 z  x  iy  x 2  y 2  log( xy)  log x  log y

 (e)i  cos( )  i sin(  ) x

 log    log x  log y
 r cos  i sin   n  r n cos(n )  i sin( n )  y
 log x n  n log x
 d   y 2  y1   x2  x1 
2 2
 a loga x  x
 y  y1  m ( x  x1 )  log a a x  x
 x  h  2
 y  k   r 2
2
ln x
 log b x 
Prisms V=(base)(height) S=2(base area) ln b
+Perimeter of 1
 log b a 
base)height log a b
Cylinder V   r 2 h S  2 rh  2 r 2
Cones 1
V   r 2h S   r2  r s
3
Sphere 4
V   r3 S  4 r 2
3
Pyramid 1
V  (base area ) (height )
3

 cos 2 x  sin 2 x  1  k
mx

 lim 1    e mk
 1  tan 2 x  sec 2 x x 
 x
 sin( 2 x)  2 sin x cos x  ax 1
 lim    ln a , a  0
 cos(2 x)  cos 2 x  sin 2 x x 0
 x 
1  cos( 2 x)
 cos 2 x   If h( x)  f ( x)  g ( x) and
2
lim h( x)  lim g ( x)  L, then lim f ( x)  L
1  cos( 2 x) x a x a x a
 sin 2 x 
2  L( x)  f x0   x  x0  f ' ( x0 )
 cosx  y   cos x cos y  sin x sin y f ( xn )
 xn1  xn 
 sin x  y   sin x cos y  cos x sin y f ' ( xn )

f ( x  h)  f ( x )
 f ' ( x)  lim   f  (a) 
1 ' 1
h 0 h f' f 1
(a) 
'

f ( a  h)  f ( a )
 f ' (a)  lim 
d
 f ( x) n  n  f ( x)n1 f ' ( x)
h 0 h dx
 ( f .g ) '  f '.g  f .g '
'
 f  g. f ' f .g '
   
g g2
  f g ( x)'  f ' g ( x) .g ' ( x)
 
d
sin x   cos x 
d

sin 1 x 
1

dx dx 1  x2
1
cos x    sin x  
d d
  cos 1 x 
dx dx 1  x2

d
tan x   sec 2 x 
d

tan 1 x 
1

dx dx 1  x2

d
sec x   sec x tan x 
d

sec 1 x 
1

dx
dx x x2 1

d
csc x    csc x cot x 1
dx 
d

csc 1 x  
dx x x2  1

d
cot x    csc 2 x
1
dx

d
dx

cot 1 x  
1  x2

n b

 k  kn
n

i 1
  f ( x) dx  lim
n 
 f ( x ) x
i 1
i
a
n
n (n  1)
i 
g ( x)

 f (t ) dt  f g ( x)  g ' ( x)
d
2 
i 1 dx a
n (n  1)( 2n  1)
n 2

 i   If f is continuous on [a, b] and F(x) is its

i 1 6 antiderivative, then
 n (n  1) 
n 3 2 b

 
i 1
i 
 2 
  f ( x) dx  F (b)  F (a)
a

  u dv  uv   v du
f'
  f
dx  ln f  C

b d b
Area = A =  [top  bottom] dx or  [right  left ] dy Arc Length =  1   f ' ( x) 2 dx
a c a

 
b b b
Volume = V =   R 2  r 2 dx or  2 x  f ( x)  dx  2 f ( x) 1   f ' ( x)
2
Surface Area = dx
a a a

C n 1
Ratio Test = lim
n  Cn
f ' ' (a) f ' ' ' (a) f n (a)
 f ( x)  f (a)  ( x  a) f ' (a)  ( x  a) 2  ( x  a) 3  ...  ( x  a) n  ...
2! 3! n!