A Report on

Traffic Engineering Assignment-2

(Requirement of good street lighting system in highways (including design parameter), and
Main feature of “Vehicles and Transport Management Act-2049” & vehicle classification as
per the act.)

Suresh Baral
(TEAM-015-1229)

Nepal Engineering College-Center for postgraduate Studies

Pokhara University
Changunarayan, Bhaktapur, Nepal

July 2015
 Assignment-2 Requirement of good street lighting system in highway

Q.1) Requirement of Good Street lighting system in Highways

(including design parameter)
Introduction
A street lighting is a source of light on the edge, median and center of a road or walkway.
Modern lamps may also have light-sensitive photocells that activate automatically when
light is or is not needed: dusk, dawn, or the onset of dark weather. This function in older
lighting systems could have been performed with the aid of a solar dial. Many street light
systems are being connected underground instead of wiring from one utility post to
another.
Major advantages of street lighting include prevention of accidents and increase in
safety. Studies have shown that darkness results in a large number of crashes and
fatalities, especially those involving pedestrians; pedestrian fatalities are 3 to 6.75 times
more likely in the dark than in daylight. Street lighting has been found to reduce
pedestrian crashes by approximately 50%. Various types of lights are available for street
lighting according to its function and need of use. Nowadays, modern lamps are available
which are sensitive to light and activates automatically in the evening and deactivates in
the morning.

Furthermore, lighted intersections and highway interchanges tend to have fewer crashes
than unlighted intersections and interchanges. The presence of lighting not only reduces
the risk of traffic accidents, but also their severity. Surveys have shown that the public
are in favor of street lighting as a way of improving road safety and that, if anything, it
needs to be improved in some areas.
There are following requirements to be considered in the design of good street lighting
system in highway such as:
i) Lamps
ii) Luminaire distribution of light
iii) Spacing of lighting units
iv) Height and overhang of mounting
v) Lateral Placement
vi) Lighting Layouts

i) Lamps
The Choice of lamp, its type, size and color depends on several considerations in addition
to distribution of light flux on the pavement surface. It is economical to use the largest
lamp size in a luminaire which will be provide sufficient uniformity of pavement
brightness; but this depends on the spacing of the lamps also. The various types of lamps

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 Assignment-2 Requirement of good street lighting system in highway

in use for highway lighting are filament, florescent and sodium or mercury vapor lamps.
The cheapest amongst these, is the filament lamp. Sodium-vapor lamps are preferred at
large intersections.
ii) Luminaire distribution of light
To have the best utility of the luminaire or source of light, it is necessary to have proper
distribution of light. The Distribution should be downward so that high percentage of
lamp light is utilized for illuminating the pavement and adjacent area. The light
distribution selected should be the one which would produce maximum uniformity of
pavement brightness. The distribution from the luminaire should cover the pavement
between the Kerbs and provide adequate lighting on adjacent area i.e. 3m to 5 m beyond
the pavement edge. The illumination is necessary for traffic signs and other objects on the
road.
It is suggest that the average level of illumination on road side may be 20 to 30 lux on
important urban roads carrying fast traffic and about 15 Lux for other main roads
carrying mixed traffic and in arterial roads. In secondary road it may be 4 to 8 lux
depending upon traffic. However the actual intensity of illumination in most of the
existing roads may be lower than the above values.
The Indian Standards institution recommends an average level of illumination of 30 lux
on important roads carrying fast traffic and 15 lux on other main roads, the ratio of
minimum to average illumination 0.4.
iii) Spacing of lighting units
The spacing of lighting units is often influenced by the electrical distribution poles,
property lines, road layout and type of side features and their illumination. Large lamps
with high mountings and wide spacing should be preferred from economy point of view.

iv) Height and overhang of mounting

The distribution of light, shadow and the glare effect from street lamps depends also on
the mounting height. The glare on eyes from the mounted lights increases with the power
of the lamp directed towards the eye and decrease with increase in height of mounting.
Usual mounting heights range from 6m to 10m, higher values being preferred where
possible at least for important urban roads. The minimum vertical clearance required for
electric power lines up to 650 volts has been specified as 6m above the pavement surface
by the Indian Roads Congress.
Over hangs on the lighting poles would keep the poles away from the pavement edges,
hangs on the lighting poles would keep the poles away from the pavement edges, but still
allow the lamp to be held above the kerb or towards the pavement. This enables better

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 Assignment-2 Requirement of good street lighting system in highway

distribution of light on the pavement and less glare on eyes of road users. The effect of
mounting height and overhang on the length of shadow. It is desirable to have higher
mounting heights and necessary overhang projection.
v) Lateral Placement
The street lighting poles should not be installed close to the pavement edge. If they are
too close to the carriageway, free movement of traffic is obstructed, decreasing the
capacity of the roadway. Indian road Congress has specified the horizontal clearance
required for lighting poles as given below:
a) Two-way lateral distribution (for narrow roads)
b) Narrow asymmetric lateral distribution (for narrow roads)
c) Medium width asymmetric lateral distribution (for roads with medium width)
d) Wide asymmetric lateral distribution (for very wide highways)
e) Normal asymmetric lateral distribution (for mounting at Centre of highways and
at intersections)

f)
The Clearance specified apply to poles carrying electric power and telecommunication
lines also.
vi) Lighting Layouts
On straight roads the lighting layout may be of the following types:
a) Single side
b) Staggered (both sides)
c) Central
Single side lighting is economical to install; but it is suitable only for narrow roads. Due
to cost Consideration even on two lanes roads often single side lighting is adopted. For

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 Assignment-2 Requirement of good street lighting system in highway

wider roads with three or more lanes the staggered system or central lighting system may
be adopted. These systems of lighting have illustrated in figure. The spacing of lights in
each of these systems is decided based on various considerations including location, lamp
size, and height of mounting and lighting requirements.

Special care should be taken while locating the lights on curves. Lights are installed at
closer spacing on curves than on straights. The lights are located on the outer side of the
curves to provide better visibility. At vertical summit curve light should be installed at
closer intervals near the summit.
At intersections, due to potential conflicts of vehicular and pedestrian traffic, more
illumination is required. For simple intersection, in urban area, the illumination should be
at least equal to the sum of illumination values for two roads which from the intersection.
A detail traffic volume and flow study should be made in the cases of compound
intersections before deciding the layout of lights. The lighting unit should be located near
the pedestrian crossing, channelizing islands and signs.

Design of highway street lighting system

For the various types of luminaire distribution, the utilization coefficient charts are
available for determination of average lux of intensity over the roadway surface where
lamp lumen, mounting height, width of pavement area and spacing between lighting
poles are known. The typical utilization coefficient chart is given in figure.
The following relationship is used for computations:

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 Assignment-2 Requirement of good street lighting system in highway

Spacings= Lamp lumen* Coefficent of utilization * Maintenance factor

average Lux* Width of road

the coefficent of utilization is obtained from the appropriate chart, as shown in figure.
The Maintenance factor takes into account the decrease in efficency of lamp with age and
average value of about 80% may be assumed.

Example 1
Design a street lighting system for the following conditions
Street Width = 17m
Mounting height = 7.5
Lamp size = 6000 Lumen
Luminaire type = ll
Claculate the spacing between lighting units to produce aerage Lux=6.0
Ans:
Pavement width
The ratio = Mounting height
=(15-2)/7.5 =2 ,where 2 m is Median Width
From figure coefficent of utilization =0.44

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 Assignment-2 Requirement of good street lighting system in highway

Assume a maintenace factor =0.8

Spacings= Lamp lumen* Coefficent of utilization * Maintenance factor
average Lux* Width of road

Spacing = (6000*0.44*0.8)/(6*15)
=23.2m
Provide at 20 m in terval both way in median

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 Assignment-2 Main features of Vehicle and transport Management Act 2049

2) The Main Features of ‘Vehicle and transport Management Act 2049’

mention the vehicle classification?
An Act Made To Provide for Motor Vehicle and Transport Management Preamble:
Whereas, it is expedient to make transportation services consolidated, efficient and
effective with a view to preventing motor vehicle accidents, enabling the victims of
accidents to have compensation, providing for insurance and making transportation
facilities available to the public generally in a simple and easily accessible manner;
The following are the main feature of ‘Vehicle and transport Management Act 2048’
such as
1. PART: I - PREFACE
2. PART –II - CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLE
3. PART-III - RELATING TO VEHICLE REGISTRATION
4. PART:IV - RELATING TO DRIVING LICENSE
5. PART:V - RELATING TO CONDUCTOR LICENSE
6. PART:VI - TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT
7. PART:VII - CONTROL OVER TRANSPORTATION
8. PART: VIII - RELATING TO AN INSURANCE
9. PART: IX - FUNCTION, DUTY & RIGHT
10. PART: X - MANAGEMENT RELATING TO PUNISHMENT
11. PART: XI – MISCELLANEOUS

The following are Classification of motor vehicles according to Vehicle and transport
Management Act 2048
1. Large vehicle:
A vehicle weighing over 10 ton as indicated by (c) of Definition-2 should be known as a
large vehicle.

2. Medium Vehicle:
A vehicle weighing from 4 to 10 ton indicated by (d) of Definition-2, should be known as
medium vehicle.

3. Small Vehicle:
A vehicle weighing upto 4 ton as indicated by (e) of Definition -2, should be known as
small vehicle.

4. Public Vehicle:
a) A vehicle that has received the registration certificate for transportation service will
be known as a public vehicle
.
b) The public vehicle will be divided into two types:

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 Assignment-2 Main features of Vehicle and transport Management Act 2049

i) Passenger’s vehicle ii) Goods vehicle

c) The passenger’s vehicle will be given the permission to drive in following classes
only after dividing into two parts namely day & night: -
c.i) Direct Service
c.ii) Express Service
c.iii) Local Service
d) The passenger’s vehicle classified by sub article- b should have the state, speed
and other necessary management as indicated.
e) To make identify the public vehicles, they should have numberplate as indicated
by definition –2 in both front & backside.

5. Tourist vehicle:
a) The public vehicle that has got the registration certificate to serve foreigners will
be known tourist vehicle.
b) To identify the tourist vehicles they should have number plate as indicated by
definition–2 in both front & backside.

6. .Private Vehicle:
a) The vehicle registered for private use will be registered as a private vehicle
b) The private vehicle will not be allowed for public transportation use
c) To make identify the private vehicles, they should have number plate as indicated
by statement –2’s v08 u in front & back side.

7. Governmental Vehicle:
a) The vehicle registered under any organization name
b) To make identify the governmental vehicles, they should have number plate as
indicated by statement-2’sv08 3 in front & back side.

8. Institutional Vehicle:
a) The vehicle registered on the name of organization on the full or half
proprietorship of HMG.
b) To make identify the institutional vehicles, they should have number plate as
indicated by statement-2’sv08 ª in both front & back side

9. Vehicle with Diplomatic Facility:

a) The vehicle registered under the name of office, plan, organization or an
individual who has got the diplomatic facility.
b) To make identify the diplomatic facilitated vehicles, they should have number
plate as indicated by of Statement –2 of v08 r.

10. Used for other purposes:

a) The vehicle registered for one purpose shouldn’t be used for other purposes.
b) Such vehicle that has been given custom free for a certain purpose, except that
particular purpose, it won’t get custom free service.

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