EXERCISE MANUAL

on
Geographic Information System (GIS)
& Global Positioning System (GPS)

Organized by:
MoFALD,
Government of Nepal
(05th September - 10th September, 2014)
 Detail Course/Time Schedule
(October 01-07, 2012)
Day 1: September 5, 2014

10:00 – 12:00 Software installation/Configuration

12:00 – 12:15 Tea break
12:15 – 13:15 Introduction to GIS, GIS opportunities and development in Nepal (Theory)
13:15 – 13:45 Lunch
13:45 – 15:15 Sampling concepts of GIS (Hands on exercise)
15:15 – 15:30 Tea break
15:30 – 17:00 Continued…. (Hands on exercise)

Day 2: September 6, 2014

10:00 – 12:00 Exploring ArcGIS Application, Understanding the Coordinate System
12:00 – 12:15 Tea break
12:15 – 13:15 Geo-referencing
13:15 – 13:45 Lunch
13:45 – 15:15
15:15 – 15:30 Tea break
15:30 – 17:00 Contd… (Exercise on Geo-referencing spatial data from the scanned Topo Sheet)

Day 3: September 7, 2014

10:00 – 12:00 Continued…Concept of projection and transformation of geographic data
12:00 – 12:15 Tea break
12:15 – 13:15 Contd…Exercise on projection/transformation
13:15 – 13:45 Lunch
13:45 – 15:15 Continued…
15:15 – 15:30 Tea break
15:30 – 17:00 Continued…

Day 4: September 8, 2014

10:00 – 12:00 GPS theoretical concept on real world data capture
12:00 – 12:15 Tea break
12:15 – 13:15 Plotting GPS data into GIS and Mapping
13:15 – 13:45 Lunch
13:45 – 15:15 Google Data uploading
15:15 – 15:30 Tea break
15:30 – 17:00Exercise on Plotting GPS data into GIS and Mapping

Day 5: September 9, 2014

10:00 – 12:00 Concept of geographic data
(Spatial data, attribute data, geo-referenced data, time referenced data and Meta data)
09:00 – 10:00 Exercise to create point and polygon/area shape files (digitizing)
12:00 – 12:15 Tea break
12:15 – 13:15 Contd… Exercise to create point and polygon/area shape files and data management
13:45 – 15:15
15:15 – 15:30 Tea break
15:30 – 17:00 Exercise on join table with feature attribute table

Day 6: September 10, 2014

10:00 – 12:00 Concept of Geo-database and RDBMS, Data Layers and data structure
12:00 – 12:15 Tea break
12:15 – 13:15 working on mapping field properties, symbology and labels
13:15 – 13:45 Lunch
13:45 – 15:15 Concept of Mapping/Cartographic Elements of Map, Cartographic designing of output
15:15 – 15:30 Tea break
15:30 – 17:00 Lay out and Reporting format of GIS output, Closing/certificate distribution, Closing
 Day 1: Session 1
ARCGIS 9.3 installation procedure

Step 1
Copy your ArcGIS Program to your disk for back up.

Step 2
License installation
1. Open the folder "…\arcgis9.3\crack" and observe that you have three folders there.

2. Doble clck the folder "license_server_setup" and run the file LMSetup.

3. Select “I received the license by email”.

4. Click the button “Browse” and then assign the file named “37102011.efl9” which is in the
address “….\arcgis9.3\crack\license_server_crack \ license_server_setup\” and then click
next. After a while proceed for the installation. When the installation is over then …

5. Select the option “NO, I will restart the compute Later” and then click OK.

6. By completing these steps License file should have been installed into the path
“C:\Program Files\ESRI\License\arcgis9x\”.

Step 3
Copy the Authentic exe and license files

1. Browse to the “arcgis9.3\crack\license_server_crack \” folder. Select only the files: ArcGIS and
37102011.dat.Copy them by using right click.

2. Browse to the location: “C:\Program Files\ESRI\License\arcgis9x” and paste by using right click.
Click Yes for replacing the files.

Step 4
Configure the license file

1. Right click the lmtools.exe file, which is in the address:

“C:\Program files\ESRI\License\arcgis9x” and select run as administrator. Click Yes button if
you get a “small window of notice.”

2. Select “Configuration using services” and click “ArcGIS License Manager”.

3. Now, click the tab “Configure services”.

4. Click the browse Button next to the address of “Path to the debug log file.
 5. Select the file named “ARCGIS_LM” and Click Open.

6. Click the Browse button next to the “Path to the license file”. Select the “Files of type as License
files (*.dat) and then select the file C:\Program Files\ESRI\License\arcgis9x\37102011

7. Browse for the “Path to the lmgrd file” and select the file C:\Program
Files\ESRI\License\arcgis9x\lmgrd.exe.

8. Check in “Use services” and “Start server at power up”.

9. Click Save service button and press Yes for saving.

10. Click Start/ stop/ Reread and press the button “Start Server.

11. Click “Server diagnostics” and click “Perform Diagnostics”.

12. If you get the information like “License can be checked out….” Then your license is set up
otherwise (such as “your license cannot be…”) you have to reinstall the license program after
uninstalling it.

Step 5
Install the ArcGIS main program

1. Go to the path G:\software\arcgis9.3\Desktop. Double click the set up.exe fill with the computer
icon and Wait for some time. Click next.

2. Select for “I Accept the license agreement.” and then click next.

3. Select Complete and then next.

4. Go on clicking next for each dialog box until (or OK) the installation begins.

5. Wait until the installation is accomplished.

6. Wait until you get the message that “Your ARCGIS has been successfully installed.”

7. Click finish.

Step 6
Registering the Program

After the installation is over, still you have some steps more.

1. Click Start menu and go to ARCGIS\Desktop Administrator.

2. Follow the Configuration as follows:
 "Software Product": choose "ArcInfo (Floating)"
"License Manager": Change to your own “Computer name” or type localhost.

If your program does not accept the computer name then follow the steps given in steps 8 (from I
to IX) and re-enter the computer name again then click ok.

Note: You can access to your computer name by right clicking “my computer” in the desktop and
selecting properties.

"Availability": select "Arc Info Desktop (Floating)".

3. Finally, Click Apply and then click OK.

Step 7
Starting the ARCMAP

1. Open the ArcGIS program from the Start menu and enjoy GIS.

Success!

Step 8: Steps for occasional hanging or ‘Not responding’ problems.

If you get your computer hanged or becomes slow times and again while you are using ARCGIS
then activate you ARCGIS License once again by following the steps describe below.

1. For this, bring your cursor in the lower right corner of your monitor (near the time display) and
then right click.
2. Select the “task manager”.
3. Select the tab “processes”
4. Click the tab image name to sort the processes running in your system
5. Click lmgrd.exe and right click to select the “end process”
6. Click the yes button.
7. Minimize the task manager window.
8. Now go to the start menu and Click license manager (9.x) and right click License manager tools
to select run as administrator.
9. Click the Start/Stop/Reread button and Click Start Serve button. Check the information at the
status bar as “server start successful”.
10. Minimize the lmtools window.
11. Now your ArcGIS runs again without problem.

Step 9 (Optional)

1. Sometimes, you may need to change the services setting.

2. Click the start menu and type “services” in the search text box as shown by the arrow 2 in the figure.

3. Click Services as marked by the arrow 3 below.

1. Services Window is opened. Right click the ARCGIS License Manager (marked with an ellipse
in the figure below), and then right click to select Properties.

2. Right click the ARCGIS License Manager (red colored), and then right click to select properties.
3. Click the ‘Recovery’ tab and set the first failure, second failure and subsequent failure as shown
below.

4. Finally Click OK and then close the Services window.

 Configuration
Important: Configure ArcGIS

1. From the Start menu, go to All Programs. Select ARCGIS and then click Arc Map icon to open
the ArcMap application.
2. Select “A new empty map”, and then click OK.
3. Maximize the ArcMap window.
4. Configure your ArcGIS System for coordinate system
5. In general, the normal path (for windows 7) for the default files to be restored for the transformation of
coordinate system is:
6. "C:\Users\user\AppData\Roaming\ESRI\ArcToolbox" where the third path (“ ..\user\..” varies depending
upon the access to your system.
7. In the above path, the folder "user" is generally a variable and therefore is different from computer to
computer. You must confirm about the correctness of the whole address. For this, Follow the instruction
as follows:
8. Click Tools
9. Click Options
10. Click Geo-Processing
11. Notice that there exists a panel named My toolboxes
12. Highlight the path from C\..to ..Arctoolbox only.
13. i.e. C:\Users\...\AppData\Roaming\ESRI\ArcToolbox
14. Right Click and then select copy.
15. Now click OK
16. Minimize Arc Map.
17. Open Computer
18. In the address bar, bring your cursor to click Computer and highlight it.
19. Now right click and then paste the path.
20. Click Enter key in the keyboard. If your selection is ok then you will be browsed into the path:
21. "C:\Users\....\AppData\Roaming\ESRI\ArcToolbox"
22. Minimize the Window
23. Open your exercise folder given by the instructor for your GIS Training. Copy the given folder named as
CustomTransformations
24. Now maximize the window of C:\Users\.....\ArcToolbox and then right click and Paste.
25. Close the window.
26. Now go to your C:\GIS_Exercise folder.
 DAY- 1: Session 1
Introduction to GIS, GIS opportunities and development in Nepal

Introduction
Recent reflection of the overall trend within society towards increasing reliance on the computer as a
data handling and data analysis tool is becoming a part science and art. The use of computers is twofold.
First, extremely large and complex data sets can be both compactly stored and rapidly retrieved with
mechanical accuracy. The use of automated techniques also, of necessity, imposes uniformity in both
storage formats and methods for handling data. Second, many of the quantitative and analytical
techniques developed in the earth/social sciences and many other disciplines are limited in their practical
applications. Computers provide the capability to deal with the large volumes of observational data
handling. At the same time the rapid changes in information communication technology have turned
satellite imagery into a high value-added product. The integration of data from Global Positioning
System (GPS), Remote Sensing (RS) and various other sources enhanced the use of computer
technology. Therefore, the computer-based GIS are becoming necessary to the best advantage of the
users.

Governmental agencies as a response to a new awareness and the agency in dealing with complex
environmental and natural resources issues developed the first GIS in the middle 1960s. In the latter half
of 1980s, Geographic Information System (GIS) has been developed as a field of scientific discipline
based on both real world information as well as advanced electronic technology. In the beginning of 21 st
century GIscience (including both tools and science related with the spatial database handling and
application for social welfare and economic development) is becoming one of the prominent scientific
disciplines. The advancement of communication technology, computer application and realization of
geographic data on social welfare and economic planning has been introducing the new concept of
database management and using of GIS like geo-database, database infrastructure, data mining, GIS
portal and web GIS. It is also integrated with other sciences of data acquisitions and analysis. Therefore
GIS is becoming useful tool and science to interpret the natural and social phenomena in a 'holistic
approach'.

Objective of the training course

The main objective of the present course is to give basic ideas of GIS for the beginners of various
disciplines, specifically in ArcGIS environment. ArcGIS is one of the latest developed professional GIS
packages of the Environmental System Research Institute (ESRI), Redland, USA. The previous version
of the ESRI product i.e. ArcInfo and ArcView software packages are more common in the market but
the latest and more versatile version of ArcGIS released is comparatively new in the Nepalese context
and many users are even not familiar with this package. Several new features and capabilities are
incorporated in the ArcGIS environment. Specifically ArcGIS 9 and onwards have high capabilities and
able to give a more versatile capabilities. Nepal GIS Society realizes its importance and felt need to give
orientation to the native users to this software environment, therefore present short term training is
scheduled. It is to be noted that week long training on ArcGIS environment alone may not possible to
understand the whole crux of the GIS and software, despite this; it is true that this training can definitely
shed light on the need of the discipline and capability of the software in various aspect. This will create
base of GIS application in various field. The exercise manual is a concise form of the hands-on-exercise
based on local contextual database and examples.
About the software
In this course, we will be working with ESRI's ArcGIS 9.3 software. ArcGIS is considered to be the
industry standard for professional GIS users. Since version 8.0, ArcGIS has been a Windows-based GIS
program - a significant departure from the structure of versions 7.x and older, which used command line
DOS- or UNIX-based interfaces.

ArcGIS 9.x is structured around three main modules: ArcCatalog, ArcToolbox, and ArcMap. These
modules represent the three basic necessities of GIS: data management, data analysis, and data
output/mapping. In this lab we will cover these modules in greater depth, as well as discover some of
their key functionality.

Additional Information
Additional information on ArcGIS software can be found through the ArcGIS web site
(http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis/arcinfo/index.html), and through the ESRI Virtual Campus web
site (www.campus.esri.com), which offers several free tutorials on ArcGIS and ArcGIS extensions.

Lab Exercise
The example database are liberally copied here which were compiled from various sources. We must
acknowledge for the Department of Survey and Ministry of Local Development for District level digital
feature data layers and Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Government of Nepal for Population data.
We also acknowledge ESRI products for providing evaluation version of ArcGIS 9.x software.
 DAY- I: Session 2- Hands on Exercise
Exploring the sampling concept of GIS
Concept 1: GIS data are organized in terms of Layers

1. Click Start Menu. Go to All Programs/ Arc GIS/ Arc Map. Confirm that the option "A new
empty map is selected.
2.
3. Click OK.
4. Click File/Open
5. Navigate to C:\GIS_Trianing\Map_Documents.
6. Highlight Nepal.mxd. Click Open.
7. What do you observe?
……………………………………………………………
8. How many layers are there in the table of contents?
…………………………………………………………
9. What is the name of the layers listed in the Table of contents?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. How Many layers are opened?
………………………..
11. How many are disabled in view?
…………………………………………………………..

12. Click Bookmarks/ Panchthar.

13. Now what is the change in Map Display?

…………………………………………………………………
14. Now how many layers are checked in the table of contents?
……………………………………………………………………………..
15. Where are the other districts?
16. …………………………………………………………………….
17. Click Bookmarks/ Nepal.

18. Do you see change in the view?

……………………………………………………………………..
19. Click Bookmarks/ Fidim.

20. Now how many layers are checked in the table of contents?
………………………………………………………………………….
 21. Which layers is not opened?.
…………………………………………………………………………..
22. What could be the reason?
……………………………………………………………………………
23. Click the pan tool (palm or hand symbol in the tools tool bar and then move around the map)

24. Click the Full extent button (The globe symbol). What is gone from the map display area?
……………………………………………………………………………………
25. Click Bookmarks/ Fidim again.

26. What is the meaning of Green Colour? Yellow color? Red lines? Brown Lines? Black dot?
Green:……………………….,Yellow:……....................;Red Lines … ……………
…………………..Brown lines: ……………… ……… …;
Black Dot………………………………………..
27. Check out the Land cover and Contour layers map in the Table of contents.
28. What happens now in the display?
29. …………………………………………………………………………………

Concept 2: GIS data consists of Description in terms of Attribute table.

30. How many settlement points are there in Panchthar District database?
31. Click Settlement layer in the table of contents and then right click.
32. Select open attribute table.
33. Read the number of records at the bottom of table of contents.
34. ………………………………………………………………………………………….
35. Notice the name of column name in the table and data types.
36. Notice the Shape of the Settlement Layers.
37. Is it: point? Or polyline? Or Polygon?
38. Close the attribute table.
39. How many land cover Polygons are there in this Panchthar District database?
40. Click Land Cover layer in the table of contents and then right click.
41. Select open attribute table.
42. Read the number of records at the bottom of table of contents.
43. …………………………………………………………………………………………
44. Notice the name of column name in the table and data types.
45. Notice the Shape of the Land Cover Layers.
46. Is it: point? Or polyline? Or Polygon?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
47. Close the attribute table.
48. Repeat this for Road layers and contour Layers. Finally close table.
49. Why road and contours lines are put in separate layers?
…………………………………………………………………………….
50. Why Land Cover and Settlement information are put in separate layers?
………………………………………………………………………………..

Concept 3: Spatial Data Possesses Relationship.

51. Click Bookmarks/Fidim.

52. Can you drive from Fidim to Nagi according to your map?
53. If yes, what the basis of your answer?
54. ……………………………………………………………………………………….
55. Are there any settlement points within Ranitar VDC?
56. ……………………………………………………
57. Check out Settlement and Road layers now.

Understanding Bookmarks in ARC GIS

58. Click Bookmark/Siwa.

59. Which VDCs border Siwa VDC?
North:…………………………………………South:…………………East:………
……………………………………. West…………………………….. … … … …
60. Now click Pan in tool in the tools toolbar.
61. Pan to the Aarubote VDC which is near the bottom of the district. Use zoom in or zoom out
tool if necessary so that the whole Aarubote VDC is seen in the map.
62. Click Bookmarks/Create.
63. Type Aarubote and then Click OK.
64. Now go to Bookmarks/Fidim.
65. What do you see?
………………………………………………………………………………….
66. Now go to Bookmarks/Aarubote.
67. What happens in the screen?
………………………………………………………………………………….
68. Open all (Check in) the layers now in the table of contents.
69. Does the computer become slow now. Why?......................
70. Now click the full extent button in the tools toolbar.
71. What happens to the river layers? Have you damaged the data your self!!
……………………………………………………………………..
72. Click Bookmarks/Parsa.
73. How much is river shifted from the Eastern District Panchthar to the West?
74. …………………………………………………………………………………………………
75. It is a very serious issue. We will deal this issue later in the course.
76. Do off the Layer Rivers. Click the full extent (Globe) button.

Concept 4: GIS Data can answer 'What' Questions.

77. Click identify tool (i symbol) in the tools toolbar as

shown.
78. Click Anywhere in the district map.
79. What is the name of the district.
80. Click Bookmarks/ Fidim.
81. Click in a green patch.
82. What is the land cover type?..........................
83. Click in a Yellow patch.
84. What is the land cover type?...............................
85. Click the thick dashed road symbol. What is the type of the
road?
86. Click select elements tool in the tools toolbar.
87. Close the Identify dialogbox.
88. Click Full extent ( Globe ) button.

Concept 5: GIS Data can answer 'Where' Questions.

89. Find where is Dhading District using GIS?

90. Click Selection Menu.
 Now Click Selection by attribute.
 Set the Layer as Admin_Nepal.
 Now double click “DNAME” and then click ‘=’ sign.
 Click Get unique values button. In the text box “Go To:” type Dhadi and then double
click DHADING in the list.
Your query should look like:

 "DNAME" = 'DHADING'
 Click Apply button.
 Click Close button.
 Look at the map what happens.
Is there any blue lines highlighting Dhading district?
91. Click Selection menu and select zoom to selected features.
 92. Find the neighboring District of Dhading District.
93. Click Selection menu and then Click “Clear selected features”.
Selection can be made based on the Spatial relationship

94. How many Settlements are there

within Phidim VDC?
95. Firstly select Phidim VDC using the
Selection/Select by Attributes by
setting the parameters as shown in the
right. Click OK.
96. Click Selection/ Zoom to selected
Features. This brings the Phidim VDC
at the front.
97. Now, you need to select settlement
within this selected VDC i.e.
Phidim only.

98. For this, Click Selection/ Select by Location.

99. Set the parameter as shown and click OK.
100. Notice how the settlements points are
selected within the selected VDC i.e.
Phidim only.
101. Right click the layer Settlement in the
table of contents.
102. Click Open attribute table.
103. Notice how many records are selected.
104. Click Show: Selected records.
105. What happens in the table? Click
Selection menu and then Click “Clear
selected features.
106. Close the attribute table
107. Repeat the steps 93-105 twice.
108. Now, Enter 100000 in the Map Scale text box.
109. Now find out how many settlements are there within 1000 meters of the highway in
Panchthar?
110. Write your steps below:
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
111. Click Selection menu and then Click “Clear selected features.

112. Find how much Forest is there within Nawadanda VDC?

113. Can you find the answer correctly?

114. Write your answer below.
115. ……………………………………………………………………………………….
116. Click Selection menu and then Click “Clear selected features.
117. Finally Click Full extent button (Globe)
118. Click File/Save.
119. Exit Arc Map.
click red colored ArcTool box/Analysis tools/Extract/Clip
 DAY- 2: Session I
2: Exploring ArcGIS Desktop Application

A: Working with ArcCatolog

 Introduction to ArcCatalog

ArcCatalog is the ArcGIS module used for organizing, browsing, and managing your data and map
documents, as well as for viewing and editing metadata. In many ways, ArcCatalog is similar to
Windows Explorer. For instance, when you modify a file's location, or create or delete a file, you do not
need to save the changes - it is done automatically. Since it is easy to delete files this way, you should be
careful to delete only when you are sure that you will not need the file any longer.

 Starting ArcCatalog

Now we will start ArcCatalog and explore its contents. To start ArcCatalog, click on the
button and navigate to All Programs > ArcGIS > ArcCatalog.

 What is in ArcCatalog

□ Select the directory C:\GIS_Training\Base_Map.You will view the following data catalog

ArcCatalog is similar in structure to Windows Explorer. On the left hand side is a view of the Catalog
"tree" showing how the data is organized. The right hand side provides options for exploring the
contents of the data shown in the Catalog tree. You will notice that there are different icons used to
represent the available folders and their contents. When Arc Catalog is initiated, it automatically looks
for folders containing spatial data. Any spatial data it finds will be given a special icon to indicate the
specific type of data in the file or folder.

 How data are represented: Main icons of ArcGIS 9.x

Icons Description Icons Description

Folder connection containing Coverage - Polygon
geographic data (Workspace)
Folder containing geographic data - Coverage - Arc
inside a Workspace (second level)
Folder containing no geographic data Coverage - Point
Map document Coverage feature class - Polygon
Geo-database Coverage feature class - Arc
Geo-database feature dataset Coverage feature class - Tic
Geo-database feature class - Polygon Coverage feature class - Label

Geo-database feature class - Arc Shape file - Polygon

Geo-database feature class - Point Shape file - Arc

Geo-database feature class - Annotation Shape file - Point

Grid data/Raster based

Outside of the areas for exploring the catalog folders and their contents, there are several menus and
toolbars associated with ArcCatalog. To find out what a particular button does, hold your cursor over
the button for several seconds. A note will appear telling the function associated with the button, and a
more informative description will appear on the bottom of the ArcCatalog window. If you hold your
cursor over the upward pointing arrow (the first button directly under 'File'), you will see a note reading
'Up One Level,' and the bottom of the window will read 'Go to the next level up in the catalog tree').

Question 1:
What is the function of each of the following buttons? (Some of these icons may be gray, or inactive. You
will run into these icons as you go through the lab. Click through the Contents, Preview and Metadata
tabs to activate different sets of buttons).
 Connecting to your data

To access your data in ArcCatalog you have several choices. If there is already a connection to the drive
with your data, you can navigate down the catalog tree until you find your data folder. This, however,
has the potential for causing quite a bit of clutter and confusion if your data is more than one or two
folders down from the drive connection. A second option is to create a direct connection to your data. A
direct connection will help avoid clutter in that you can make a connection straight to the folder holding
your data, rather than having to navigate through other folders. It is also a necessary step if the drive
with your data is not shown in the Catalog tree (i.e., if you are using data saved on your network drive).
An example of a direct connection can be seen in the graphic above. C:\GIS_Training\Base_Map is a
direct connection to a local data folder on the C: drive).
□ To connect to your data, click on the "Connect to Folder" button.

□ Navigate to the folder containing your data for this lab (In this example:
C:\GIS_Training\Base_Map. Select the folder (it will be highlighted in blue), and then click "OK”.
A direct connection to your data folder will now appear in the Catalog Tree.

Try this out and connect to your network drive, flash drive, or to the local folder that you will be using
for your work.

 What can be done in ArcCatalog?

For organizing data, ArcCatalog is quite easy to use. However, if you delete, move, or otherwise alter
the data using ArcCatalog, it is permanent (i.e., if you delete a coverage, it is GONE--you cannot retrieve
it). Data organizing in ArcCatalog is very similar to that in Windows Explorer. You can drag and drop
coverages, shapefiles, or geodatabases into new workspaces, or you can use the Windows shortcut keys
(Ctrl-C, Ctrl-X and Ctrl-V for copy, cut and paste, respectively).
Try this out by copying and pasting your lab data into a new folder.

Browsing through your data is simple using ArcCatalog. The Catalog tree displays in a hierarchical
fashion all of the items in the Catalog, much like how data browsing is done through programs such as
Windows Explorer. A folder that contains files will have a box with a plus or minus sign to the left of
the file name. This indicates whether the folder has been expanded.
Take a moment to explore the data in the Catalog tree. You can use the arrow buttons on your
keyboard, or your mouse to navigate. While navigating, pay attention to the changes that take place on
the right hand side of the ArcCatalog window.

The right-hand side of the Catalog allows you to examine the data further. For instance, select the VDCs
(PAN_VDC). If you then click on the "Contents" tab on the right hand side of the window, you will see
a name and type of data file and its icon.

If you click on the "Preview" tab, you will see a preview of the data geography or the data attribute
table. To change from geography view to table view (or vice versa), change the value listed in the
preview pull down menu at the bottom of the Window.

Click your mouse on those menu you will view the following info of your data catalog. Read carefully
and understand.
Step 2: Help in ArcGIS

For help in ArcGIS Click on Help on the Menu you will get the help window

 Finding data in ArcCatalog

When previewing tabular data in ArcCatalog, it is possible to search for specific entries in the table. To
do this, open to the table view, and click on the Options button, then Find.

Clicking on the Find option will open the Find window where you can enter a text string to search for.
You can search down the attribute list, up the attribute list, or search the entire attribute list.
Once the first match has been found, you can look for further matches by clicking on the 'Find Next'
button.
As well as finding data, you can also add fields to the table, reload the table to view recent changes, or
export the table as a ".dbf file" (a format readable by many spreadsheet programs, including Microsoft
Excel), Geo database tables, ASCII text files and Arc/Info coverage Info tables.

Question 2
When previewing data, a new set of icons become active in the menu bar. Why? What do they do? Are
they always active when previewing data?

Question 3:
Do you find the Preview tab helpful? Why or why not?

B: Working with Arc Toolbox

 Introduction to Arc Toolbox

Arc Toolbox is the ArcGIS module used for data processing, analysis, and conversion. It contains a large
set of tools that allow for more specialized or complicated operations than those available in the various
other modules. Arc Toolbox also provides a means for the user to write scripts and create customized
tools to fit specialized needs.
 Starting Arc Toolbox

To start Arc Toolbox, click on the Arc Toolbox icon in ArcCatalog or ArcMap.

 What is in Arc Toolbox?

Although Arc Toolbox is one of the major ArcGIS modules, it is actually "embedded" in the other
modules such as ArcCatalog - rather than standing alone. It appears as a docked window inside them
when you call it up:
ArcToolbox is organized in a fashion similar to the catalog tree in ArcCatalog. If you click on any of the
headings, a short description of the tools under that heading is listed at the bottom of the ArcToolbox
window. By clicking on the + next to a tool heading (Data Management Tools, Analysis Tools, etc.) you
can view the tools available under that heading.

For an overview of all of the functions of a tool set, click help after right-clicking.

To run a tool, simply double-click on the specific tool you want to use. This will open a window for
setting the various file inputs and outputs and other options related to the tool.

Take a few minutes to explore the Toolbox and get a sense of what kinds of tools are available.

Question 4:
Use the toolbox window to examine the tools in the "Overlay" tools. List the names of the tools

Working with ArcMap

 Introduction to ArcMap

ArcMap is the ArcGIS module used for mapping -- creating, viewing, querying, editing, composing, and
publishing maps. ArcMap is what you will be using for the majority of your GIS work.

 Starting ArcMap

□ ArcMap can be opened via the Start menu (Start -> Programs -> ArcGIS -> ArcMap) or from any
other module such as Arc Catalog (click on the ArcMap icon in the toolbar). In addition, you can
open ArcMap by double-clicking on a map
document in Arc Catalog.

When you first start ArcMap, you may see the

"Welcome to ArcMap" window. This window
provides the options to 1) create a new map, 2) create
a new map using a map template, 3) open an
existing map, or 4) open the last map you were using.
This semester, we will most often use options 1 and 3
(creating a new map, and opening existing maps).

 What is ArcMap?
The top portion of the ArcMap
window contains the menu and
toolbars. You can change which
toolbars are displayed by right-
clicking on the top portion of the
window (the gray part) and selecting
which menu you need or don't need
(As seen in the image above).

The left portion of ArcMap shows a

tree display of the layers (the "layer
tree") added to the map (and whether
or not they are currently displayed).
There are three ways which the
included data can be explored: by
"Display" or "Source" or
"Selection". You can toggle among the three by selecting the appropriate tab on the bottom of the layer
tree:
The Display tab shows the layer name, whether or not the layer is displayed (if there is a check mark in
the box next to the name, the layer is being displayed), and how the layer is displayed (to see this, click
on the + to the left of the name to expand the display). The Source tab shows the appropriate layer icon
(same as seen in ArcCatalog), as well as the location (or "source") of the data. Lastly, the Selection tab
shows a list of the layers in the active data frame and lets you check the ones you want to make
selectable.

The right portion of ArcMap provides a view of the data. You can select to view the data in "Data
View" or in "Layout View":

The globe icon represents the 'Data View', and the sheet of paper icon represents the 'Layout View'.
In the Data View, you can zoom in and out, pan, identify, select, etc. the data in this portion by using the
available tools:

Try zooming in and out and otherwise exploring the data using the above tools.

 Making a map layout for cartographic output

After exploring the Data View, go to the Layout View. You can do this by either clicking on the sheet of
paper icon at the bottom of the view window, or by selecting View-> Layout View.
A new set of tools are provided for exploration of the layout:

In Layout View, you also may use the Data View tools to zoom in / out / pan, etc. These tools will only
affect the extent of the spatial data being displayed in the map layout. Layout View also has its own tools
for zoom in / out / pan indicated with a little white box under the magnifying glass or hand (see above).
These layout view tools affect the extent of the layout sheet (e.g., paper) being displayed on the screen.
Try experimenting with the layout tools.
To insert a title, legend, neat line, etc. on your map, click on Insert and select the object that you would
like to add. Experiment with adding information to your map. Try adding a title, legend, scale bar, north
arrow, and your name. You can delete any of these objects by selecting clicking (select) and then
pressing the "Del" key. You will make this map more appealing later in the lab. For now, do not save
your changes.
 Adding data / creating your own map
Now that we have spent some time with a created map, let's make our own. In ArcMap, you cannot have
two map documents (.mxd files) open at the same time, so to open a new map document, we either need
to open a new ArcMap window or close the existing map document. For this portion of the lab exercise,
click on File -> New (or you can use
the shortcut key "Ctrl-N" or click on
the new file button on the menu bar),
and select "Blank document" in the
My Template tab.

To add data to a map document,

there are several options:

1. Use the "Add data" button on the

ArcMap toolbar
2. Navigate to File > Add data
3. Drag and drop data from
ArcCatalog.

With both ArcCatalog and

ArcMap open, left click on the data that you want to add to your map document--hold the mouse button
down; do not release the button yet. If you can see both the Catalog tree in ArcCatalog and the view
window in ArcMap, drag the data straight from ArcCatalog to the view window in ArcMap. Release the
mouse button and drop the data in ArcMap. If you can not see both the Catalog tree and the ArcMap
view window, click on the data in ArcCatalog, drag it down over the ArcMap button in the menu bar
(still pressing the mouse button) until the ArcMap window opens. Then drop the data in the ArcMap
view window.

Try each of these methods, and add the River, Contour, Road, and Settlement files to your new
map document. Select each layer one-by-one or together by Shift + Mouse Click to each and select all.
Then go to Add
Now you will view your data layer/s as:
Since it is likely that you will open data from both your network drive and from copies on your local
drive, it is helpful to use a "relative path" to your data. This will be handy if you copy your lab data
folder to a local drive to work, or if you move it from one drive to another. If you do not store your data
sources as relative path names, you will run into the problem of ArcMap looking for the data on the last
drive which you used. For example suppose you create a map document with your data located in
C:\GIS_Training\Map_Documents and you then copy the entire folder to another drive. When you
open the map document from the new folder, it will still look for the data in C:\GIS_Training\. The
relative path name tells ArcMap to look for the data in the same relative location to the map document
(e.g., in the same data folder, or wherever it is in relation to the map document).

To set your map document to use relative path names, click on File > Document Properties, select
"Data Source Options", and "Store relative path names to data sources" Click OK. Note: You will
probably want to do this with All map documents that you create in this course.

Occasionally, even if you set the map document to use relative path names you will still have problems
with "broken sources." These will be indicated by a red ! next to the layer's name:
.
To fix this problem, go to Properties > Source, and re-set the appropriate data source by clicking on the
"Set Data Source" button.
 Familiarization of the Arc Map menu and tools
Menu Bar

Exploring a map
You can explore a map in several ways. The Tools toolbar contains frequently used tools that let you
navigate around the map, find features, and get information about them.

Zooming in and getting information

If you want to see an area of the map in greater detail, you can zoom in to the map.
1. Click the Zoom In button.
2. Drag a box around one of the parks to zoom in to it.
When you drag a box on the map after clicking the Zoom In button, the map zooms to the new area. You
can click the Back button to jump back to the previous
map extent.
3. Click the Identify Features button and click the park.
When you click a feature with the Identify Features tool, the Identify Results window appears. You can
inspect the attributes of the feature from this window. If the tool finds several features where you clicked, it
lists each feature on the left side of the window. You can click
the features in this list to view their attributes on the right

Zooming to the map’s full extent

If you have zoomed in to the map and want to see all of it, you can quickly zoom out to the map’s full
extent.
1. Click the Full Extent button.
Now you can see the full extent of the map. The map scale is approximately 1:3,000,000 (depending on
your screen setup and the size of the ArcMap window), which you can see on
the Standard toolbar. (If the map scale is not approximately
1:3,000,000 change it by clicking in the text box, replacing the text with “1:3,000,000”, and pressing
Enter.)
DAY- 2: Session II
Concept of Map and Geo-referencing

Map projection
A globe is the best way to show the relative positions of places but it is neither portable nor practical for large
scales. The three-dimensional shape of the earth means that it is not possible to depict locations and features
directly on to a two-dimensional map space without some distortions. (Try to flatten the skin of an orange on to a
piece of paper.) Map projection is a procedure to transform locations and features from the three-dimensional
surface of the earth on to two-dimensional paper in a defined and consistent way.

A Globe

GIS data are encoded with certain units, the spatial components of each feature (lines, points and
polygons) are projected using a mathematically defined coordinate system transformation. The earth is
round and maps are flat. Map projections flatten the round earth. ArcGIS recognizes a bewildering
number of projections and coordinate systems, but in practice only a limited subset of these are used.
ArcGIS has attempted to remedy problems associated with dealing with projections with "projections on
the fly". Essentially ArcGIS will try to recognize what projection your data have, if this information is
not already explicitly defined (the .prj component of the shape file contains this information), and then
open them in ArcMap. Sometimes this works, sometimes it doesn't.

Some of the files in our training course have no defined coordinates. This is the case of undefined
coordinate system. Some may have coordinates stored in latitude and longitude spherical coordinates
(degrees, minutes, seconds, or decimal degrees). As aThis is called the Geographic Coordinate System
(GCS). If, however, you wish to calculate an area, or determine a precise distance, this is not an
appropriate coordinate system. You need a planar, Projected Coordinate System to do this. Square
degrees are meaningless, and for most people a distance specified in degrees is also meaningless. All
projection operations are based on spherical coordinates, and so this lab begins with feature classes in
GCS, and then moves to transforming these data into projected coordinate systems.

The transformation of map information from a sphere to a flat sheet can be accomplished in many ways.
Mapmakers have invented projections that show distances, directions, shapes or areas as they are on a globe to
at least some extent. Each projection has advantages and disadvantages. Orthographic projections, for example,
show shapes as they appear when the globe is viewed from space. Equal-area projections do not distort the size
of areas but do distort their shape. Conformal projections are those on which the scale is the same in any direction
at any point on the map. Many projections retain one geometric quality and a few retain more than one, but no
single projection can accurately portray area, shape, scale and direction.

Conical projections Cylindrical projections

NATIONAL PROJECTION SYSTEM ADOPTED BY SURVEY DEPARTMENT AND

PROJECTION TRANSFORMATION

One of the main aims of the projection systems adopted by a country is to produce the geographical data
in a unique system, which helps the data users to share the data. As Such the selection of a projection
system is greatly affected by the area (shape, size and orientation) to be mapped, accuracy requirement
and the intended purpose of the maps. Recommendations of international organizations like UN, also
affect the selection of map projections in a given country. The shape of Nepal is like a rectangle and it is
oriented in east west direction. From this viewpoint the standard conical projection with some
modification could have been a suitable projection system for Nepal. But the UTM projection has been
used for long time by different countries to create the base maps. This projection being conformal
projection is more suitable for topographical mapping and therefore Nepal also adopted this projection
for base mapping but with modifications suited to its shape. This is called a Modified Universal
Transverse Projection (MUTM) system.

In the MUTM system a cylinder is considered to envelope around the earth (spheroid) in such a way that
it touches the earth along two meridians which differ by 180. The center of the projection is in the
middle of the earth. Only for mapping purpose that part of the cylinder is taken which touches one
meridian only. This meridian is called the Central Meridian. Then the features are projected from the
surface of the earth into the spheroid and then from it projected into the projection surface, which can
later be flattened. In this way the Central Meridian is projected in its actual length in this projection.

To limit the distortion, specially, in the areas farther from the Central Meridian, 3 zones are selected for
Mapping, 1 30’in each side of the central meridian. To reduce the amount of distortions within the
mapping area, a scale factor of 0.9999 at the Central Meridian was chosen. With these modification
the projection popularly known as MUTM projection in Nepal, has the following distortions:

-10 cm. for the distance of 1 km. in the Central Meridian,

+18cm.for the distance 1km.at the edges of the zone and
0.0 Cm. at the great circle lying 0 55’ east or west of the Central Meridian.

For each zone the origin for computing the easting and northing coordinates is the intersection
of the Central meridian and the Equator. To eliminate the negative coordinate values in the areas
Lying in the west of the Central Meridian, a false Easting value of 500,000 meters for the easting origin
Has been chosen. Existing GIS softwares have a great range of projection transformation facilities. But
The projection system used in Nepal being unique, they may not have such facility for local modified
system like MUTM.

The National projection parameters are:

Spheroid: Everest 1830,
Projection: Modified UTM
Origin: Longitude 81º, 84º or 87º East, Latitude 0º North
False Co-ordinates of Origin: 500,000m Easting,
0m. Northing
Scale Factor at Central Meridian: 0.9999
Elevation Reference: Mean Sea Level (India)

Geo-referencing: It is the process of assigning well-defined coordinate system to the spatial entities.
Coordinate system can be of two types: geographic and Projected. Geographic coordinate system posses
coordinate in terms of longitude and latitudes. They are always based on certain spheroid or Datum.
Projected coordinate system possesses coordinates based on linear meters of measurement such as
meters or feet. It should be understood that it is the numeral model of the earth i.e. a given datum which
is projected.

While geo-referencing we should not forget that we always enter projected coordinates. If we do have
only latitude and longitude of corner points of a map then we must transform these coordinates into
projected units i.e. meters or feet etc. The following exerceise helps how to Geo-reference a piece of
image in GIS environment.

If your data bears GCS system then you cannot calculate actual area of polygon or length of the line. In
the mean time we cannot overlay these maps which are in other projection systems and undefined.
Recent digital database of Panchthar have been transformed in Universal Transverse Mercator Projection
(UTM) system by the some agency. Similarly most of the global database including Google Earth
System data and Remote Sensing Images are found in Geographic System based on WGS 1984 datum.
Different areas may be projected in different projection zone. For Panchthar UTM Zone 45 North is
applicable and for Dang UTM Zone 44 North is applicable. If we take the case of National Coordinate
system adopted by the Department of Survey, Nepal (which adopts MUTM) then we do have three
different projection zone. Hence it is different to what is adopted by ICIMOD which is UTM. Hence, it
is important to find out in which system a data has been prepared or has to be prepared.
Geo-referencing in ARCGIS
1. Start Arc/Map programme. Select for “a new empty map” and then click OK. Click Add data
button. Browase to C:\GIS_Training\Topo_Scanned.
2. Select the image 2883_03b.bmp in the Data Frame from topo data and click Add button.

3. Click View/toolbar/Georeferencing. Check layer name in Georeferencing tool bar. It must be

2883_03b.

4. Select the Data frame (Layers) in the table of contents and right click and then select properties.

5. Click General.

6. Set the Map units to the Meters. Set the Display unit also to Meters.

7. Click Apply and then Click OK.

8. Zoom in at the lower left grid intersecting point (i.e. at the low left blue lines intersecting point)
as shown below.

467,000 468,000 469,000

3,093,000 3,093,000

3,092,000 3,092,000

467,000 468,000 469,000

9. Click Add Control Points tool in the geo-referencing tool bar.

10. The cursor changes to a small plus sign. With this cursor, Click in the center of the intersection
pixel where you had zoomed in the step no 7. Now, right click and Select Input x and y…
11. Enter Coordinate dialog box appears. Enter the proper coordinates in the x (here, for this point,
467000) and y (for this point 3092000) text panel of the dialog box. Click OK.

12. Click select elements tool (Arrow tool) and then click the image in the table of contents and then
right click to select “Zoom to Layers.”

13. Now, click Zoom in tool and zoom to the other coordinate position in the map and then proceed
in the same way as explained from step no 8 to 11.

14. When you finish entering the coordinates of all of the intersection points, check the image
appearance.

15. Click view link table in the Georeferencing tool bar. Check RMS error. For your map, it should be
less than 6.25 m. (formula: 0.00025 m * scale factor of the map.)

16. If you feel okay with the error then click Georeferencing▼ in the geo-referencing tool bar.

17. Click Rectify.

18. Save As dialog box appears. Do not change the cell size and Resample type for this work. Set the
parameter as follows for Name and Format. Check the output location.

19. For other works you may change the cell size and resample type.
20. You can change the file name as required. Also check the file location and if necessary and
change it.
21. Ultimately, click Save and wait for some time. When the processing is over then…
22. Check the final result by adding it in the Data Frame.
23. If you feel the result is OK, then remove the original image by right clicking and selecting
remove.
24. You now need to define the coordinate system of the image by using Arctool Box/Data
management tools/Projections and transformation/Define Projection. Set the input Raster as your
new image. Set the coordinate system as Nepal_MUTM_CM_84_Everest_1830.

25. Click view/toolbars and check out the Georeferencing.

26. Save the map document using file/save as option.

27. Enter the file name as Geroref_project_1.mxd inside C:\GIS_Training\Topo_scanned folder.

28. Add the Admin_Nepal map from C:\GIS_Training\Grid_Admin.

29. Click and then drag the admin_nepal at the lower position. Click the full extent zoom button. (
right click admin_nepal/properties/labels/check in “label feature in this layer” and set District
name as label field” and then click OK.

30. Which District does your geo-reference file belong to?

31. Click the rec_2883_03b.tif image and then right click. Select zoom to layer.
32. Now go on clicking Fixed Zoom Out tool from the tools toolbar.
33. Now find the district that in which the rectified image falls in.
34. Again, Clock Save button and then close ArcMap.
35. Open arc Catalogue. Click Artool box.
36. Click Data Management tool/ Projection and transformation tools/ Define Projection.
37. Set the input as rec_2883_03b.tif and Click Define projection button.
38. Click select and Open Nepal_projected_coordinate_system. Select
Nepal_MUTM_CM_84_Everest_1830. And then click OK. After a while, when the processing is
over, click Close button.
39. Now open your Geroref_project_1.mxd project again.
40. Check your image and then close arc map.
Repeat this exercise for the Next image named as Topo_Panchthar1.tif but with different
coordinates as follows.

x = 567,000 x = 574,000
y = 3,020,000 y = 3,020,000

y = 3,015,000 y = 3,015,000

x = 567,000 x = 574,000

Note: the coordinate system for this image is based on Nepal_MUTM_CM_87_Everest_1830 system.
DAY- 3: Session I
Continued…Concept of Map and Geo-referencing

Changing the Projection and Conducting Datum Transformation

1. Open ArcMap.
2. Confirm that the "A new empty map" option is selected.
3. Click OK.
4. Click Add data button.
5. Go to C:\GIS_Training\Base_Maps\PAN_RIVE and select Arc.
6. Click Add Button.
7. What happens in the table of contents? What comes in the view?
8. What the coordinate system of this dataset?
9. Click PAN_RIVE Arc in the table of contents and then right click.
10. Click Properties.
11. Click the Source tab.
12. Read the Coordinate System.
13. Read the extent.
14. What is the value of Left and Right Extent?
15. What is the Unit? ................................
16. Is it projected? ………………………….
17. Close the Layer Properties dialog box.
18. For your information this data belongs to Panchthar District.
19. Check the coordinates of the cursor location and units as well at the status bar.

20. X = ……………………. and Y = ……………………………………..

 21. Units:………………………………………………………….

22. Similarly, Click Add button.

23. Go to C:\GIS_Training\Grid_Admin and select Admin_Nepal.
24. Click Add Button.
25. What happens in the table of contents? What is displayed in the view?
26. What is the coordinate system of this dataset?
27. In Which Coordinate System is the data?
28. Write down the parameters:
Projection Name …………………………………………………………………….
False Easting: …………………………………………………
False Northing: …………………………………………………
Central Meridian: …………………………………………………
Latitude of the Origin: …………………………………………………
Scale Factor: …………………………………………………

29. Geographic Coordinate System:

Datum: …………………………………………………
(Notice that parameters of Everest_1830 datum adopted by Survey Department Nepal is generally stored in
the address: program files/ArcGIS/Geographic Coordinate System/Spheroid _based)
30. Close the layer properties window.

Defining the coordinate system of coverage data by copying it from the existing data.
31. How do you define the coordinate system of River?
32. You cannot define the coordinate system of River in the coverage format as such.
33. You need to copy the projection file (Prj file) from the other data set and then paste inside Pan_Rive
coverage data set. But how?
34. Right Click Pan_Rive.
35. Click Remove.
36. Click File/Save.
37. Save the file inside C:\GIS Training\map_documents with the name Projection_Exercise.
38. Close Arc Map.
39. Minimize Arc GIS window.
40. Open Computer.
41. Open Base_Map.
 42. Double click Pan_Road
43. Copy the PRJ file using right click.
44. Go to the folder Base_Map.
45. Double click Pan_Rive.
46. Click Paste.
47. Now open Arc Map.
48. Opt for new empty map and then click
Ok.
49. Click file open and Go to C:\GIS
Training\Map_documents and select
Projection_Exercise.
50. Click Open.
51. Click add data button.
52. Add Pan_RIVE Arc again.
53. Click Full extent button (Globe)
54. Where the river data is now Map now?
55. Is it still in Bara and Parsa?
56. If so, right click Layers Data frame.
57. Click Properties.
58. Click the Coordinate system.
59. Expand the folder Layers.
60. Expand Admin_nepal.
61. Highlight the coordinate system named as Nepal_MUTM_Central_84_Everest_1830.
62. And click OK.
63. Now where is the river?
Converting PC ArcInfo Coverage into Shapefile format
64. Some time if we do not have any existing
coverage data of an area that possesses
defined projection system, and then we
cannot perform copy and paste. In this
case we need to define the coordinate
system only after converting the coverage
data into shapefile.
65. Since the coverage data model is very old
data format, it is also recommended to
 convert this coverage data into shape file data.
66. This is unfortunate but there is no way!
67. Click PAN_RIVE Arc in the table of contents and then right click.
68. Select Data/Data Export Data.
69. Navigate to C:\GIS_training\Base_Map.
70. Click New Folder button.
71. Enter the name as Shape_files and then click in the blank area.
72. Double click the Shape_files folder.
73. Set the name as River.
74. Click Save.
75. Click OK
76. Click Yes button to add the data into your data frame.
77. What is added in the table of contents now?
…………………………………………………………………………..
78. Click Add data button.
79. Go to C:\GIS_Training\Base_Maps\PAN_LUSE and select Polygon.
80. Click Add Button.
81. What happens in the table of contents? What comes in the view?
82. PAN_DIST, PAN_ROAD, PAN_SETT
83. Click PAN_LUSE Polygon in the table of contents and then right click.
84. Select Data/Data Export Data.
85. Click browse button. Navigate to C:\GIS_training\Base_Map.
86. Double click the Shape_files folder.
87. Enter the name as Landuse.
88. Click Save.
89. Click OK
90. Click yes to add this data in the table of contents.
91. Similarly follow the same procedure from by adding the following set of data from
C:\GIS_Training\Base_Maps\

SN Data Output file name

1 PAN_DIST polygon District
2 PAN_ROAD Arc Road
3 PAN_SETT Point Settlement
4 PAN_CONT Arc Contour

92. Now, Close ArcMAP, YOU DO NOT NEED TO SAVE THE MAP DOCUMENT.
Defining the coordinate system of coverage after converting into Shapefiles

In the previous exercise we defined projection system of River Coverage data by using copy and paste method.
For shape file, we can define the projection system again using the define projection tool that we used for defining
the projection of Raster data.

Before defining projection, you need to check the format and nature (small number of big number) coordinate
values of your data. How?

1. Open Arc Map. Confirm a new empty map and then click OK.
2. Click Add data button and then go to C:\GIS_Training\Projection_Problem\sheet_1\WARD.
3. Click polygon and then click Add.
4. Click Ward Polygon in the table of contents and then right click.
5. Select Data/Data Export Data.
6. Click browse button.
7. Navigate to C:\GIS_Training\Projection_Problem\
8. Enter the name as Ward_East.
9. Click Save.
10. Click OK
11. Click Yes.
12. What is added in the table of contents?
13. ……………………………………………………………
14. Click Ward Polygon in the table of contents and then right click.
15. Select remove.
16. Click Ward_East in the table of contents and then right click.
17. Click Properties.
18. Click the Source tab.
19. Read the Coordinate System.
20. Read the extent.
21. What is the value of Left and Right Extent?
22. What is the Unit? ................................
23. Is it a projected layer? ………………………….
24. Close the Layer Properties dialog box.
25. Click Add admin_nepal from C:\GIS_Training\grid_admin.
26. Click and then Drag this layer below the ward Polygon data.
27. Right click admin_nepal and then click properties.
28. Click the Labels tab.
29. Check in Label features in this layer.
30. Set the Label Field as "DNAME".
31. Set the Font Size to 10.
32. Click OK.
33. Check where does this ward overlap with.
34. Partly India?
35. Right click Ward_east polygon and select zoom to layer.
36. Click Identify tools in the tools tool bar.
37. Click at few polygons of the ward_east. Read the value for AAN Field in the identify tool box.
38. Read also value for D_Name. Which district does the area belong to?
39. Close the identify tool box.
40. Right click Admin_nepal layer and click Zoom to layer
41. Investigate which part of Nepal should the layer ward_east belong to?

42. For sure the Ward_East data is a projected data. Ask the provider of the data about its projection system or
read data description text file if provided with the data. Then proceed to define the projection system as
follows.

43. Click Data Management tool/ Projection and transformation tools/ Define Projection.
44. Set the input as Ward_East.
45. For coordinate system, Click Define
projection Button.
46. Click Select Button
47. Double Click Nepal_Coordinate_System.
48. Open the folder Nepal_MUTM_Projected_Coordinate_System.
49. Select Nepal_MUTM_CM_87_Everest_1830.
50. And then click OK.
51. After a while, when the processing is over, click Close button.
52. Is there any change in the location of ward_east?
53. If not then right click Layers Data frame.
54. Click Properties.
55. Click the Coordinate system tab.
56. Click + sign in front of the folder Layers.
57. Click + sign in front of Admin_nepal.
58. Highlight the coordinate system named as Nepal_MUTM_Central_84_Everest_1830 by clicking it.
59. Click OK.
60. Now see the location of East_ward.
61. How has it occurred?
62. If layers in data frame have different coordinate systems, then it is possible to make them overlaid if we also
define the coordinate system of Data frame by assigning the coordinate system of one of the layers.

Now we repeat the above process with the other set of coverage ward data.
63. Click Add data button and then go to C:\GIS_Training\Projection_Problem\sheet_2\WARD.
64. Click polygon and then click Add.

65. Click Ward Polygon in the table of contents and then right click.
66. Select Data/Data Export Data.
67. Click browse button.
68. Navigate to C:\GIS_Training\Projection_Problem\
69. Enter the name as Ward_central.
70. Click save
71. Click OK
72. Click yes.
73. What happens now?
74. …………………………………………….
75. Check its coordinate system?
76. How do you check its coordinate system?
77. ……………………………………………………………………..
78. ……………………………………………………………………..
79. ……………………………………………………………………..
80. ……………………………………………………………………..
81. Now define the projection of this Ward_Central by following the same procedure.
82. Click Data Management tool/ Projection and transformation tools/ Define Projection.
83. Set the input as Ward_Central.
84. For coordinate system, Click Define
projection Button.
85. Click Select Button
86. Double Click Nepal_Coordinate_System.
87. Open the folder Nepal_MUTM_Projected_Coordinate_System.
88. Select Nepal_MUTM_CM_84_Everest_1830.
89. And then click OK.
90. After a while, when the processing is over, click Close button.
91. Is there any change in the location of Ward_Central?
92. Why …………………………………………………..
(If layers in data frame have different coordinate systems, then it is possible to make them overlaid if we
also define the coordinate system of Data frame by assigning the coordinate system of one of the layers.)

Changing the Display Unit

93. Look at the coordinate values of cursor location in the status bar.
94. How do you change this display unit?
95. To change the Coordinates of Display unit, Select the Data frame (Layers) in the table of contents and
right click and then select properties.

96. Click General.

97. Read Map units.
98. Map unit =………………………………………………………..
99. Now, Check the Display unit and, if necessary, also to Meters.

100. Click OK.

101. Move the cursor and check the unit of coordinates now?
102. What is the change?
103. Again select the Data frame (Layers) in the table of contents and right click and then select
properties and click general if necessary.
104. Now Change the display unit to Degree minute seconds. Click OK and check the display units of
the coordinates.
105. What happens?
106. …………………………………………………………………..
107. Again select the Data frame (Layers) in the table of contents and right click and then select
properties and click general if necessary.
108. This time set the Rotation value to 180 and click Apply.
109. Move the data frame properties window aside,
110. Check the map!!
111. What happens to the map?
112. ………………………………………………….
113. Reset the Rotation to Zero.
114. Click Apply and then OK.
115. Click OK.

Now close Arc Map.

Modifying the datum or geographic coordinate system

116. Open Arc Map.

117. Confirm "A new empty Map."
118. Click OK.
119. Click Add data button.
120. Browse to
C:\GIS_Training\Base_Map\Shape_files.
Highlight River.
121. Click Add.
122. Click Data Management tool/ Projection
and transformation tools/ Define
Projection.
123. Set the input as rivers.
124. For Coordinate system, Click
Coordinate system Button.
125. Click Select Button
126. Click Modify
127. Check the parameters of projection
Name.
128. Click Select Button inside the
geographic system panel.
129. Go to the folder Spheroid_based and
select Everest_1830.
130. Click Add
131. Now, Change the name to
Nepal_Everest_1830_UTM_zone_45N
132. Highlight this name and right click and
select copy.
133. Click OK
134. Click Save as Button.
135. Navigate to coordinate
system/Nepal_Coordinate_System/Nepal_
UTM_Projected_Coordinate_System
 136. Paste the name as Nepal_Everest_1830_UTM_Zone_45N
137. Click Save.
138. Click Ok
139. Click Ok.
140. Check the coordinate system of River.
141. Write the steps…………………………
…………………………..
……………………………
Converting data of UTM 45N zone to MUTM

1. Open Arc Map.

2. Confirm "A new empty Map."
3. Click OK.
4. Click Add data button.
5. Browse to C:\GIS_Training\Base_Map\Shape_files.
6. Highlight Rivers.
7. Click Add.
8. Data management tools>Projection and Transformation>Feature>Project.
9. For input dataset, set Rivers.
10. Check the input coordinate System, it should be locked.
11. For Output File, click Browse button
12. Navigate to C: /GIS_Training/base_map/
13. Click New folder button
14. Set the name as Panchthar_MUTM and click in the blank area.
15. Double click this new folder.
16. Set the name as River_Panchthar_Nepal_MUTM_CM_87_Everest_1830
17. For output coordinate system, Click Coordinate System button.
18. Click Select
19. Go to Nepal_coordinate_system/Nepal_MUTM_projected_coordinate_System
20. Nepal_MUTM_CM_87_Eversest_1830.
21. Click Add
22. Click Ok
23. Finally, Click OK.
24. Click Close if necessary.
25. If necessary, add your River_Panchthar_Nepal_MUTM_CM_87_Everest_1830 layer.
26. Now check the coordinate system River_Panchthar_Nepal_MUTM_CM_87_Everest_1830.
27. Write steps how you check the coordinate system.
…………………………………….
……………………………………..
…………………………………….

28. Repeat this for all road, landuse, VDC, Settlement and contour layers.
Day 3 Session II
Datum conversion

29. We have now understood that data must be defined in a certain coordinate system.
30. Any coordinate system, whether it is Geographic or Projected, are based on a given datum.
31. Any data based on only geographic system of a given datum bears its coordinate in terms of
longitude (X) and latitude (Y). These data are always shown with decimal degree or degree minute
seconds coordinates.
32. Write the name of two famous geographic coordinates system or datum used in Nepal.
………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………..
33. Locate their position in ARCGIS system folder.
34. ……………………………………………………….
35. …………………………………………………………….
36. Any data based on only Projected Coordinate System of a given datum bears its coordinate in terms
of Easting (X) and Northing (Y). In Nepal, the national projected coordinates are shown in terms of
meters. But note that data in projected coordinate system must bear certain geographic coordinate
system as well. It is always given below the projection information.
37. Write the name of two famous Projected Coordinates System used in Nepal.
…………………………
…………………………….
38. How do you change the data in one coordinate system to the other? i.e. from meter to degree and
degree to meters!
39. In either case, check the coordinate system of this data and check the Datum.
40. How do you check the datum or geographic coordinate system?
41. If you still remember then write the steps!………………………..
…………………………………………………………………..
42. Open Arc Map.
43. Opt for a new empty map and then click OK.
44. Click Add data button.
45. Navigate to C:\GIS_Training\Cheju.
46. Click Household.
47. Click Add.
48. Right click household data.
49. Click Open Attribute table.
50. Click Options and select Export.
51. Go to C:\GIS_Training\Cheju
52. Enter the name as my_household_points.
53. Click Save.
54. Click No.
55. What is the coordinate system of household layers?
56. Geographic or Projected?………………………………………
57. If projected then UTM or MUTM?
58. ………………………………………..
59. Which Datum?
60. Everest_Adj_1937? Or Everest Bangladesh? Or Everest 1830?
61. ………………………………………………..
62. Remember mathematically they are all same but we express our data in terms of Everest 1830
because Our National Mapping Agency i.e. Survey Department holds data based on the datum
Everest_1830.
63. If your data is defined in Everest_Adj_1937 or Everest Bangladesh then modify the datum it into
Everest_1830. (Do you remember how?)
64. ……………………………………………………………………………………………
65. ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
66. But if your data is based on Everest India or WGS 1984 (google earth) then you should not
modify it but rather perform datum transformation for which you need to create a separate
transformation file. If you create that file once, then you do not need to create custom
transformation file again for the same type of transformation.
67. Now f you have opened the layer properties dialog box, the close it.
68. Right click household layer and click open attribute table.
69. Check the coordinates value of X and Y.
70. Are they in meters like? or in decimal degree like?
71. ……………………………………
72. Close the attribute table.
73. Now if necessary, click arc tool box (red colored) in the standard tool bar.
74. Go to Data management tools>Projection and Transformation>Feature>Project.
75. For input data, set houseold.
76. Check the Input Coordinate System, it should be locked.
77. For Output File, click Browse button
78. Navigate to C: /GIS_Training/Cheju/
79. Set the name as Household_DD_Everest_1830
80. For output coordinate system, click then Coordinate System button.
81. Click Select
82. Go to Geographic Coordinate System Folder
83. Double click the folder Spehroid_based.
84. Select Everest_1830
85. Click Add
86. Click Ok
87. Finally, Click OK.
88. Click Close if necessary.
89. If necessary, add your Household_DD_Everest_1830layer.
90. Now check the coordinate system Household_DD_Everest_1830.
91. Write steps how you check the coordinate system.
…………………………………….
……………………………………..
…………………………………….
92. If necessary, close the layers properties dialog box.
93. Right click the layer and Household_DD_Everest_1830 click open attribute table.
94. Bring your cursor over the field name X_Coord and then right click.
95. Select Calculate Geometry.
96. Set the property for X coordinate of a point.
97. For coordinate system leave the first option selected.
98. Check the units; it should be set into decimal degree by default. if not set it into Decimal degree.
99. Click OK.
100. What change do you see in the table?
101. …………………………………….
102. Bring your cursor over the field name Y_Coord and then right click.
103. Select Calculate Geometry.
104. Set the property for Y coordinate of a point.
105. For coordinate system leave the first option selected.
106. Check the units; it should be set into decimal degree by default. if not set it into Decimal degree.
107. Click OK.
108. What change do you see in the table?
109. ………………………………………
110. Similarly, Can you calculate area of this point data!!!!!!!!!!!!!
111. For calculating area your data must have polygon geometry and preferably should be in Projected
coordinate system.
112. Close the table.

Discussion
How do you load this data into Google Earth System?
 Google Earth bears its Coordinate in Geographic Coordinate System based on the datum of
WGS 1984.
 But your household_DD_Everest_1830 layer data bears its coordinate in Geographic
Coordinate System based on the datum of Everest_1830.
 Therefore you need to Transform your household_DD_Everest_1830 daita into WGS 1984
datum.
 But how?
 For the first time, create a custom Transformation file using the steps below.

Creating Datum transformation file to transform data from Everest 1830 to WGS 1984

1. If necessary click the Show/hide ArcTool Box tool (red colored) Arctool box in the standard
toolbar in the ArcMap interface.
2. Click Data management tools>Projection and transformation> Create Custom Geographic
transformation

3. Fill out the text boxes as shown below

and then click OK.

This does not bring any change to your data. But be sure that you have created a transformation
file that you need when you convert your data from Everst 1830 datum to WGS 1984 datum or
for simplicity Google Earth based Datum!!!!

Creating Datum transformation file to transform data from WGS 1984 to Everest 1830

1. Click Data management tools>Projection and transformation> Create Custom Geographic

transformation.
2. Set the parameter as follows and then click OK.
3. This does not bring any change to your data. But be sure that you have created a transformation
file that you need when you convert your data from WGS 1984 datum to Everst 1830 datum or
for simplicity from Google Earth based Datum to Survey Department Datum!!!!
4. Now still we have a work waiting!! I.e. we have not transformed our
household_DD_everest_1830 data into WGS 1984.

5. Now if necessary, click arc tool box (red colored) in the standard tool bar.
6. Go to Data management tools>Projection and Transformation>Feature>Project.
7. For input data, set Household_DD_Everest_1830
8. Check the Input Coordinate System, it should be locked.
9. For Output file, click Browse button
10. Navigate to C: /GIS_Training/Cheju/
11. Enter the name as Household_DD_WGS_1984
12. For output coordinate system, click then Coordinate System button.
13. Click Select.
14. Go to Geographic Coordinate System Folder
15. Double click the folder World.
16. Select WGS_1984
17. Click Add
18. Click Ok
19. Finally, Click OK.
20. Click Close if necessary.
21. If necessary, add your Household_DD_WGS_1984 layer.
22. Now check the coordinate system Household_DD_WGS_1984.
23. Write steps how you check the coordinate system.
 24. …………………………………….
25. ……………………………………..
26. …………………………………….
27. If necessary, close the layers properties dialog box.

Loading the data into Google Earth.

1. How do you Load your Household_DD_WGS_1984 into goggle earth?

2. For this you need to make a KML file.
3. Your computer must have Google earth program and you should have internet connected as well.
4. Go to Arctoolbox/ Conversion tools/ To KML.
5. Double click Layer to KML.
6. Set the input file as Household_DD_WGS_1984.
7. Save the data with name as Household_dd_google in the desktop.
8. Set the scale as 10000.
9. Click OK.
10. As already stated, you must have internet connection and the Google earth installed to your
computer to see your data in the Google.
11. Double click the saved file from the desktop. What will happen?
12. Close the Arc Map.

What are the requirements for Google uploading?

 Data should be in geographic coorndinates system
 Datum must be in WGS 1984.
Case 1
 If your data is in Projected coordinate system based on Everest 1830 datum, then firstly
project your data in Decimal degree data based on WGS 1984 and the make KML file.
 then Double click KML file.

Case 2
 If your data is in projected coordinates system based on WGS 1984, then again firstly
project your data in Decimal degree data based on WGS 1984 and the make KML file.
 then Double click KML file.
Case 3
 If your data is in Geographic coordinates system based on Everest 1830, then again firstly
project your data in Decimal degree data based on WGS 1984 and the make KML file.
 Double click KML file.
 Case 4
□ If your data is in Geographic coordinates system based on WGS 1984, then you do not
need to project your data. Just make your KML file.
□ then Double click KML file.

Now , close the google earth.