Precedence Diagram

Method(PDM)
Jati Utomo Dwi Hatmoko
Scheduling techniques
1. Bar chart (Gantt chart)
2. Network
 Activity on Arrow (CPM - Critical Path Method)
Arrow Diagramming Method (ADM)

 Activity on Node (PDM – Precedence Diagram

Method)
CPM

Gali tanah Meletakkan Pipa Menimbun kembali

 A B Pondasi setempat

C D

Galian Pondasi Urugan

Galian A Galian B Galian C Galian D

Pondasi A Pondasi B Pondasi C Pondasi D

Urugan A Urugan B Urugan C Urugan D

A B Pondasi setempat

C D
CPM vs PDM
 Hubungan kegiatan (constraint) PDM
Finish to start (FS)

Keg (i) Keg (j)

FS(i-j) = a

Start to start (SS)

Keg (i)
Keg (j)
SS(i-j) = b

Finish to finish (FF)

FF(i-j) = c
Keg (i)

Keg (j)
Start to finish (SF)
Keg (i)
SF(i-j) = d

Keg (j)

Hubungan ini banyak digunakan oleh software penjadwalan (MS Project, Primavera, dll)
1 d 2 Direct link
1

11
Lead link
m 2

2 Lag link

11 n
 excavate

p
r construct
base

q
s construct
wall
 Layout of PDM - activity on node

(ES) Early start - the earliest the activity can start

(EF) Early finish - the earliest the activity can finish

(a)
(b)
(LS) Latest start - the latest the activity can start without delaying the project
(LF) Latest finish - the latest the activity can finish without delaying the project
 NORTH ABUTMENT deck SOUTH ABUTMENT
wingwalls stem backfill

finished ground
embankment profile embankment
already already
constructed constructed

existing ground base existing ground

profile profile

Activity Name Activity Reference Activity duration (days)

North & South bases 1 12
6
North abutment stem 2 15
South abutment stem 3 15
North wingwalls 4 12
South wingwalls 5 12
North backfill 8 6
South backfill 7 6
Deck 6 20
Kerbs 9 2
Surfacing 10 2

Resource constraint: only one set of formwork is

available for abutment stems and one set for wingwalls
 Forward pass
Early start - the earliest the activity can start

Early finish - the earliest the activity can finish

N N N
6 21 FS 21 33 FS 33 39 FS
stem wwall b/fill
2 15 4 12 8 6
6 FS
FS
SS+6
N&S S S S Sur-
0 bases
12 FS 21 stem
36 FS 36 wwall
48 FS 48 b/fill
54 56 Kerbs 58 58 facing
60
FS FS
1 12 3 15 5 12 7 6 9 2 10 2

-Initial ES = 0 FS
- ES max 36 Deck 56
FS
6 20
ES(j)
= EF(i) + FS(i-j)
= ES(i) + SS(i-j) EF(j) = ES (j) + durasi (j)
= EF(i) + FF(i-j) – durasi (j)
= ES(i) + SF(i-j) - durasi (j)
 Latest start - the latest the activity can start without
delaying the project KEY
activity
name earliest
earliest
Latest finish - the latest the start
finish
N
activity can finish without 33
b/fill
39
delaying the project 8 6

N N N activity duration
6 21 FS 21 33 FS 33 39 FS reference
stem wwall b/fill
6 2 15 21 26 38 50 8 6 56
4 12
6 FS
FS
SS+6
N&S S S S Sur-
0 12 FS 21 36 FS 36 48 FS 48 54 56 Kerbs 58 58 60
bases stem wwall b/fill facing
0 21 36 38 50 50 56 9 2 58 FS 58 10 2 60
1 12 12 3 15 5 12 7 6 56 FS

LF min
FS
36 Deck 56
LF(i)
36 56 FS
= LF(j) – FF(i-j) 6 20
= LS(j) – FS(i-j)
= LF(j) – SF(i-j) + durasi(i)
= LS(j) – SS(i-j) + durasi (j) LS(i) = LF(i) - durasi (i)
Backward pass
 Critical Path
KEY
Similar to CPM/AOA activity
ES=LS name earliest
earliest
finish
EF=LF start
N
33 b/fill 39
LF-ES=duration
50 8 6 56
latest latest
start finish
activity duration
N N N
6 21 21 wwall 33 33 reference
stem b/fill 39
6 2 15 21 26 4 12 38 50 8 6 56

N &S S S S Sur-
0 12 21 36 36 wwall 48 48 b/fill 54 56 Kerbs 58 58 60
bases stem facing
0 1 12 2112 21 3 15 36 38 5 12 50 50 7 6 56 56 9 2 58 58 10 2 60

Critical Path
36 Deck 56
36 6 20 56
 Free float (FF) : the maximum time an activity can be delayed without
delaying any subsequent activities that are starting at their earliest times

Total float (TF) : the maximum time an activity can be KEY

activity
delayed without delaying the whole project earliest name earliest
finish
start
N
33 b/fill 39
FF= 0 FF=0 FF= 17 50 8 6 56
TF=5 latest latest
TF= 0 TF= 17
start finish
activity duration
N N N
6 21 21 wwall 33 33 reference
stem b/fill 39
6 2 15 21 26 4 12 38 50 8 6 56

6
FF= 0 FF= 0 FF=0 FF= 0 FF= 0
FF= 2
TF= 0 TF= 0 TF=2 TF= 0 TF= 0
TF= 2
N &S S S S Sur-
0 12 21 36 36 wwall 48 48 54 56 Kerbs 58 58 60
bases stem b/fill facing
0 1 12 2112 21 3 15 36 38 5 12 50 50 7 6 56 56 9 2 58 58 10 2 60

FF= 0
FF=ESj – EFi TF= 0

TF=LFi - EFi 36 Deck 56

36 6 20 56

Demonstrate the MS Project on this!!

Arrange the following project schedule using PDM

No Activity Durasition Constrain

(days)
1 A 5 -
2 B 6 SS(1-2) = 3
3 C 6 FS(1-3) = 2
FF(2-3) = 2
4 D 7 SF(2-4) = 11
5 E 6 FS(2-5) = 1
SF(3-5) = 9
SS(4-5) = 4
6 F 8 SS(5-6) = 5
 SS+4

D
4 7
SF+11
SS+3 SS+5

A B FS+1 E F
15 2 6 56 68

FF+2
No Act Dur Constrain

C 1 A 5 -
FS+2 36 2 B 6 SS(1-2) = 3
3 C 6 FS(1-3) = 2
FF(2-3)= 2
SF+9 4 D 7 SF(2-4) = 11

5 E 6 FS(2-5) = 1
SF(3-5) = 9
SS(4-5) = 4
6 F 8 SS(5-6) = 5
 SS+4
Forward Pass
7 D 14
4 7
11
10
SF+11 10
SS+3 SS+5

0 A 5 3 B 9 FS+1 11 E 17 16 F 24
15 2 6 56 68

FF+2
7 C 13 No No Act Dur

1 A 5 -
FS+2 36 2 B 6 SS(1-2) = 3
3 C 6 FS(1-3) = 2
SF+9 FF(2-3)= 2
4 D 7 SF(2-4) = 11

5 E 6 FS(2-5) = 1
SF(3-5) = 9
SS(4-5) = 4
6 F 8 SS(5-6) = 5
 SS+4
Hitungan Mundur
7 D 14
7 4 7 14
SF+11
SS+3 SS+5

0 A 5 3 B 9 FS+1 11 E 17 16 F 24
9
0 15 5 3 2 6 9 10
11 5 6 17 16 6 8 24
12
5
6 FF+2
7 C 13 No No Act Dur

1 A 5 -
FS+2 8 3 6 14 2 B 6 SS(1-2) = 3
3 C 6 FS(1-3) = 2
SF+9 FF(2-3)= 2
4 D 7 SF(2-4) = 11

5 E 6 FS(2-5) = 1
SF(3-5) = 9
SS(4-5) = 4
6 F 8 SS(5-6) = 5
 SS+4
Kegiatan Kritis?
7 D 14
7 4 7 14
SF+11
SS+3 SS+5

0 A 5 3 B 9 FS+1 11 E 17 16 F 24
0 15 5 3 2 6 9 11 5 6 17 16 6 8 24

FF+2
7 C 13 No No Act Dur

1 A 5 -
FS+2 8 3 6 14 2 B 6 SS(1-2) = 3
3 C 6 FS(1-3) = 2
SF+9 FF(2-3)= 2
4 D 7 SF(2-4) = 11

5 E 6 FS(2-5) = 1
SF(3-5) = 9
SS(4-5) = 4
6 F 8 SS(5-6) = 5
Reviewing a network
 Planned

Reviewing a network
Time now = 40

Actual
 time
now

a 8 a

b 5 7 9 10 b

c 6 c

time (days)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60
• all activities completed given zero duration Activity Status Remaining time to completion (days)
• activities underway to have durations reassessed 1 completed 0
2 completed 0
• activities not yet started to have durations reassessed
3 completed 0
• reassess plan logic 4 completed 0
• make early start of first activity = time of review 5 underway 13
6 underway 17
• make lead/lag durations relating to completed
activities = zero 7 not started 6
8 underway 4
• do new forward and backward pass 9 not started 2
Note that critical path may change! 10 not started 2
N N N
40 40 40 40 40 44
stem wwall b/fill
40 40 40 40 55 59
2 0 4 0 8 4
0

N&S S S S Sur-
40
bases
40 40
stem
40 40
wwall
53 53
b/fill
59 59 Kerbs 61 61
facing
63
40 40 40 40 40 53 59 59 61 61 63
1 0 3 0 5 13 53 7 6 9 2 10 2

40 Deck 57
42 6 17 59
• all activities completed given zero duration Activity Status Remaining time to completion (days)
• activities underway to have durations reassessed 1 completed 0
2 completed 0
• activities not yet started to have durations reassessed
3 completed 0
• reassess plan logic 4 completed 0
• make early start of first activity = time of review 5 underway 13
6 underway 17
• make lead/lag durations relating to completed
activities = zero 7 not started 6
8 underway 4
• do new forward and backward pass 9 not started 2
Note that critical path may change! 10 not started 2
N N N
40 40 40 40 40 44
stem wwall b/fill
40 40 40 40 55 59
2 0 4 0 8 4
0

N&S S S S Sur-
40
bases
40 40
stem
40 40
wwall
53 53
b/fill
59 59 Kerbs 61 61
facing
63
40 40 40 40 40 53 59 59 61 61 63
1 0 3 0 5 13 53 7 6 9 2 10 2

40 Deck 57
42 6 17 59