Research Facts On Homeschooling

RESEARCH FACTS ON HOMESCHOOLING
Homeschool Fast Facts
Brian D. Ray, Ph.D.
January 13, 2018
Copyright © Brian D. Ray
GENERAL FACTS, STATISTICS, AND TRENDS
 There are about 2.3 million home-educated students in the United States (as of spring
2016). This is up from one estimate that there were about 2 million children (in grades K
to 12) home educated during the spring of 2010 in the United States (Ray, 2011). It
appears the homeschool population is continuing to grow (at an estimated 2% to 8% per
annum over the past few years).
 Homeschooling – that is, parent-led home-based education; home education – is an age-

old traditional educational practice that a decade ago appeared to be cutting-edge and
“alternative” but is now bordering on “mainstream” in the United States. It may be the
fastest-growing form of education in the United States. Home-based education has also
been growing around the world in many other nations (e.g., Australia, Canada, France,
Hungary, Japan, Kenya, Russia, Mexico, South Korea, Thailand, and the United Kingdom).
 A demographically wide variety of people homeschool – these are atheists, Christians, and
Mormons; conservatives, libertarians, and liberals; low-, middle-, and high-income
families; black, Hispanic, and white; parents with Ph.D.s, GEDs, and no high-school
diplomas. One study shows that 32 percent of homeschool students are Black, Asian,
Hispanic, and others (i.e., not White/non-Hispanic) (Noel, Stark, & Redford, 2013).
 Families engaged in home-based education are not dependent on public, tax-funded

resources for their children’s education. The finances associated with their homeschooling
likely represent over $27 billion that American taxpayers do not have to spend, annually,
since these children are not in public schools
 Taxpayers spend an average of $11,732 per pupil annually in public schools, plus capital
expenditures. Taxpayers spend nothing on most homeschool students and homeschool
families spend an average of $600 per student annually for their education.
 Homeschooling is quickly growing in popularity among minorities. About 15% of

homeschool families are non-white/nonHispanic (i.e., not white/Anglo).
 An estimated 3.4 million U.S. adults have been homeschooled for at least one year of
their K-12 years, and they were homeschooled an average of 6 to 8 years. If one adds to
this number the 2.3 million being homeschooled today, an estimated 5.7 million
Americans have experienced being homeschooled. [note 1]
REASONS AND MOTIVATIONS FOR HOME EDUCATING
Most parents and youth decide to homeschool for more than one reason. The most
common reasons given for homeschooling are the following:
 customize or individualize the curriculum and learning environment for each child,
 accomplish more academically than in schools,
 use pedagogical approaches other than those typical in institutional schools,
 enhance family relationships between children and parents and among siblings,
 provide guided and reasoned social interactions with youthful peers and adults,
 provide a safer environment for children and youth, because of physical violence,
drugs and alcohol, psychological abuse, racism, and improper and unhealthy sexuality
associated with institutional schools, and
 teach and impart a particular set of values, beliefs, and worldview to children and
youth.
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
 The home-educated typically score 15 to 30 percentile points above public-school

students on standardized academic achievement tests. (The public school average is
the 50th percentile; scores range from 1 to 99.) A 2015 study found Black homeschool
students to be scoring 23 to 42 percentile points above Black public school students
(Ray, 2015).
 Homeschool students score above average on achievement tests regardless of their

parents’ level of formal education or their family’s household income.
 Whether homeschool parents were ever certified teachers is not related to their
children’s academic achievement.
 Degree of state control and regulation of homeschooling is not related to academic

achievement.
 Home-educated students typically score above average on the SAT and ACT tests that
colleges consider for admissions.
 Homeschool students are increasingly being actively recruited by colleges.
SOCIAL, EMOTIONAL, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT (SOCIALIZATION)
 The home-educated are doing well, typically above average, on measures of social,
emotional, and psychological development. Research measures include peer
interaction, self-concept, leadership skills, family cohesion, participation in community
service, and self-esteem.
 Homeschool students are regularly engaged in social and educational activities outside
their homes and with people other than their nuclear-family members. They are
commonly involved in activities such as field trips, scouting, 4-H, political drives, church
ministry, sports teams, and community volunteer work.
 Adults who were home educated are more politically tolerant than the public schooled
in the limited research done so far.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN CHILDREN AND YOUTH RESPECTED?
 One researcher finds that homeschooling gives young people an unusual chance to ask
questions such as, “Who am I?” and “What do I really want?,” and through the process
of such asking and gradually answering the questions home-educated girls develop the
strengths and the resistance abilities that give them an unusually strong sense of self.
 Some think that boys’ energetic natures and tendency to physical expression can more
easily be accommodated in home-based education. Many are concerned that a highly
disproportionate number of public school special-education students are boys and that
boys are 2.5 times as likely as girls in public schools to be diagnosed with attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
SUCCESS IN THE “REAL WORLD” OF ADULTHOOD
The research base on adults who were home educated is growing; thus far it indicates that
they:
 participate in local community service more frequently than does the general
population,
 vote and attend public meetings more frequently than the general population
 go to and succeed at college at an equal or higher rate than the general population
 by adulthood, internalize the values and beliefs of their parents at a high rate
GENERAL INTERPRETATION OF RESEARCH ON HOMESCHOOL SUCCESS OR FAILURE
It is possible that homeschooling causes the positive traits reported above. However, the
research designs to date do not conclusively “prove” that homeschooling causes these things.
At the same time, there is no empirical evidence that homeschooling causes negative things
compared to institutional schooling. Future research may better answer the question of
causation.
Notes:
1. This estimate was calculated by Brian D. Ray, the author of this fact sheet, on April 7,
2016. He based it on publicly available research findings.

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Homeschool Fast Facts

Brian D. Ray, Ph.D.

January 13, 2018

Copyright © Brian D. Ray

GENERAL FACTS, STATISTICS, AND TRENDS

 Homeschooling – that is, parent-led home-based education; home education – is an age-

 Families engaged in home-based education are not dependent on public, tax-funded

 Homeschooling is quickly growing in popularity among minorities. About 15% of

 The home-educated typically score 15 to 30 percentile points above public-school

 Homeschool students score above average on achievement tests regardless of their

 Degree of state control and regulation of homeschooling is not related to academic

 Homeschool students are increasingly being actively recruited by colleges.

SOCIAL, EMOTIONAL, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT (SOCIALIZATION)

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN CHILDREN AND YOUTH RESPECTED?

SUCCESS IN THE “REAL WORLD” OF ADULTHOOD

GENERAL INTERPRETATION OF RESEARCH ON HOMESCHOOL SUCCESS OR FAILURE

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