
cout<<”Objects are different”<<endl; [BPUT 2010]

Solution:
#include<iostream.h>
class X
{
double d1, d2;
public:
X(double, double);
int operator==(X);
void display( );
};

X::X(double x, double y )
{

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d1=x;
d2=y;
}
int X:: operator==(X p)
{
if(d1==p.d1 &&d2==p.d2)
return 1;
else
return 0;
}
void main()
{
X ob1(2.5, 3.4), ob2(2.5, 3.0);
if(ob 1== ob 2)
cout<<”Objects are same”<<endl;
else
cout<<”Objects are different”<<endl;

Assignment 5

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 C++, Mentor Computer classes 2017
Short Type Questions

1. What is operator overloading?

2. Which operators cannot be overloaded in C++ and why?

Long Type Questions

1. Create a class complex with real and imaginary parts as member variables, member function
get () and disp () to input and display a complex number respectively. Write a program using the
above class to overload + and – operators to perform addition and subtraction of two complex
numbers.
2. Write a program in C++ to overload subscript [] operator.
3. Define a class called Increment; the class contains one integer data member. Overload the
object of the class for both pre-increment and post-increment operator.
4. Write a program to compare two strings by overloading == operator.
5. Write a program to add two string using + operator overloading.
6. Write a program to overload new and delete operator.
7. Write an appropriate C++ code showing ambiguity resolving mechanism where a class attribute
has same name as that of a local parameter of a member by using this pointer.
8. Write a program to overload == operator to check whether two circles are equal or not. (Two
circles are said to be equal if their radius is same and center has same coordinate)
9. Write a program to overload new and delete operator in C++.
10. Write a program to overload == operator to check whether two strings are equal or not.

Chapter 6
Exception Handling

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 C++, Mentor Computer classes 2017
Program 7.1 Write a program to find x/y, where x and y are given from the keyboard and
both are integers.

Solution:
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int x, y;
cout<<”enter two number”<<endl;
cin>>x>>y;
try
{
if(y!=0)
{
z=x/y;
cout<<endl<<z;
}
else
{
throw(y);
}
}
catch(int y)
{
cout<<”exception occurred: y=”<<y<<endl;
}
}

Output:
Enter two number
60
exception occurred:y=0

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 C++, Mentor Computer classes 2017
A try block can be localized to a function. When this is the case, each time the function is entered, the
exception handling relative to that function is reset. For example, examine this program.

Program 7.2
#include <iostream.h>
void Xhandler(int test)
{
try
{
if(test) throw test;
}
catch(int i)
{
cout << "Caught Exception #: " << i << '\n';
}
}
void main()
{
cout << "Start\n";
Xhandler(1);
Xhandler(2);
Xhandler(0);
Xhandler(3);
cout << "End";
}

Output:
Start
Caught Exception #: 1
Caught Exception #: 2
Caught Exception #: 3
End
As you can see, three exceptions are thrown. After each exception, the function returns. When the
function is called again, the exception handling is reset.

It is important to understand that the code associated with a catch statement will be executed only if it
catches an exception. Otherwise, execution simply bypasses the catch altogether. (That is, execution
never flows into a catch statement.) For example, in the following program, no exception is thrown, so
the catch statement does not execute.

#include <iostream.h>
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 C++, Mentor Computer classes 2017
void main()
{
cout << "Start\n";
try
{
cout << "Inside try block\n";
cout << "Still inside try block\n";
}
catch (int i)
{
cout << "Caught an exception -- value is: ";
cout << i << "\n";
}
cout << "End";
}

Output:
Start
Inside try block
Still inside try block
End

Using Multiple catch Statements

As stated, you can have more than one catch associated with a try. In fact, it is common to do so.
However, each catch must catch a different type of exception. For example, this program catches both
integers and strings.

Program 7.3
#include <iostream.h>
void Xhandler(int test)
{
try
{
if(test) throw test;
else throw "Value is zero";
}
catch(int i)
{

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 C++, Mentor Computer classes 2017
cout << "Caught Exception #: " << i << '\n';
}
catch(const char *str)
{ cout << "Caught a string:
"; cout << str << '\n';
}
}
void main()
{
cout << "Start\n";
Xhandler(1);
Xhandler(2);
Xhandler(0);
Xhandler(3);
cout << "End";
}

Output:
Start
Caught Exception #: 1
Caught Exception #: 2
Caught a string: Value is zero
Caught Exception #: 3
End
As you can see, each catch statement responds only to its own type.

Exception Handling Options

There are several additional features and nuances to C++ exception handling that make it easier and
more convenient to use. These attributes are discussed here.
Catching All Exceptions
In some circumstances you will want an exception handler to catch all exceptions instead of just a
certain type. This is easy to accomplish. Simply use this form of catch.
catch (...) {
// process all exceptions
}
Here, the ellipsis matches any type of data. The following program illustrates catch (...).

Program 7.4
#include <iostream.h>
void Xhandler(int test)
{

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 C++, Mentor Computer classes 2017
try
{
if(test==0) throw test; // throw int
if(test==1) throw 'a'; // throw char
if(test==2) throw 123.23; // throw double
}
catch(...)
{
cout << "Caught One!\n";
}
}
void main()
{
cout << "Start\n";
Xhandler(0);
Xhandler(1);
Xhandler(2);
cout << "End";
}

Output:
Start Caught
One! Caught
One! Caught
One! End

Rethrowing an Exception
Program 7.5
#include <iostream.h>
void Xhandler()
{
try
{
throw "hello"; // throw a char *
}
catch(const char *)
{
cout << "Caught char * inside Xhandler\n";
throw ; // rethrow char * out of function

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 C++, Mentor Computer classes 2017
}
}
void main()
{
cout << "Start\n";
try
{
Xhandler();
}
catch(const char *)
{
cout << "Caught char * inside main\n";
}
cout << "End";
}

Output:
Start
Caught char * inside Xhandler
Caught char * inside main
end

Assignment 6

Short Type Question

1. What is exception?
2. Differentiate between syntax error and logical error.

Long Type Questions

1. What is an exception? Describe the mechanism of exception handling with suitable example?
2. What is a generic catch block? What are the restrictions while using a generic catch block?
Explain with an example.

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 C++, Mentor Computer classes 2017
Chapter 7 Templates

Program 7.1 Write a generic function swap to interchange any two variables
(integer, character, and float).
#include
<iostream.h>
template
<class T> void
swap(T p, T q)
{
T temp; temp = p; p = q;
q = temp; cout<<p<<”\t”<<q;
}
void main()
{
int i=10, j=20;
float x=10.1, y=23.3; char a='x', b='z';
swap (i, j); /*swaps
integers*/ swap (x,
y); /* swaps floats*/
swap (a, b); /*swaps
chars*/
}

Output:
20 10
23.2 10.1
z x

A Function with Two Generic Types:

We can define more than one generic data type in the template statement by using a comma-
separated list. For example; below program creates a template function that has two
generic types.

Program 7.2 A function with two generic types.

Solution:
#include
<iostream.h>
template <class T1,

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 C++, Mentor Computer classes 2017
class T2> void
myfunc (T1 x, T2 y)
{
cout << x << “\t” << y << “\n”;
}

void main()
{
myfunc (10, "I
like C++");
myfunc (98.6,
19);
}

Output:
10 I like C++
98.6 19

Program 7.3 Demonstration of function template overloading.

Solution:
#include <iostream.h>

// First version of f()

template. template
<class X> void f(X a)
{
cout << "Inside f(X a)\n";
}

// Second version of f() template.

template <class X, class Y> void
f(X a, Y b)
{
cout << "Inside f(X a, Y b)\n";
}
int main()
{
f(10); // calls f(X)
f(10, 20); //
calls f(X, Y)

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 C++, Mentor Computer classes 2017
return 0;
}
Here, the template for f() is overloaded to accept either one or two parameters

Program 7.4 Write a function template to sort an array of items.

Solution:
#include <iostream.h>
template <class T> void sort(X *a, int n)
{
int i,j; T t;
for(i=1; i<n;i++)
for(j=n-1; j>=i; j--)
if(a[j-1] > a[j])
{
t = a[j-1]; a[j-1] = a[j];
a[j] = t;
}
}
void main()
{
int iarray[7] = {7, 5, 4, 3, 9, 8, 6};
double farray[5] = {2.6, -3.0,
1.2,9.6,8.9}; int i;
sort(iarray, 7);
sort(farray, 5);
cout << "Sorted INTEGER
array is: "; for(i=0; i<7; i++)
cout << iarray[i] << “\t”;
cout << "\nSorted CHARACTER
array is: "; for(i=0; i<5; i++)
cout << farray[i] << “\t”;
}

Output:
Sorted INTEGER array is: 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Sorted CHARACTER array is:-3.0 1.2 2.6 8.9 9.6

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 C++, Mentor Computer classes 2017

Program 7.5 Write a program to add two numbers (either two

integers or floats) using class templates.

Solution:
#include <iostream.h>
template <class T>

class Add
{
T
a
,

b
;

p
u
b
l
i
c
:
void getdata(); void
display();
};

template <class T>

void Add <T>::getdata( )
{
cout<<”Eneter 2 nos”; cin>>a>>b;
}

template <class T> void Add <T>::display( )

{

cout<<”sum=”<<a+b;
}

void main()
{

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 C++, Mentor Computer classes 2017
Add <int> ob1; Add
<float> ob2;
ob1.getdata( );
ob1.display( );
ob2.getdata( );
ob2.display( );
}

Output:
Eneter 2 nos 4 5
Sum=9
Eneter 2 nos 4.8 5.1
Sum=9.9

Program 7.6 A class with two generic types.

Solution:
#include <iostream.h>
template <class Type1, class
Type2> class myclass
{
T
y
p
e
1

i
;

T
y
p
e
2

j
;

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 C++, Mentor Computer classes 2017
p
u
b
l
i
c
:
myclass(Type1 a, Type2 b)
{
i = a; j = b;
}
void show()
{
cout << i << ' ' << j << '\n';
}
};
void main()
{
myclass<int, double> ob1(10, 0.23);
myclass<char, char *> ob2('X', "Templates add
power."); ob1.show(); // show int, double
ob2.show(); // show char, char *
}
Assignment 7

Short Type Questions

1. Define template.
2. What are generic function and generic class?
3. Write the syntax to define a generic function.
4. Write the syntax to define a generic class.
Long Type Questions
1. “Templates are called parameterized classes or functions”. Comment on this line.
2. Write a program in C++ to overload a function template.
3. Write the template function alloc() that takes two parameters:
n: the size of the array to allocate.
Val: a value of type T.
The alloc() function should allocate an array of type T with n elements and set all
elements in the array i to value Val , a pointer to array is returned.

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 C++, Mentor Computer classes 2017

Chapter-8 : Managing console I/O operations

*C++ program to demonstrate example of endl manipulator.*/

#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
cout << "This is line 1." << endl;
cout << "This is line 2." << endl;
cout << "This is line 3." << endl;
cout << "Word1" << endl << "Word2" << endl << "Word3" << endl;

return 0;
}

/*C++ program to demonstrate example of setw manipulator.*/

#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
char pName[3][30]={"Dove Soap","Colgate","Vim"};
int qty[3] ={5,10,15};
int i;

cout << setw(30) << "Product Name" << setw(20) << "Quantity" << endl;
for(i=0; i< 3; i++){
cout << setw(30) << pName[i] << setw(20) << qty[i] << endl;
}
return 0;
}

/*C++ program to demonstrate example of setfill manipulator.*/

#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;
int main()
{

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 C++, Mentor Computer classes 2017
char pName[3][30]={"Dove Soap","Colgate","Vim"};
int qty[3] ={5,10,15};
int i;

cout << setw(30) << "Product Name" << setw(20) << "Quantity" << endl;
for(i=0; i< 3; i++){
cout << setw(30) << setfill('-') << pName[i] << setw(20) << setfill('#') << qty[i] << endl;
}
return 0;
}

/*C++ program to demonstrate example of setprecision manipulator.*/

#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
float val=123.456f;

cout << "Value of val with different setprecision parameters:" << endl;
cout << setprecision( 3) << val << endl;
cout << setprecision( 4) << val << endl;
cout << setprecision( 5) << val << endl;
cout << setprecision( 6) << val << endl;
cout << setprecision( 7) << val << endl;
cout << setprecision( 8) << val << endl;

cout << "Left padded values:" << endl;

cout << setw(7) << setfill('0') << setprecision( 3) << val << endl;
cout << setw(7) << setfill('0') << setprecision( 4) << val << endl;
cout << setw(7) << setfill('0') << setprecision( 5) << val << endl;
cout << setw(7) << setfill('0') << setprecision( 6) << val << endl;
cout << setw(7) << setfill('0') << setprecision( 7) << val << endl;
cout << setw(7) << setfill('0') << setprecision( 8) << val << endl;

return 0;
}

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 C++, Mentor Computer classes 2017

/*C++ program to demonstrate example of setbase manipulator.*/

/*
* setbase defines the base value of the value, in which you want to print
* the value, you can pass 8 for octal, 10 for decimal and 16 for hexadecimal.
*/

#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;

/*This program will show you to print decimal values in other format*/

int main()
{
int x=12349;
cout << "Octal value is: " << setbase( 8) << x << endl;
cout << "Decimal value is: " << setbase(10) << x << endl;
cout << "Hexadecimal value is: " << setbase(16) << x << endl;
return 0;
}

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 C++, Mentor Computer classes 2017
Chapter 9: Working with Files
//C++ program to create a file.

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
fstream file; //object of fstream class

//opening file "sample.txt" in out(write) mode

file.open("sample.txt",ios::out);

if(!file)
{
cout<<"Error in creating file!!!";
return 0;
}

cout<<"File created successfully.";

//closing the file

file.close();

return 0;
}

Program to read text character by character in C++

#include<iostream>
#include<fstream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
char ch;
const char *fileName="test.txt";

//declare object
ifstream file;

//open file
file.open(fileName,ios::in);
if(!file)
{
cout<<"Error in opening file!!!"<<endl;
return -1; //return from main
}

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 C++, Mentor Computer classes 2017

//read and print file content

while (!file.eof())
{
file >> noskipws >> ch; //reading from file
cout << ch; //printing
}
//close the file
file.close();

return 0;
}

Output

Hello friends, How are you?

I hope you are fine and learning well.
Thanks.

Write and read text in/from file

//C++ program to write and read text in/from file.
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
fstream file; //object of fstream class

//opening file "sample.txt" in out(write) mode

file.open("sample.txt",ios::out);

if(!file)
{
cout<<"Error in creating file!!!"<<endl;
return 0;
}

cout<<"File created successfully."<<endl;

//write text into file
file<<"ABCD.";
//closing the file
file.close();

//again open file in read mode

file.open("sample.txt",ios::in);

if(!file)
{

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 C++, Mentor Computer classes 2017

cout<<"Error in opening file!!!"<<endl;

return 0;
}

//read untill end of file is not found.

char ch; //to read single character
cout<<"File content: ";

while(!file.eof())
{
file>>ch; //read single character from file
cout<<ch;
}

file.close(); //close file

return 0;
}

Output

File created successfully.

File content: ABCD.

/C++ program to write and read values using variables in/from file.
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
char name[30];
int age;
fstream file;

file.open("aaa.txt",ios::out);
if(!file)
{
cout<<"Error in creating file.."<<endl;
return 0;
}
cout<<"\nFile created successfully."<<endl;

//read values from kb

cout<<"Enter your name: ";
cin.getline(name,30);
cout<<"Enter age: ";
cin>>age;
//write into file
file<<name<<" "<<age<<endl;

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 C++, Mentor Computer classes 2017
file.close();
cout<<"\nFile saved and closed succesfully."<<endl;

//re open file in input mode and read data

//open file
file.open("aaa.txt",ios::in);
if(!file){
cout<<"Error in opening file..";
return 0;
}
file>>name;
file>>age;

cout<<"Name: "<<name<<",Age:"<<age<<endl;
return 0;
}

File created successfully.

Enter your name: Mike

Enter age: 21

File saved and closed succesfully.

Name: Mike,Age:21

//C++ program to write and read object using read and write function.
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>

using namespace std;

//class student to read and write student details

class student
{
private:
char name[30];
int age;
public:
void getData(void)
{ cout<<"Enter name:"; cin.getline(name,30);
cout<<"Enter age:"; cin>>age;
}

void showData(void)
{
cout<<"Name:"<<name<<",Age:"<<age<<endl;
}
};

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 C++, Mentor Computer classes 2017

int main()
{
student s;

ofstream file;

//open file in write mode

file.open("aaa.txt",ios::out);
if(!file)
{
cout<<"Error in creating file.."<<endl;
return 0;
}
cout<<"\nFile created successfully."<<endl;

//write into file

s.getData(); //read from user
file.write((char*)&s,sizeof(s)); //write into file

file.close(); //close the file

cout<<"\nFile saved and closed succesfully."<<endl;

//re open file in input mode and read data

//open file1
ifstream file1;
//again open file in read mode
file1.open("aaa.txt",ios::in);
if(!file1){
cout<<"Error in opening file..";
return 0;
}
//read data from file
file1.read((char*)&s,sizeof(s));

//display data on monitor

s.showData();
//close the file
file1.close();

return 0;
}

Output

File created successfully.

Enter name:Mike
Enter age:21

File saved and closed succesfully.

Name:Mike,Age:21

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//C++ program to demonstrate example of tellg() and tellp() function.

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
fstream file;
//open file sample.txt in and Write mode
file.open("sample.txt",ios::out);
if(!file)
{
cout<<"Error in creating file!!!";
return 0;
}
//write A to Z
file<<"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";
//print the position
cout<<"Current position is: "<<file.tellp()<<endl;
file.close();

//again open file in read mode

file.open("sample.txt",ios::in);
if(!file)
{
cout<<"Error in opening file!!!";
return 0;
}
cout<<"After opening file position is: "<<file.tellg()<<endl;

//read characters untill end of file is not found

char ch;
while(!file.eof())
{
cout<<"At position : "<<file.tellg(); //current position
file>>ch; //read character from file
cout<<" Character \""<<ch<<"\""<<endl;
}

//close the file

file.close();
return 0;
}

Output

Current position is: 26

After opening file position is: 0
At position : 0 Character "A"

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 C++, Mentor Computer classes 2017
At position : 1 Character "B"
At position : 2 Character "C"
At position : 3 Character "D"
At position : 4 Character "E"
At position : 5 Character "F"
At position : 6 Character "G"
At position : 7 Character "H"
At position : 8 Character "I"
At position : 9 Character "J"
At position : 10 Character "K"
At position : 11 Character "L"
At position : 12 Character "M"
At position : 13 Character "N"
At position : 14 Character "O"
At position : 15 Character "P"
At position : 16 Character "Q"
At position : 17 Character "R"
At position : 18 Character "S"
At position : 19 Character "T"
At position : 20 Character "U"
At position : 21 Character "V"
At position : 22 Character "W"
At position : 23 Character "X"
At position : 24 Character "Y"
At position : 25 Character "Z"

Program to write, read time in,from binary file in C++

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <iomanip> //for setfill() and setw()

using namespace std;

#define FILE_NAME "time.dat"

//function to write time into the file

void writeTime(int h, int m, int s){

char str[10];

fstream file;
file.open(FILE_NAME, ios::out|ios::binary);

if(!file){
cout<<"Error in creating file!!!"<<endl;
return;
}

//make string to write

sprintf(str,"%02d:%02d:%02d",h,m,s);

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//write into file

file.write(str,sizeof(str));
cout<<"Time "<<str<<" has been written into file."<<endl;

//close the file

file.close();

//function to read time from the file

void readTime(int *h,int *m, int *s){

char str[10];
int inH,inM,inS;

fstream finC;
finC.open(FILE_NAME,ios::in|ios::binary);
if(!finC){
cout<<"Error in file opening..."<<endl;
return;
}
if(finC.read((char*)str,sizeof(str))){
//extract time values from the file
sscanf(str,"%02d:%02d:%02d",&inH,&inM,&inS);
//assign time into variables, which are passing in function
*h=inH;
*m=inM;
*s=inS;
}
finC.close();
}

int main(){
int m,h,s;

cout<<"Enter time:\n";
cout<<"Enter hour: "; cin>>h;
cout<<"Enter minute: "; cin>>m;
cout<<"Enter second: "; cin>>s;

//write time into file

writeTime(h,m,s);

//now, reset the variables

h=m=s=0;

//read time from the file

readTime(&h,&m,&s);

//print the time

cout<<"The time is
"<<setw(2)<<setfill('0')<<h<<":"<<setw(2)<<setfill('0')<<m<<":"<<setw(2)<<setfill('0')<<
s<<endl;

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 C++, Mentor Computer classes 2017

return 0;
}

Output
Enter time:
Enter hour: 10
Enter minute: 15
Enter second: 5
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Program to write and read an object in, from binary file using write() and read() in C++

In the following program there are following details to be read through Employee class

 Employee ID
 Employee Name
 Designation
 Date of joining
 Date of birth

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#define FILE_NAME "emp.dat"

using namespace std;

//class employee declaration

class Employee {
private :
int empID;
char empName[100] ;
char designation[100];
int ddj,mmj,yyj;
int ddb,mmb,yyb;
public :
//function to read employee details
void readEmployee(){
cout<<"EMPLOYEE DETAILS"<<endl;
cout<<"ENTER EMPLOYEE ID : " ;
cin>>empID;
cin.ignore(1);
cout<<"ENTER NAME OF THE EMPLOYEE : ";
cin.getline(empName,100);

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 C++, Mentor Computer classes 2017

cout<<"ENTER DESIGNATION : ";

cin.getline(designation,100);

cout<<"ENTER DATE OF JOIN:"<<endl;

cout<<"DATE : "; cin>>ddj;
cout<<"MONTH: "; cin>>mmj;
cout<<"YEAR : "; cin>>yyj;

cout<<"ENTER DATE OF BIRTH:"<<endl;

cout<<"DATE : "; cin>>ddb;
cout<<"MONTH: "; cin>>mmb;
cout<<"YEAR : "; cin>>yyb;
}
//function to write employee details
void displayEmployee(){
cout<<"EMPLOYEE ID: "<<empID<<endl
<<"EMPLOYEE NAME: "<<empName<<endl
<<"DESIGNATION: "<<designation<<endl
<<"DATE OF JOIN: "<<ddj<<"/"<<mmj<<"/"<<yyj<<endl
<<"DATE OF BIRTH: "<<ddb<<"/"<<mmb<<"/"<<yyb<<endl;
}
};

int main(){

//object of Employee class

Employee emp;
//read employee details
emp.readEmployee();

//write object into the file

fstream file;
file.open(FILE_NAME,ios::out|ios::binary);
if(!file){
cout<<"Error in creating file...\n";
return -1;
}

file.write((char*)&emp,sizeof(emp));
file.close();
cout<<"Date saved into file the file.\n";

//open file again

file.open(FILE_NAME,ios::in|ios::binary);
if(!file){
cout<<"Error in opening file...\n";
return -1;
}

if(file.read((char*)&emp,sizeof(emp))){
cout<<endl<<endl;
cout<<"Data extracted from file..\n";
//print the object

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 C++, Mentor Computer classes 2017

emp.displayEmployee();
}
else{
cout<<"Error in reading data from file...\n";
return -1;
}

file.close();
return 0;
}

Output
EMPLOYEE DETAILS
ENTER EMPLOYEE ID : 1001
ENTERNAME OF THE EMPLOYEE : Priya Kaushal
ENTER DESIGNATION : Student
ENTER DATE OF JOIN:
DATE : 21
MONTH: 11
YEAR : 2016
ENTER DATE OF BIRTH:
DATE : 15
MONTH: 09
YEAR : 1999
Date saved into file the file.

Data extracted from file..

EMPLOYEE ID: 1001
EMPLOYEE NAME: Priya Kaushal
DESIGNATION: Student
DATE OF JOIN: 21/11/2016
DATE OF BIRTH: 15/9/1999

Add: Besides Sharad Bank, Revenue Colony, Shirur, Tal-Shirur, Dist: Pune Pag