Single-Phase Transformer (Open Circuit Test & Short Circuit Test)

Abstract
Abstract- A transformer is a device that 2. Methodology
transfers electrical energy from one circuit to
A transformer is a device that changes AC electric
another through inductively coupled conductors power at one voltage level into AC electric power of the
that are the transformer's coils. A varying same frequency at another level through the action of a
current in the primary winding creates a magnetic field. It consists of two or more coils of wire
varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core wrapped. One of the transformer windings is connected to
and a varying magnetic field (electromotive a source of AC electric power, and the second transformer
windings supplies electric power loads. The coil to which
force or voltage) through the secondary the source supplies the power is called primary winding,
winding. This process has called as mutual and the coil that delivers power to the load is called the
induction. If a load is connected to the secondary winding.
secondary, an electric current will flow in the
secondary winding and electrical energy will be
transferred from the primary circuit through the 3. Results and Discussion
transformer to the load. In an ideal
transformer, the induced voltage in the (A) Open-circuit Test
secondary winding is in proportion to the
primary voltage. ReL jXeL

RcL jXmL
V1

By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a

Figure 1
transformer will allows an alternating current
The approximate equivalent circuit of a two-
or voltage to be stepped up or stepped down. All
windings transformer under open circuit test.
transformers operate with the same basic
principles although the range of designs is
Voc (V) 190 220
wide. Transformers can found in nearly all
Ioc (A) 0.0700 0.1000
electronic devices designed for household
P (W) 7.7200 10.2300
voltage and essential for high voltage power
transmission, which makes long distance Cos θ -0.5780 -0.4470
transmission economically practical. Q(VAR) 10.9800 20.5100
S(VA) 13.5600 23.1500
Vac cannot exceed 220 V.
1. Introduction
From the open circuit formula,
The main purpose we done this experiment are to
demonstrate the open-circuit test to determine the core When Voc = 190 V,
resistance and magnetism reactance of a single-phase
transformer. We also be able to demonstrate the short- Ic = Ioc Cos θ
circuit test and to determine the winding resistance and Ic = 0.0700 x 0.5780
leakage reactance of a single-phase transformer. Ic = 0.0405 A.
RcL = Voc / Ic I2 (A) 2 4
RcL = 190 / 0.0405 Vsc (V) 6.0500 11.8600
RcL = 4.6914 kΩ. Isc (A) 0.5300 1.0500
P (W) 3.1400 11.8600
Im = Voc Sin θ Cos θ -0.9750 -0.9720
Im = 200 x Sin 125.31˚ Q(VAR) 0.6900 2.5900
Im = 163.21 A S(VA) 3.2300 12.1600
I must not exceed 5A
XmL = Voc / Im
XmL = 190/ 163.21 When I2= 2
XmL = 1.1641jΩ.
When Voc= 220 V, From the short-circuit formula,
Ic = Ioc Cos θ
Ic= 0.11 x 0.447 Z01= Vsc / Isc ∟ θ
Ic= 0.0492 A Z01= 6.05 / 0.53 ∟ 167.16˚
Z01= -11.13 + 2.537j
RcL= Voc / Ic
RcL= 220 / 0.0492 ReH= 11.13 Ω
RcL= 4.4715 kΩ
XeH=2.537jΩ
Im= Voc Sin θ
Im= 220 x Sin 116.55˚ When I2= 4
Im=196.8 A
Z01= Vsc / Isc ∟ θ
XmL= Voc / Im Z01= 11.86 / 1.05 ∟ 166.41˚
Xml= 220 / 196.8 Z01= -10.97 + 2.654j
XmL=1.1179jΩ
ReH= 10.97Ω
(B) Short-circuit Test
XeH= 2.654jΩ

ReH XeH 4. Discussion

There are 2 tests can be conducted on
transformer,that are short circuit test and open
circuit test to get the value of parameter of
transformer.
i. Open Circuit Test
The purpose is to find the value of core
resistance (RCL ) and magnetism reactance (X mL ).
Figure 2
In this experiment, we use 3 rated voltage to
The approximate equivalent circuit of a two-
find IOC and COS qOC .The readings of IOC are
windings transformer under short-circuit test.
measured in ammeter are slightly increase with
the rated voltages.The value of COS qOC are
measured and it is almost same and in negative
value.Core current IC and IM are calculated in
order to find RCL and X mL. via this formulae,
V V
Rc = oc , X m= oc
Ic I m .The rated voltage can
not exceed by 220V to avoid machine damage.
The open circuit is test in low voltage side
because of test facility. That is because in high
voltage side ,voltage is high and noload current
is smaller.

ii. Short Circuit Test

The purpose is to find value of winding
resistance ReH and leakage reactance ,X eH.
The secoundary current can not exceed rated
current 5A to avoid the machine damage. In this
experiment , we take 2 reading of secondary
voltages to get the value of Isc and cosqsc . The
value of ReH and X eH are calculated via
V
Z 01= sc ∠θsc
I sc .
The Short circuit test conducted in high voltage
side because the rated current is less than low
voltage side which is easy to feed and less cap.

5. Conclusions
After done this experiment, we can know how to
determine the core resistance and magnetism reactance
for open circuit through combination of experiment’s
result and from the formula. For short-circuit testing, the
winding resistance and leakage reactance can be
determined by the experiment’s result and from some of
the calculation from the formula.

6. References
[1] BEE 2133, Eletrical Machines & Power System,
Slides, pp. 47-50.

[2] Peter F.Ryff, Electrical Machine (Second Edition),

Paramount, pp. 141-143.