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Chapter': 2.1 Analysing Linear Motion

This document summarizes key concepts about linear motion, forces, momentum, and energy from a physics chapter. It covers displacement, velocity, acceleration, and equations of motion. It also discusses graphs of motion, inertia, momentum, balanced and unbalanced forces, impulse, gravity, work, power, and efficiency. Safety features of vehicles are explained in terms of reducing impulse during collisions.

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209 views5 pages

Chapter': 2.1 Analysing Linear Motion

This document summarizes key concepts about linear motion, forces, momentum, and energy from a physics chapter. It covers displacement, velocity, acceleration, and equations of motion. It also discusses graphs of motion, inertia, momentum, balanced and unbalanced forces, impulse, gravity, work, power, and efficiency. Safety features of vehicles are explained in terms of reducing impulse during collisions.

Uploaded by

khodijahamin
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Chapter’
Summary

2.1 Analysing linear motion


1. Displacement is the distance travelled in a specific direction.

2. Velocity is the rate of change of displacement.


(a) Positive velocity means moving forward.
(b) Negative velocity means moving backwards.

3. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.


(a) Positive acceleration means increasing velocity.
(b) Negative acceleration (deceleration) means decreasing velocity.

4. Equations of motion with constant acceleration:


F

g
m

v= u + at

s= ut + ½ at2

v2 = u2 + 2as

2.2 Analysing motion graph


1. For a displecement-time graph,
(a) Gradient represents the velocity of the object.
(b) Area under the graph is undefined.

2. For a velocity-time graph,


(a) Gradient represents the acceleration of the object.
(b) Area under graph represents the displacement of the moving object.

2.3 Understanding Inertia


1. Inertia of an object is the tendency of the object to remain at rest or, if moving, to continue
its uniform motion in a straight line.

2. The larger the mass, the larger the inertia

3. Newton’s first Law of motion states that every object will continue in its state of uniform
velocity in a straight line or at rest unless it is acted upon by an external force.

4. Examples of application of inertia :


 Tighten the head of hammer to its handle
 Shaking off water droplet from wet umbrella
 Pouring chilli sauce from a bottle

Chapter summary / chap. 2/ Forces and Motion


2
2.4 Analysing momentum
1. Momentum is defined as the product of mass and velocity.
p = mv

2. The principle of conservation of momentum states that in the absence of an external


force, the total momentum of a system remains unchanged.
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2

3. The principle of conservation of momentum is true for elastic collision, inelastic collision
and explosion.

4. Examples of application of conservation of momentum :


 Launching of rockets
 Propelling jet engines of an aircraft
 Snooker game
 Piling
 Ferry

Thinking is the highest


form of learning
2.5 Understanding the effects of a force
1. A force is something that can
(a) change the state of rest or motion of a body
(b) change the direction of motion
(c) change the size or shape of a body

2. Balanced force are forces acting on a body which produce no net force.

3. When a balanced force acts on an object, resultant force , F = 0. The object will be at rest
or moving with a uniform velocity.

4. Unbalanced force are forces acting on a body which produce a net force.

5. When an unbalanced force acts on an object, it can cause the object to accelerate.
Resultant force , F = ma

6. Newton’s second Law of motion states that the rate of change of momentum of an object
id directly proportional to the resultant force and acts in the same direction as the force, that
is, F  m
 v  u  = ma
t

2.6 Analysing impulse and impulsive force


1. Impulsive force is a large force that acts over a short period of time during collisions and
explosions.

2. Impulsive force is defined as the rate of change of momentum in collision or explosion.


The unit for impulsive force is N.
mv  mu
Impulsive force , F =
t
3. Impulse is the product of impulsive force and the time of impact.

Chapter summary / chap. 2/ Forces and Motion


3

4. Impulse is defined as the change of momentum brought about by an impulsive force. The
unit for impulse is N s or kg m s-1.
Impulse , Ft = mv - mu

5. Increasing the time of impact will reduce the impulsive force.

6. Big impulsive force is achieved by reducing time of impact:


 Pounding chillies using mortar and pestle.
 Kicking a fully inflated ball
 Breaking plank using bare hand.
 Hitting hockey ball

7. Impulsive force can be reduced by lengthening the time of impact :


 Bending legs when jumping from a high position
 Using trampoline to catch a falling body
 Wearing glove when catching a fast moving ball
 High jumper landed on thick mattress
 Pit for long jump is filled with loose sand
 Polystyrene , cardboard and rubber foam use in packing fragile goods.

2.7 Being aware of the need for safety features in vehicles


1. Many safety features of a vehicle is to lengthen the time of collision so that the impulsive
force acting on the driver and passengers of the vehicle is reduced.

2. Safety features in vehicles :


(a) Crumple zones
(b) Rubber bumpers
(c) Traction control
(d) Anti-Lock Brake System
(e) Sides bars in doors
(f) Crash resistant door pillars
(g) Shatter-proof windscreen
(h) Padded dashboard When I read, I look for key
(i) Automatic air bag words and key ideas
(j) Safety seat belts
(k) Reinforced passenger compartment
(l) Headrest

2.8 Understanding gravity


1. The gravitational field strength at a point is defined as the gravitational force acting on a

1 kg mass placed at that point.


F
The gravitational field strength , g 
m

2 The value of g on the Earth surface is 9.8 N kg-1 or 9.8 m s-2

3. The value of g on the Moon surface is about  g that is 1.6 N kg-1 or 1.6 m s-2.

Chapter summary / chap. 2/ Forces and Motion


4
4. Free fall means an object is falling due to gravitational force only. (free from the influence
of other forces).

5. In vacuum , every object on the Earth , irrespective with the mass, will fall with an
acceleration of 9.8 m s-2.

6. With the presence of air resistance, object is not falling freely anymore. The acceleration
will be affected by the mass and the surface area of the object.

7. The weight of an object is defined as the gravitational force acting on the object.
Weight , W = mg
I practice input and
output learning

2.9 Analysing forces in equilibrium

1. Newton’s third Law of motion states


that every action has a reaction that is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.

2. An object at rest or an object moving with uniform velocity in a straight line are said to be
in equilibrium

3. When an object is in equilibrium, the resultant force acting on the object is zero.

4. A resultant force is a single force that can represent the combined effect of two or more
forces in magnitude and direction.

5. When the two forces are not parallel, their resultant force can be obtained by using
(a) the parallelogram of forces
 Two forces are drawn from a common pint
 Complete a parallelogram
 Resultant force is given by the diagonal drawn from the common point.
(b) the triangle of forces
 Two forces are drawn one after another
 Complete a triangle
 Resultant force is given by the third line joining the starting point to the
ending point

6. A single force can be resolved into two components, usually perpendicular to each other.

2.10 Understanding Work, Energy, Power and Efficiency


1. Work done is the product of the applied force and the displacement of an object in the
direction of the applied force.
W= Fxs

2. Kinetic energy is the energy of an object due to its motion


Ek = ½ mv2

3. Gravitational potential energy is the energy of an object duet to its higher position in the
gravitational field.
Ep = mgh
Chapter summary / chap. 2/ Forces and Motion
5

4. The principle of conservation of energy states that energy can be transferred from one
form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

5. Power is defined as the rate at which work is done.


P=W
t

Useful energy output


6. Efficiency = x 100%
Energy input I use my imagination
to see what I am
learning

2.12 Understanding elasticity


1. Elasticity is the property of a material that enables it to return to its original shape and size
when the force that was acting on it is removed.

2. Hooke’s law states that the extension of a spring is directly proportional to the applied force
provided that the elastic limit is not exceeded.
F = kx

3. Elastic limit of a spring is the maximum force that can be applied to a spring such that the
spring will be able to be restored to its original length when the force is removed.

4. Force constant of a spring is the force that is required to produce one unit of extension of
the spring.

5. A spring with a larger force constant is harder to extend and is said to be more stiff.

6. Factors affecting elasticity of a spring are


(a) Length of spring
 A spring is more elastic if length of spring increases
(b) Diameter of spring
 A spring is more elastic if diameter of spring increases.
(c) Diameter of spring wire
 A spring is more elastic if diameter of spring wire decreases.
(d) Type of material
 The elasticity changes with the type of materials.

7. Two spring arranged in series will increase the elasticity. (less stiff)

8. Two spring arranged in parallel will reduce the elasticity. (more stiff)

9. Elastic potential energy is the energy stored in a stretched spring.


Ep = ½ kx

10. Based on a force-extension graph of a spring,


(a) The gradient of the graph is equal to the force constant of the spring.
(b) The area under the graph is equal to the work done or the elastic potential energy.

Chapter summary / chap. 2/ Forces and Motion

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