Section 6.

Recall the fundamental identities:

Fundamental Identities
The reciprocal identities:

1 1 1
sin θ = cos θ = tan θ =
csc θ s e cθ cot θ
1 1 1
csc θ = sec θ = cot θ =
sin θ cos θ tan θ

The quotient identities:

sin θ cos θ
tan θ = cot θ =
cos θ sin θ

Even-Odd Identities

The cosine and secant functions are even.

cos(−t ) = cos t sec(−t ) = sec t

The sine, cosecant, tangent, and cotangent functions are odd.

sin(−t ) = − sin t csc(−t ) = − csc t

tan(−t ) = − tan t cot(−t ) = − cot t

The Pythagorean Identities

sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1 1 + tan 2 θ = sec 2 θ 1 + cot 2 θ = csc 2 θ

Using Fundamental Identities to Verify Other Identities

The fundamental trig identities are used to establish other relationships among trigonometric
functions. To verify an identity we show that one side of the identity can be simplified so that is
identical to the other side. Each side is manipulated independently of the other side of the
equation. Usually it is best to start with the more complicated side of the identity.

Example 42 Changing to Sines and Cosines to Verify an Identity

Verify the identity: sec x cot x = csc x.

Solution The left side of the equation contains the more complicated expression. Thus, we
work with the left side. Let us express this side of the identity in terms of sines and cosines.
Perhaps this strategy will enable us to transform the left side into csc x, the expression on the
right.

1 cos x
sec x cot x = •
cosx sin x
1
= = csc x
sin x
Example 43

Verify the identity: sin x tan x + cos x = sec x

Example 44 Using Factoring to Verify an Identity

Verify the identity: cosx - cosxsin2x = cos3x

Example 45 Combining Fractional Expressions to Verify an Identity

cos x 1 + sin x
Verify the identity: + = 2 sec x
1 + sin x cos x

Example 46 Multiplying the Numerator and Denominator by the Same Factor to Verify an
Identity (think rationalizing the numerator or denominator)

sin x 1 − cos x
Verify the identity: =
1 + cos x sin x

Example 47 Changing to Sines and Cosines to Verify an Identity

tan x − sin(− x)
Verify the identity: = tan x
1 + cos x

Example 48 Working with Both Sides Separately to Verify an Identity

1 1
Verify the identity: + = 2 + 2 cot 2 θ
1 + cos θ 1 − cos θ

1. Work with each side of the equation independently of the other side. Start with the more
complicated side and transform it in a step-by-step fashion until it looks exactly like the
other side.
2. Analyze the identity and look for opportunities to apply the fundamental identities.
Rewriting the more complicated side of the equation in terms of sines and cosines is often
helpful.
3. If sums or differences of fractions appear on one side, use the least common denominator
and combine the fractions.
4. Don't be afraid to stop and start over again if you are not getting anywhere.
Creative puzzle solvers know that strategies leading to dead ends often provide
good problem-solving ideas.

Section 6.2 Sum and Difference Formulas

The Cosine of the Difference of Two Angles

cos(α − β ) = cos α cos β + sin α sin β

The cosine of the difference of two angles equals the cosine of the first angle times the cosine of
the second angle plus the sine of the first angle times the sine of the second angle.

Example 49

Use the difference formula for Cosines to find the Exact Value:

Find the exact value of cos 15°

Solution We know exact values for trigonometric functions of 60° and 45°. Thus, we write
15° as 60° - 45° and use the difference formula for cosines.

cos l5° = cos(60° - 45°) = cos 60° cos 45° + sin 60° sin 45°

Example 50

Find the exact value of cos 80° cos 20° + sin 80° sin 20°.

Example 51

Find the exact value of cos(180º-30º)

Example 52

cos(α − β )
Verify the following identity: = cot α + tan β
sin α cos β

Example 53

 5π  2
Verify the following identity: cos  x − =− (cos x + sin x)
 4  2
 cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
cos(α − β ) = cos α cos β + sin α sin β
sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β
sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β

Example 54

Find the exact value of sin(30º+45º)

Example 55

7π
Find the exact value of sin
12

Example 56

 3π 
Show that sin  x −  = cos x
 2 
 tan α + tan β
tan(α + β ) =
1 − tan α tan β
tan α − tan β
tan(α − β ) =
1 + tan α tan β

Example 57

Find the exact value of tan(105º)

Example 58

 π  tan x − 1
Verify the identity: tan  x −  =
 4  tan x + 1

Example 59

Write the following expression as the sine, cosine, or tangent of an angle. Then find the exact
value of the expression.

7π π 7π π
sin cos − cos sin
12 12 12 12

Section 6.3 Double-Angle and Half-Angle Formulas

Double – Angle Formulas

 sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ
cos 2θ = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
2 tan θ
tan 2θ =
1 − tan 2 θ

We can derive these by using the sum formulas we learned in section 6.2.

Example 60

5
If sin θ = and θ lies in quadrant II, find the exact value of:
13

a. sin 2θ b. cos 2θ c. tan 2θ

Example 61

2 tan15°
Find the exact value of
1 − tan 2 15°

Three Forms of the Double-Angle Formula for cos2θ

cos 2θ = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ

cos 2θ = 2 cos 2 θ − 1
cos 2θ = 1 − 2 sin 2 θ

Example 62

Verify the identity: cos 3θ = 4 cos3 θ − 3cos θ

Power-Reducing Formulas

1 − cos 2θ
sin 2 θ =
2
1 + cos 2θ
cos 2 θ =
2
1 − cos 2θ
tan 2 θ =
1 + cos 2θ
Example 63
Write an expression for cos 4 θ that does not have powers on the trigonometric functions greater
than 1.

Example 64

Write an equivalent expression for sin4x that does not contain powers of trigonometric functions
greater than 1.

 1 − cos 2 x   1 − cos 2 x 
sin 4 x = sin 2 x sin 2 x =   
 2  2 
 1 + cos 2 x 
 1 − 2 cos 2 x + cos 2 2 x   1 − 2 cos 2 x + 2 
 = 
 4   4 
 
 2 − 4 cos 2 x + 1 + cos 2 x  ( 3 − 3cos 2 x )
= =
 8  8

Half-Angle Identities

x 1 – cos x
sin =±
2 2

x 1 + cos x
cos 2 = ± 2

x 1 – cos x sin x 1 – cos x

tan =± = =
2 1 + cos x 1 + cos x sin x

where the sign is determined by the quadrant in

x
which lies.
2

Example 65

Find the exact value of cos112.5°

Solution Because 112.5° = 225°/2, we use the half-angle formula for cos α/2 with α = 225°. What
sign should we use when we apply the formula? Because 112.5° lies in quadrant II, where only
the sine and cosecant are positive, cos 112.5° < 0. Thus, we use the - sign in the half-angle
formula.

Example 66

1 − cos 2θ
Verify the identity: tan θ =
sin 2θ

Half-Angle Formulas for:

α
1 − cos α
tan =
2 sin α
α sin α
tan =
2 1 + cos α

Example 67

α
Verify the identity: tan = csc α − cot α
2

Example 68

Verify the following identity: (sin θ − cos θ ) 2 = 1 − sin 2θ

Solution:

(sin θ − cos θ ) 2
= sin 2 θ − 2sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ
1 − cos 2θ 1 + cos 2θ
= + − 2 sin θ cos θ
2 2
2
= − 2 sin θ cos θ = 1 − sin 2θ
2

Section 6.4 Product-to-Sum and Sum-to-Product Formulas

 1
sin α sin β = [cos(α − β ) − cos(α + β )]
2
1
cos α cos β = [ cos(α − β ) + cos(α + β ) ]
2
1
sin α cos β = [sin(α + β ) + sin(α − β )]
2
1
cos α sin β = [sin(α + β ) − sin(α − β ) ]
2

Example 69

Express each of the following as a sum or a difference:

a. sin 8 x sin 3 x b. sin 4 x cos x

Example 70

Express the following product as a sum or difference:

cos 3 x cos 2 x
 α +β α −β
sin α + sin β = 2sin cos
2 2
α −β α +β
sin α − sin β = 2sin cos
2 2
α +β α −β
cos α + cos β = 2 cos cos
2 2
α +β α −β
cos α − cos β = −2sin sin
2 2
Example 71

Express each sum or difference as a product:

a. sin 9 x + sin 5 x b. cos 4 x − cos 3 x

Example 72

Express the difference as a product:

sin 4 x − sin 2 x

Example 73

Verify the following identity:

sin x + sin y x+ y x− y
= tan cot
sin x − sin y 2 2

Example 74

Verify the following identity:

cos 3 x − cos 5 x
= tan x
sin 3 x + sin 5 x
Section 6.5 Trigonometric Equations

This section involves equations that have a trigonometric expression with a variable, such as
cos x . To understand this section we must consider a simple equation such as cos x = 0.5.
Example 75

Example 76 Equations with a multiple angle

Solve the equation: tan 3 x = 1 , within the interval: 0 ≤ x < 2π

Example 77 Equations with a multiple angle

x 3
sin = , 0 ≤ x < 2π
2 2
Example 78

Example 79

tan x sin 2 x = 3 tan x , within 0 ≤ x < 2π

Example 80 Using a trigonometric identity to solve a trig equation:

cos 2 x + 3sin x − 2 = 0 , within 0 ≤ x < 2π

Example 81 Using a trigonometric identity to solve a trig equation:

1
sin x cos x = , within 0 ≤ x < 2π
2

Example 82 Using a trigonometric identity to solve a trig equation:

sin x − cos x = 1 , within 0 ≤ x < 2π

Example 83 Solve the following equation:

7 cos θ + 9 = −2 cos θ

Example 84 Solve the equation on the interval [0,2π):

θ 3
tan =
2 3
Example 85 Solve the equation on the interval [0,2π)

sin 2 x = sin x
Example 86 Solve the equation on the interval [0,2π)

cos 2 x + 2 cos x − 3 = 0

Section 5.8

Solving a right triangle means finding the missing lengths of the sides and the measurements of
its angles. We will label the right triangle as is done in the following diagram:

Example 87
Finally, we need to find c. Because we have a known angle, a known adjacent side, and an
unknown hypotenuse, we use the cosine function.

cos34.5° = 10.5/c

c=10.5/cos34.5° = 12.74

In summary, B = 55.5º, a = 7.22, and c = 12.74.

Example 88
Example 89

A 200 foot cliff drops vertically into the ocean. If the angle of elevation of a ship to the top of
the cliff is 22.3 degrees, how far above shore is the ship?

Example 90

A building that is 250 feet high cast a shadow that is 40 feet long. Find the angle of elevation of
the sun at that time.

Example 91

A boat leaves the entrance to a harbor and travels 40 miles on a bearing S 64° E. How many
miles south and how many miles east from the harbor has the boat traveled?