eCommons@AKU

Section of Dental-Oral Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Surgery

March 2011

Porcelain fused to metal (PFM) crowns and caries

in adjacent teeth
Durr-E-Sadaf
Aga Khan University

Zubair Ahmad
Aga Khan University

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Recommended Citation
Durr-E-Sadaf, ., Ahmad, Z. (2011). Porcelain fused to metal (PFM) crowns and caries in adjacent teeth. Journal of the College of
Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, 21(3), 134-7.
Available at: http://ecommons.aku.edu/pakistan_fhs_mc_surg_dent_oral_maxillofac/11
ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Porcelain Fused to Metal (PFM) Crowns and Caries in

Adjacent Teeth
Durr-e-Sadaf and Muhammad Zubair Ahmad

ABSTRACT
Objective: To assess the discrepancies in marginal integrity and contact points of Porcelain Fused to Metal (PFM) crowns
and its association with caries in adjacent teeth.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Dental Section of the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from January to August 2009.
Methodology: Ninety six (96) patients with PFM crowns on maxillary and mandibular premolars and molars were included
in this study. Single unit PFM crowns that were part of fixed bridge with at least one natural adjacent tooth were studied.
PFM crown with no adjacent tooth or badly broken down teeth were excluded. Marginal integrity, contact points of PFM
crowns and caries in adjacent teeth were assessed clinically and radiographically. The data was collected on a structured
Proforma. Fisher's exact test was used for statistical analysis.
Results: Marginal overhang and marginal gaps on the mesial surfaces of PFM crowns were observed in 17.7% and 13.5%
respectively. Tight contact points and open contacts of PFM crowns with adjacent teeth were 15.6% and 17.8%
respectively on mesial surfaces. Caries were present in 33.3% and 20% of teeth present mesial and distal to PFM crowns
respectively. The association of faulty contact points of PFM crowns with caries in adjacent teeth was found significant
(p < 0.001). The association of marginal discrepancy with caries in adjacent teeth was found significant (p = 0.002).
Conclusion: A significant association of faulty contact points and margins of PFM crowns with caries in adjacent teeth
was found.

Key words: Porcelain fused to metal (PFM) crowns. Marginal integrity. Contact points. Caries.

INTRODUCTION extremely difficult to keep clean an area of crown with

In a traditional porcelain fused to metal (PFM) crown, faulty margins and contact points which may result in
the strength is provided by the metal substructure, and caries in adjacent teeth (Figure 1B). Therefore, the
a porcelain veneer provides esthetics.1 Porcelain fused reproduction of contact points of proper size and
to metal (PFM) crowns are used to restore badly broken location is essential for the success of the restoration.6
down teeth to protect remaining tooth structure. It may Acceptable contact points in full coverage crowns are
also be responsible for maintaining occlusion and those that allow the floss to pass through with the same
providing aesthetics.2 Margins are unacceptable, if the amount of resistance offered by the other contacts in
gap between margins of the crown and tooth structure is natural dentition.3
greater than 50 um allowing insertion of the tip of the
explorer inside.3 Marginal gap between the crown and
the tooth may lead to microleakage and secondary
caries (Figure 1A). Secondary caries beneath crown
margins is considered the most frequent reason for
failure of crowns and fixed prosthodontic treatment.4,5
Defective cast crowns may also have adverse effects on
adjacent teeth. Correct formation, location and size of
contact points is essential. Any discrepancy in contact A B
points leads to food impaction. Patients may find it Figure 1 (A and B): (A). Caries beneath open margin of PFM crown on
mandibular first molar. Note that distal margin of this crown is open.
Dental Section, Department of Surgery, The Aga Khan University (B). Caries in mandibular second premolar adjacent to PFM crown on
Hospital, Karachi. mandibular first molar.

Correspondence: Dr. Durr-e-Sadaf, Associate Professor, To our knowledge no research study has done so far to
Department of Operative Dentistry, Margalla Institute of Health observe the effects of marginal discrepancy and faulty
Sciences, Quaid-e-Azam Avenue, Gulrez-III, Rawalpindi. contact points of PFM crowns on adjacent natural teeth.
E-mail: [email protected] Marginal integrity and contact points of PFM crowns
Received October 15, 2009; accepted February 14, 2011. were assessed clinically and radiographically. Diagnosis

134 Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan 2011, Vol. 21 (3): 134-137
Porcelain fused to metal (PFM) crowns and caries in adjacent teeth

of caries beneath crown margins with the help of radio-

graphs is well documented.5
The objective of this study was to assess discrepancies
in contact points and marginal integrity of PFM crowns
and its association with caries in adjacent natural teeth.

METHODOLOGY
It was a cross-sectional study conducted from January
to August 2009. Ninety six (96) patients visiting dental
clinics at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi,
Pakistan with PFM crowns on maxillary and mandibular
molars and premolar teeth were selected. The crowns
were prepared by dental practitioners. Patients who
gave informed consent were included in the study. The Figure 2: Distribution of teeth with PFM crowns.
study was done after the approval of ethical review
committee of the institution. PFM crowns as a single unit 22.9% (Figure 2). Single crowns were 82 (85.4%) and
or part of bridge with at least one natural tooth adjacent 14 (14.6%) were abutment and part of fixed denture.
to crown were included. PFM crowns with no adjacent Crowns with root treated teeth were 65 (67.7%)
tooth or badly broken down tooth were excluded. Both and 31 (32.3%) were without any history of
root-treated and vital teeth with PFM crowns were endodontic treatment.
included. Clinical and radiographic assessment of
contact points and marginal integrity of teeth with PFM Marginal overhang and marginal gaps on the mesial
surface of crowns were 17 (17.7%) and 13 (13.5%)
crowns was done. Caries in teeth adjacent to PFM
respectively. Marginal integrity was satisfactory in 65
crowns was also recorded. Clinical assessment of
(67.7%) of mesial surfaces (Table I).
contact points of PFM crowns was assessed with the
help of dental floss. Contact points were categorized as Distal surfaces of crowns presented 10 (10.4%) marginal
acceptable, open contact points, tight contact points and overhang and 17 (17.7%) marginal gaps. Marginal
lost contacts due to caries in adjacent teeth. Acceptable integrity on distal surface was satisfactory in 56 (58.3%)
contact points were considered if dental floss could be of surfaces (Table I). Caries was observed in 18 (20%)
passed with little résistance. Open contact points were of teeth mesial to crowns and in 23 (33.3%) of teeth
those, which allowed the dental floss to pass without distal to PFM crowns (Table I).
resistance. If dental floss shredded or could not be The association of discrepancy in mesial margins of
passed, it was categorized as tight contact points. crowns with presence of caries in mesial adjacent teeth
Marginal integrity of PFM crowns was assessed with was found significant (p = 0.003). The association of
bitewing and periapical views of digital radiographs. discrepancy in distal margins of crowns with presence of
Marginal integrity was categorized as overhanged caries in distal adjacent teeth was also found significant
margins, intact margins, space beneath margins, and (p = 0.021) (Table I).
caries beneath margins. The data was collected on a Tight contact points were observed in 14 (15.6%) on
structured proforma. It was analyzed using SPSS 17.0 mesial surfaces and 20 (29%) on the distal surfaces of
and Fisher's exact test was used for statistical analysis crowns. Open contacts were observed on distal
to determine the association between distal crown surfaces in 20 (29%) and 16 (17.8%) were on mesial
margins and presence of caries in distal adjacent teeth, surfaces. Acceptable contact points were present on
between distal contact points and presence of caries in mesial surfaces in 51 (56.7%) and 24 (34.8%) were on
distal adjacent teeth, between mesial crown margins distal surfaces of the crowns (Table I).
and presence of caries in mesial adjacent teeth, A significant association of faulty contact points with
between mesial contact points and presence of caries in presence of caries in adjacent mesial teeth was found
mesial adjacent teeth. P-value of less than 0.05 was (p < 0.001). The association of faulty contact points with
considered statistically significant at 95% confidence presence of caries in distal adjacent teeth was also
interval. significant (p < 0.001) (Table I).
Caries beneath margins of crowns were seen in 1 (1%)
RESULTS on mesial surfaces and 13 (13.5%) on distal surfaces.
There were 50 (52.1%) male patients and 46 (47.9%) Contact points were lost on mesial surfaces due to
female patients. Mandibular first molars with crowns caries in 9 (10%) of cases and on distal surfaces in
were 33.3% and maxillary first molars with crowns were 5 (7.2%) of cases.

Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan 2011, Vol. 21 (3): 134-137 135
Durr-e-Sadaf and Muhammad Zubair Ahmad

Table I: Association of status of margins and contact points of PFM crowns with the condition of adjacent natural teeth. (Fisher's exact test is
used at 95% Confidence Interval, α = 5%).
Crown margins Mesial Distal Contact points Mesial Distal
Intact margins 65 (67.7%) 56 (58.3%) Acceptable contact points 51 (56.7%) 24 (34.8%)
Overhang margins 17 (17.7%) 10 (10.4%) Tight contact points 14 (15.6%) 20 (29%)
Space beneath margins 13 (13.5%) 17 (17.7%) Loose/ Open contact points 16 (17.8%) 20 (29%)
Caries beneath margins 1 (1%) 13 (13.5%) Lost contact points 9 (10%) 5 (7.2%)
Missing 6 (6.25%) 27 (28.12%)
Status of adjacent natural teeth Status of adjacent natural teeth
Healthy 62 (68.9%) 34 (49.3%) Healthy 62 (68.9%) 34 (49.3%)
Restored 10 (11.1%) 12 (17.4%) Restored 10 (11.1%) 12 (17.4%)
Carious 18 (20%) 23 (33.3%) Carious 18 (20%) 23 (33.3%)
Missing 6 (6.25%) 27 (28.12%) Missing 6 (6.25%) 27 (28.12%)
P-value (Fisher's exact test) 0.002 0.017 P-value (Fisher's exact test) < 0.001 < 0.001

DISCUSSION points. One reason of tight contact points may be due to

The data obtained in this study showed marginal and over contoured crown on proximal surfaces. It also
reduces embrasure space. Reduced embrasure space
contact points discrepancies in PFM crowns and caries
results in broadening of the Col area, causing pressure
in adjacent teeth. Discrepancies in contact points,
and irritation on the papilla. Over-contoured crown
marginal integrity and anatomic contour of the crowns
decreases gingival embrasure leading to gingival
may have adverse effects on surrounding tissues.
inflammation and inhibit effective oral hygiene.12,13
Marginal integrity is one of the most important critical
Gordon suggested that the axial reduction of tooth
factors in success and failure of fixed restoration.6
structure should follow the original contour of the tooth
Marginal defects were present in the form of overhang so that final restoration is more close to the natural
margins, space beneath margins and caries beneath anatomy of that tooth.14 Frequently, dentists prepare the
margins in this study. Space beneath margins was axial surfaces to be flat, forcing technicians to make over
observed to be the most common among all defects on contoured crown with wide occlusal tables. Many times
distal surfaces and overhang margins were most it may not be possible for even good technicians to
common among all defects on mesial surfaces of PFM overcome the discrepancies of preparation.
crowns.
Tight contact points make the interdental area to floss
Crown margins should blend with the tooth structure extremely difficult for patients. It also makes the area
without overextention, marginal gaps and under highly susceptible for caries. In this study, faulty (tight,
extension.7 A study on clinical evaluation of all-ceramic open or lost) contact points were associated with caries
crowns showed visible marginal discrepancy in 30% of in adjacent teeth significantly. Contact points within
all-ceramic crowns and 3% caries contiguous with the normal limits were associated with less number of
margin.7 The gap between the crown margins and the carious lesions in adjacent natural teeth. Tight contact
prepared tooth can dissolve dental cement leading to points had greater association with presence of caries in
microleakage and caries development.9 adjacent natural teeth than open contact. Open contact
Marginal discrepancies are related to irregular or absent also leads to food impaction which is a favorable
environment for cariogenic bacteria and results in dental
tooth preparation margins, impression defects or casting
caries and gingival inflammation. Although open contact
shrinkage.10 Marginal discrepancy is seen more on
points make the area easily accessible for oral hygiene
distal margins of the crown than on the mesial margins
but it is not desirable because this condition may lead to
in this study. It may be related to difficulty in access to
several problems including drifting/tilting of adjacent
distal surface while preparing teeth and difficult to
tooth. In this study presence of carious lesion was
establish well defined and smooth margins. Practitioners observed less in teeth adjacent to crown with open
may face such problem in preparing distal surface of contact points than those with tight contact points.
maxillary and mandibular first and second molars.
Prevalence of marginal discrepancy in PFM crowns was Greater discrepancies in contact points between crown
observed to be up to 49% in a study.8 and distal teeth were observed than that between a
crown and mesial tooth.
Porcelain fused to metal crowns with porcelain margins
showed less fracture resistance than that with metal Crown contours should facilitate plaque removal.12
margins which should be considered by operator in Ramfjord recommended placement of contact areas as
treatment planning phase particularly in posterior teeth far occlusally as possible to facilitate access for
where heavy occlusal forces can cause fracture of interproximal plaque control.15
restoration.11 Discrepancies in contact points were Interproximal space slightly larger than normal may be
observed in the form of tight contacts and open contact desirable since it provides adequate room for the gingival

136 Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan 2011, Vol. 21 (3): 134-137
Porcelain fused to metal (PFM) crowns and caries in adjacent teeth

papilla and more accessible to clean.16,17 There are 2. Ikai H, Kanno T, Kimura K. [A review of clinical follow-up studies
concerns regarding lateral impaction of food with open focusing on pretreatment conditions of abutment and clinical
embrasures.16 However, another study reported that examination parameters]. Nihon Hotetsu Shika Gakkai Zasshi 2006;
even with grossly undercontoured, open embrasure 50:245-55. Japanese.
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