Objectives

Chapter 1
Introduction to Web Application Development using ASP.NET MVC
Web applications have revolutionized the way business is conducted. These applications enable organizations to
share and access information from anywhere, anytime. This has majorly moved the focus of application
development from desktop applications to Web applications. Today, one of the most popular server-side
technologies used for developing Web applications is ASP.NET.
This chapter introduces the basics of Web application development. It also discusses the layers, architecture, and
different ways of scripting a Web application. In addition, it discusses the different types of Web development
platforms and explains the ASP.NET MVC platform in detail.
Objectives
In this chapter, you will learn to:
Identify the basics of Web application development

Explore ASP.NET
Introduction to Web Application Development

Among all technologies, the Internet has been the fastest growing technology. Ever since its inception, the
Internet has evolved exponentially. In the recent years, it has changed the way business is conducted.
Prior to the evolution of the Internet, organizations could deliver only limited information to their prospective
clients by using the existing communication media. However, with the inception of the Internet, organizations
found a new medium to reach a larger range of people, irrespective of their geographical locations. Therefore,
organizations increasingly became dependent on the Internet for sharing and accessing information. This resulted
in changing the focus of application development from desktop applications to Web applications.
Defining Web Applications
Web applications are programs that are executed on a Web server and accessed from a Web browser. These
applications enable organizations to share and access information on the Internet and corporate intranets. This
information can be accessed from anywhere, anytime. In addition, Web applications can support online
commercial transactions, popularly known as e-commerce. An online store accessed through a Web browser is an
example of a Web application.
The following figure shows the working of a Web application.

The Working of a Web Application
In the preceding figure, a client sends a request for a resource, such as a Web page or a video, on the Internet.
The Web server interprets the client request and determines the type of resource requested by the client. If the
required resource is found, the Web server sends the resource to the client. Otherwise, an error message is sent to
the client.
The Three Layers of a Web Application
All applications can be broken into three layers. Each layer has its own components and functionality. The
following figure depicts the various layers that constitute a Web application.
The Layers of a Web Application

As displayed in the preceding figure, an application has the following three layers:
Presentation layer: Consists of the interface through which the users interact with the application.
Business logic layer: Consists of the components of the application that control the flow of execution
and communication between the presentation layer and the data layer.
Data layer: Consists of components that expose the application data stored in databases to the business
logic layer.
Architecture of a Web Application
The architecture of a Web application is the manner in which layers are distributed and the way in which they
communicate with each other. Most applications are built by using all the three layers.
An application can have one of the following types of architectures:
Single-tier architecture
Two-tier architecture
Three-tier architecture
N-tier architecture
Single-tier Architecture
In an application based on single-tier architecture, all the three layers are integrated together and can be installed
on a single computer. If the application needs to be accessed on multiple computers, a separate installation is
required on each computer. For example, Adobe Photoshop that is used to create and edit graphics is a standalone
application based on the single-tier architecture. The following figure displays the single-tier architecture.
The Single-tier Architecture
Two-tier Architecture
In an application based on two-tier architecture, the three layers are distributed over two tiers, a client and a
server. The presentation layer resides on each client computer, the business logic layer resides either on the client
or on the server, and the data access layer resides on the server.
Depending on the business requirements, an organization can have the following types of two-tier application
architecture:
Fat client and thin server: The architecture in which the business logic layer resides on the client is
known as the fat client and thin server architecture. In this architecture, the client accepts user requests
and processes these requests on its own. The client communicates with the server only when the data for
communication or archival needs to be sent to the server.
Fat server and thin client: The architecture in which the business logic layer resides on the server is
known as the fat server and thin client architecture. In this architecture, the client accepts requests from
the users and forwards the same to the server. Further, the server processes these requests and provides
responses.
The two-tier architecture can be used when multiple users need to access and manipulate common data storage.
For example, an application needs to be developed to store an organization’s employee details in a database. In
addition, the application should allow the retrieval of employee details from the database. In this case, the
employee details need to be entered and retrieved by using multiple computers. Therefore, installing a database,
along with the application on each computer, may lead to storage of duplicate records. In addition, a user cannot
retrieve the employee details stored on some other computer. To avoid these problems, the application can be
installed on each computer. However, the database is installed on a single computer, and the same can be
accessed by the applications on multiple computers.
In the preceding example, the presentation and business logic layers are integrated and installed on each
computer. The applications installed on the computers send requests to the server (database) for the storage and
retrieval of data. On the other hand, the server accepts the requests and responds accordingly. In this setup, the
fat client and thin server architecture is used. The following figure displays the fat client and thin server
architecture.
The Fat Client and Thin Server Architecture
In the preceding setup, the server only processes the data processing requests sent by the clients. Therefore, data
retrieval is fast. As the business logic resides on the client, the other applications installed on the clients respond
slowly. Further, if the business logic needs to be updated, the updates need to be installed on each client, which is
a time-consuming process.
To overcome these limitations, the business logic layer can be placed on the server along with the data layer. In
this way, only the presentation layer will be available on the clients. This, in turn, results in a faster response
from the other applications installed on the clients. In addition, if the business logic needs to be updated, the
updates need to be installed at only one location, which is on the server, rather than on each client. Such a setup
is an example of the thin client and fat server architecture.
The following figure displays the thin client and fat server architecture.
The Thin Client and Fat Server Architecture
Three-tier Architecture
In an application based on three-tier architecture, the three layers of the application are placed separately as three
different entities. This architecture is used for those applications in which merging the business logic layer with
the presentation layer or the data layer may degrade the performance of the application. To improve the
application performance, the three layers are kept separately and the communication among the layers occurs
with the help of a request-response mechanism. The following figure displays the three-tier architecture.
The Three-tier Architecture
In the preceding figure, the business logic layer resides neither on a client nor on a database server. Instead, it
resides on a separate server, which is known as an application server.
N-tier Architecture
The three-tier architecture is implemented when an effectively-distributed client/server architecture, which
provides increased performance and scalability, is needed. However, it becomes a tedious task to design and
deploy applications based on the three-tier architecture. The separation of presentation, business logic, and
database access layers is not always obvious, because some business logic needs to appear on all the layers.
Therefore, there is a need to further divide these layers. This requirement has led to the expansion of the three-
tier application architecture to the N-tier application architecture.
A common approach to implement the N-tier architecture involves further separation of the presentation layer
and the data layer. For example, the presentation layer may be divided into the GUI layer and the presentation
logic layer. Similarly, the data layer may be divided into the data access layer and the data layer.
The N-tier architecture separates the various business processes into discrete units of functionality called
services. Each service implements a set of related business rules that defines what needs to be done and how it
needs to be done within an organization.
The N-tier application architecture provides improved flexibility and scalability of applications, as compared to
the three-tier application architecture. This is because the functioning of each layer is completely hidden from
other layers, which makes it possible to change or update one layer without recompiling or modifying the other
layers.
Introduction to Web Pages
A Web application consists of certain Web pages. A Web page is a Web document that can be accessed through
a Web browser. Web pages can be of the following types:
Static Web page: A Web page that contains only static content and is delivered to the user as it is
stored is called a static Web page. A static page does not offer any interactivity to the user.
Dynamic Web page: A Web page whose content is generated dynamically by a Web application or
that responds to user input and provides interactivity is called a dynamic Web page.
Creating a Dynamic Web Page
To create a dynamic and interactive Web page, you need to use scripting, which includes:
Client-side scripting
Server-side scripting
Client-side Scripting
Client-side scripting enables you to develop Web pages that can dynamically respond to user input without
having to interact with a Web server. Suppose you have a Web application that requires users to enter the user
name and password before displaying the home page. To check whether the user name and password provided by
the user are correct, the details need to be submitted to the server. However, before submitting the details to the
server, you need to ensure that the user does not leave the user name and password fields blank. To check
whether the user has left the user name and password fields blank, you can write a client-side script.
In addition to providing dynamic content, a client-side script helps in reducing the network traffic because it does
not need to interact with a Web server to provide a dynamic response to the user input. Client-side scripting also
speeds up the response time of a Web application. This happens because the processing happens at the client side
and round-trips to the server are not required. Scripting languages, such as VBScript and JavaScript, are used to
write client-side scripts.
The following figure displays the working of client-side scripts.
The Working of Client-side Scripts
Server-side Scripting
With the growing usage of the Internet as a medium of information, organizations are increasingly creating
dynamic Web applications. Server-side scripting helps in making a Web application dynamic by enabling the
application to access server-side resources, such as files and databases.
Server-side scripting provides users dynamic content that is based on the information stored at a remote location,
such as a back-end database. Server-side scripting includes code written in server-side scripting technologies,
such as Active Server Pages (ASP) and Java Server Pages (JSP).
A server-side script is executed on the Web server. When a browser requests for information on a website that is
created by using the server-side technology, the Web server, to which the request is sent, processes the script,
and then sends the results back to the browser. For example, if a Web page includes a server-side script to
display the current time of the system on which the website is hosted, the script will be processed at the server
and the current system time will be sent back to the browser.
The following figure displays the working of server-side scripts.

The Working of Server-side Scripts
Exploring ASP.NET
ASP.NET is a server-side technology that enables programmers to create dynamic Web applications. It has a
number of advanced features, such as simplicity, security, and scalability, which help you in developing robust
Web applications. These advanced features of ASP.NET are based on .NET Framework.
Introducing Microsoft’s Web Development Platforms
ASP.NET is built on Microsoft .NET Framework. The following figure depicts ASP.NET in the .NET
Framework.
ASP.NET in the .NET Framework
As displayed in the preceding figure, ASP.NET is a Web application development framework built on top of
Microsoft’s .NET Framework, which provides various components, such as CLR and the base class library, to
develop robust applications. Common Language Runtime (CLR) is the runtime environment provided by .NET
framework, which manages code at runtime and provides core services, such as multiple language support and
strong type checking. The base class library is an object-oriented class library that provides a set of classes,
which enables you to perform a wide range of common programming tasks. These tasks include database
connectivity, file access, and string management. In addition to these common programming tasks, the base class
includes the classes that support specialized functions, such as developing console, GUI, and Web applications.
ASP.NET works on top of the .NET Framework and allows you to access the classes in .NET Framework.
ASP.NET interacts with the .NET Framework base classes, which, in turn, interact with CLR. CLR helps you to
code your ASP.NET applications in any language compatible with it including Microsoft Visual Basic and C#.
This provides a robust Web-based development environment.
ASP.NET offers various Web application development models. These are:
Web forms
Model-View-Controller (MVC)
Web pages
Each model creates and structures a Web application by using different approaches. You can choose any of these
models depending on the requirement of the Web application to be developed.
Web Forms
The ASP.NET Web forms model enables you to develop dynamic and powerful websites. It provides many
controls, such as text boxes and check boxes, which help you to build an attractive user interface with data
access. It enables you to drag and drop server controls to design your Web forms pages. You can easily set the
properties, methods, and events for a control or a page to specify the page's behavior. Web forms are pages that
are written by using a combination of HTML, server controls, and server code, and users request them through
their browsers. It separates the HTML code from the application logic. To write server code for developing the
logic for the page, you can use a .NET language, such as Visual Basic or C#.
Using Web forms does not require you to have a hardcore developer background. You just need to be familiar
with the user interface controls and event handling. Moreover, Web forms allow a developer to use CSS,
generate semantically correct markup, and handle the development environment created for HTML elements
easily. This is because the developers just need to drag and drop the server controls and set their properties for
designing the page. The markup of these controls is generated automatically.
Server controls are those which are processed at the server.
The MVC model is an alternative to the ASP.NET Web forms model for developing Web applications. It is a
light-weight model and supports existing ASP.NET features. It separates the following three main components
from an application:
Model: Refers to a set of classes that describes the data that the application works with. In addition,
these classes define the business logic that governs how the data can be manipulated.
View: Refers to the components that define an application's user interface. For example, the login form
that contains text boxes and buttons.
Controller: Refers to a set of classes that handle communication from the user and the overall
application flow. A controller responds to user input, communicates with the model, and decides the
view to render.
By separating the model, view, and controller within an application, the MVC model ensures loose coupling.
Therefore, it enables you to focus on one aspect of the implementation at a time. For example, you can
concentrate on designing a view without worrying about the business logic.
Loose coupling refers to an approach of interconnecting the components in such a way that
components depend on each other to the least extent.
The MVC model makes it easier to manage complexity by dividing an application into the model, the view, and
the controller. Therefore, it should be used for developing Web applications that are managed by large teams of
developers and Web designers.
Web Pages
Web pages are the simplest way to develop dynamic ASP.NET Web applications. The Web pages combine
HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and server code at one place to build dynamic websites. The Web pages framework
uses inline scripts rather than separate controller classes.
Introduction to the MVC Development Platform
Web applications usually need to retrieve data from a database and display it to the user. In addition, Web
applications may also need to update the data in the database if the user changes the data using the User Interface
(UI). Since the key flow of information is between the database and the user interface, you might want to bind
these two pieces together. However, the user interface tends to change much more frequently than the database.
If the interface and the database logic are combined in a single object, then you need to modify the database logic
whenever the user interface is changed. This can result in errors, and therefore, requires the retesting of the entire
application.
The MVC development platform overcomes this limitation. It separates the application data, the presentation, and
the flow of application, into three separate components: the model, the view, and the controller. The model
manages the application data. It encapsulates data stored in a database as well as code used to manipulate the
data and enforces domain-specific business logic. The view manages the display of information. The controller
manages the flow of application, handles user input, and provides data to the relevant view. This separation of
view, model, and controller within an application allows you to change one component without affecting the
other component.
The ASP.NET Implementation of MVC

In MVC, incoming requests are handled by controllers. Controllers are C# classes that contain methods. Each
public method in a controller is known as an action method or a controller action. These action methods can be
invoked by using a URL.
When an HTTP request is sent to the server by using a URL, the controller action associated with the URL is
executed in order to perform the required operation on a model. Then, a view is rendered and displayed to the
client. The following figure displays the interactions between the controller, the model, and the view.
The Interactons between the Controller, the Model, and the View
In the preceding figure, the HTTP request is sent to the controller. The controller works with the model, selects
the view, and finally, prepares the response. This response is rendered by the selected view and is sent to the
client.
Features of ASP.NET MVC

Some of the features of ASP.NET MVC are:
Routing: MVC has a powerful routing system. Routing is a feature that enables you to develop
applications with comprehensible and searchable URLs. When you create the ASP.NET MVC
application, the application is already configured to use ASP.NET routing. Routing enables you to use
URLs that do not have to map to specific files in a website. Therefore, you don’t need to include file
names in URLs. You need to write URLs that provide the description of the user's action. Therefore,
they can be easily understood by the users.
Scaffolding: MVC provides a scaffolding feature that provides a quick way to generate the code for
commonly used operations in a standardized way. It creates the essential working code automatically
that you can edit and adapt according to your needs.
Convention-over-Configuration: ASP.NET MVC supports Convention-over-Configuration, which is
a software design paradigm that aims at reducing the number of decisions taken by developers.
Therefore, instead of requiring the developers to provide explicit configuration settings, ASP.NET MVC
assumes that developers will follow certain conventions while building their applications. Some of the
conventions are:
The name of each controller’s class should end with Controller . For example,
CustomerController and AccountController .
All the views of an MVC application should be placed in the Views folder.
Views are stored in a subfolder of the Views folder, where the name of the subfolder is same
as the name of the relevant controller. For example, all the views for the AccountController
controller will be placed in the folder, /Views/Account.
Bundling and Minification: Bundling is a technique provided by ASP.NET MVC that allows you to
combine multiple files, such as CSS and JavaScript, into a single file. Bundling improves the request
load time by reducing the number of requests to the server. Another technique, minification, removes
unnecessary white space and comments from the JavaScript or CSS code, and shortens variable names.
This helps in minimizing the size of the requested resources, such as CSS and JavaScript files.
Key Benefits Provided by ASP.NET MVC

ASP.NET MVC helps in developing applications in a loosely coupled manner, which means that different
components of an MVC application depend on each other to the least extent practicable.
Limiting interconnections between these components helps in isolating problems, which provides the following
benefits:
Separation of concerns: Loose coupling ensures dividing various application concerns into different
and independent software components. This allows developers to work on one component
independently at a time.
Simplified testing and maintenance: You can test each component separately to ensure that it is
working according to the requirements. This simplifies testing, maintenance, and troubleshooting
procedures.
Extensibility: The MVC model consists of a series of independent components. These components can
be easily replaced or customized depending upon the requirements, without hampering the functionality
of the application.
Structure of an ASP.NET MVC Project
When you create an ASP.NET MVC Web application project, separate folders are created for the MVC
components, such as model, view, and controller. Some of the project folders that are created by default are listed
in the following table.
Project Folders Description
App_Data It is the location for storing data files.
Content It is the recommended location for adding content

files, such as images and cascading style sheets.
Controllers It is the recommended location to add controllers.
Models It is the recommended location for adding classes

that represent the application model.
Scripts It is the recommended location for adding script

files, such as jQuery and JavaScript files. By default,
this folder contains ASP.NET AJAX foundation files
and the jQuery library.
Views It is the recommended location for adding views. The
Views folder contains a folder for each controller,
which is named with the controller-name prefix. For
example, if you have a controller named
AccountController, then the Views folder contains a
folder named Account, which contains the views
associated with the AccountController controller.
The Project Folders
In addition to the folders listed in the preceding table, an MVC application can include different types of files.
The following table lists some of the important file types with their descriptions.
File Name Description
Ends with .cshtml These files contain the user interface code.
Web.config This is an XML-based configuration file for

ASP.NET MVC applications. It includes settings for
customizing features, such as security, state
management, and memory management.
Global.asax This is the global application file. You can use this
file to define global variables (variables that can be
accessed from any Web page in the Web
application). It is usually used for defining the
overall application events.
Ends with .cs These files contain C# code.
The Files Used in the MVC Application
ASP.NET uses a hierarchy of configuration files to keep application configuration settings separate from the
application code. A configuration file is an XML file that contains configuration settings for an application and
has a .config extension.
A configuration file provides the following benefits:
Provides control and flexibility over the way you run applications.
Eliminates the need to recompile the application every time a setting changes.
Controls access to the protected resources and the location of remote applications and objects by
defining configuration settings.
The two files included in the hierarchy of configuration files are Machine.config and Web.config. The
Machine.config file always resides at the root of the configuration hierarchy and contains the global and default
settings for all the .NET Framework applications on the server. The Web.config file can reside at multiple levels
in the hierarchy. In case two versions of the same configuration setting exist at different hierarchal levels, the
local settings will take precedence over global settings.
The following table lists the configuration files, their hierarchy levels, and description.
Level File Name Description
Machine config Machine.config Controls

the basic
settings of
all .NET
applications
that are on
the same
computer.
Machine Web.config Web.config Controls

the settings
of all
ASP.NET
applications
on the same
machine.
Root Web.Config Web.config Controls

the settings
of all
applications
under a
parent
application.
This level
would exist
only if your
application
is deployed
under
another
ASP.NET
application.
Application Web.config Web.config Contains

the settings
that are
specific to
an
application
and is
present in
the root
directory of
each
application.
The Configuration Files with their Levels and Descriptions
Task 1.1: Exploring an ASP.NET MVC Project
Summary
In this chapter, you learned that:
Web applications are programs that are executed on a Web server and accessed from a Web browser.
An application can have one of the following types of architectures:
Single-tier architecture
Two-tier architecture
Three-tier architecture
N-tier architecture
A Web page is a Web document that can be accessed through a Web browser.
To create a dynamic and interactive Web page, you need to use scripting, which includes:
ASP.NET is a server-side technology that enables programmers to create dynamic Web applications.
ASP.NET offers various Web application development models. These are:
Web forms
Web pages
Controllers are C# classes that contain methods. Each public method in a controller is known as an
action method or a controller action.
Some of the features of ASP.NET MVC are:
Routing
Scaffolding
Convention-over-Configuration
Bundling and Minification
ASP.NET uses a hierarchy of configuration files to keep application configuration settings separate
from the application code.
A configuration file is an XML file that contains configuration settings for an application and has a
.config extension.
Chapter 2
Working with Controllers and Views
The purpose of many Web applications is to retrieve data from a database and display the same to the user. Web
applications may also need to update the data in the database if the user makes any change in the data using the
User Interface (UI). Since the flow of information takes place between the database and the user interface, you
might want to bind these two pieces together. However, because the user interface tends to change much more
frequently than the database, the approach of binding is not feasible.
The MVC pattern solves this problem by separating the application data, the presentation, and the flow of
application, into three separate components: the model, the view, and the controller. This separation allows you to
individually manage each component without affecting the functionality of other components.
This chapter discusses how to work with controllers and views. Further, it discusses how to route requests to
controller actions.
Objectives
Work with controllers

Work with views
Route requests to controller actions
Working with Controllers

An MVC application consists of three parts: model, view, and controller. The development of a Web application
usually requires the knowledge of all the three parts. Moreover, it is difficult to dive deep while exploring any of
these parts without knowing about the others. Let us first learn about controllers at a high level, while ignoring
views and models for the time being.
Controllers within an MVC application are responsible for processing incoming user requests, executing the
appropriate application code, communicating with the model, and rendering the required view. In other words,
controllers manage the flow of the application.
Controllers are implemented in an MVC application as C# classes inherited from .NET Framework’s built-in
System.Web.Mvc.Controller class. A controller class contains an application logic in the form of various
public methods called action methods.
Creating a Controller
In ASP.NET MVC, controllers handle all the incoming requests. By convention, controllers are placed in a folder
named Controllers under the Web application folder. Thus, for creating a controller, you need to create a .cs file
containing the controller class in the Controllers folder. You create a controller class by inheriting the
Controller class, as shown in the following code snippet:
public class HomeController : Controller

{
//Some code
}
In the preceding code snippet, a controller class named HomeController is created, which inherits the
Controller class.
According to the ASP.NET MVC convention, the name of a controller is always suffixed by the word,
Controller. For example, the name of the Home controller will be the HomeController.
Creating Action Methods
An application needs to handle user interactions, such as entering a URL in the Web browser, clicking a
hyperlink, and submitting a Web form. Each of these interactions sends a request to the Web server. In ASP.NET
MVC, such requests are handled by public methods in the controllers. These public methods are called action
methods or controller actions. You can define these action methods in a controller class. For example, the
following code snippet defines two action methods, Index and About , in the HomeController class:

{
public ActionResult Index()
{
//Some code
}
public ActionResult About()
{
//Some code
}
}
In the preceding code snippet, two action methods, Index and About , are created in the HomeController
controller class. Both these methods return an instance of the System.Web.Mvc.ActionResult class, which is the
base class of all action results.
Most action methods return an instance of a class that is derived from the ActionResult class. However, you can
also use specific return types, such as a string, int , or bool , as shown in the following code snippet:

{
public string Index()
{
return “Hello from Home.Index()”;
}
}
In the preceding code snippet, an action method, Index(), is created in the HomeController controller class.
Here, the return type of the Index() action method is string, instead of the ActionResult. When a user invokes
the preceding Index() method using the URL, http://localhost:62053/home/index, the Index() action method
sends the string, Hello from Home.Index(), to the browser.
In the preceding URL http://localhost:62053/home/index, 62503 is a port number. The port number is
automatically generated and may vary from project to project.
The following figure shows the response of the Index() action method in a browser.
The Response of the Index() action Method in a Browser
A detailed example of a controller action that returns a value of the type, ActionResult, will be
discussed in the next section.
Invoking Controller Actions
You can define a number of action methods in a controller. To invoke an action method, you can specify a URL
in the Web browser that contains the information about a controller and the action method within the controller.
For example, to invoke the Registration action method in the HomeController controller of a shopping
application, www.newbay.com, you need to specify the following URL in the Web browser:
http://newbay.com/Home/Registration
When the preceding URL is sent as a request to an MVC application through a Web browser, the MVC
application first searches for the HomeController class, and then searches for the Registration() action method
in it. If the Registration() action method is found, the MVC application executes the method, and then returns
the response back to the browser.
Task 2.1: Creating a Controller

Passing Parameters in Controller Actions
While requesting for a Web page, you may want to specify information other than the name of the Web page.
For example, while requesting for the product details, you may want to specify the category of the product. This
additional information can be sent to the server in the form of a query string included in the URL. For example,
consider the following URL:
http://www.demo.com/home/browse?Category=Soap
A query string is a part of a URL. It is used to pass data to Web servers. The query string is always
starts with a ? character followed by the data to be passed. The data is passed in the following format in
query string:
ParameterName=Value
Where:
ParameterName: Is the name of the variable, such as Category .

Value: Is the value of that parameter, such as Soap .
In the preceding URL, a query string is defined that sets the value, Soap , for the Category parameter. The query
string passes this information to the browse() action method.
The browse() action method can access the value for the Category parameter by using its arguments. For
example, consider the following code snippet:
public string browse(string Category)

{
return (“Category is: ” + Category);
}
To access the value of a query string parameter in an action method, the parameter name of the action
method must be the same as the name of the query string parameter.
In the preceding code snippet, an action method named browse() is defined, which accepts a string argument
named Category . This argument provides the browse() action method access to the category value passed
through the query string. Once invoked, the action method, browse() , will display the following output:
Category is: Soap

Now, consider the following URL:
http://localhost:62053/home/browse/5
In the preceding URL, a numeric parameter, 5, with the default name, id, is included in the URL. However, the
parameter is directly embedded within the URL, and not as a query string.
You can access the value of the ID parameter within the browse() action method by using the following code
snippet:
public string browse(int id)

{
return “ID is: ” + id;
}
In the preceding code snippet, an action method named browse() is defined with an id parameter.
Once the action method is invoked through a URL, the browser renders the view and displays the following
output:
ID is: 5
Working with Views

You have learned that controller actions can return strings, which are then displayed on the browser. However,
most controller actions need to display dynamic information, usually in the HTML format. To display
dynamically generated HTML content, a controller action can be made to return a view instead of a string.
A view is a combination of HTML markup and code that runs on the Web server. The code is embedded in the
Web pages using the Razor syntax. A Web application contains multiple views, where each view is responsible
for either displaying some information to users or taking inputs from a user.
The following figure represents a view displaying some information to the users.
A View Displaying Some Information to the Users
The following figure represents a view that takes the input from a user.
A View that Takes Input from a User
Specifying the View for an Action
You have already seen that user requests are processed by the action methods defined within the controllers.
Once a request is processed, a controller renders an appropriate view that is shown to the user. For this, an action
method needs to return a view. Consider the following code snippet:

{
{
return View();
}
}
As shown in the preceding code snippet, a view is returned through View() method from within the Index()
action method of the Home controller. When a view is returned without specifying any name for the view in the
View() method, MVC searches for the view with the same name as the action method within the
/Views/<ControllerName> folder. By convention, the Views folder contains one folder for every controller, with
the same name as the controller. Therefore, in the preceding example, a view with the name Index, which is
created inside the Views/Home folder, will be rendered.
You have seen that the default convention to locate a view is /Views/<ControllerName>/<ActionMethodName>.
However, you can also render a different view from within an action method by specifying the name of the view
as a parameter of the View() method, as shown in the following code snippet:

{
{
return View(“NewIndex”);
}
}
The preceding code will also search for a view inside the /Views/Home folder, but render the NewIndex view
instead of rendering the Index view .
You can also render a view defined in a different folder other than the default folder created by MVC for every
controller. To render a view named Index defined in the /Views/Special folder, you need to specify its full path,
as shown in the following code snippet:

{
{
return View(“~/Views/Special/Index.cshtml”);
}
}
The preceding code snippet will render the view named Index defined inside the /Views/Special folder.
In the preceding code snippet, the tilde (~) sign has been used to refer to the root application folder.
While using the tilde symbol, you must give the file extension of the view because this method bypasses
MVC’s default convention of finding a view.
In most cases, a view returns an instance of the ViewResult class, which, in turn, is derived from the
ActionResult class.
Task 2.1: Creating a View
Activity 2.1: Creating Controllers and Views
Passing Data from a Controller to a View

A controller interacts with the model to fetch application data. However, the data is displayed to the user through
a view. Therefore, there needs to be some mechanism to pass the data from a controller to a view. The following
two common techniques are used to pass data from a controller to a view:
ViewData
ViewBag
ViewData
ViewData is a dictionary of objects derived from the System.Web.Mvc.ViewDataDictionary class. It enables
you to pass the data between a controller and a view. Here, values can be set using key/value pairs in the
controller action method, as shown in the following code snippet:
ViewData[“Message”] = “Welcome to our website”;

ViewData[“ServerTime”] = DateTime.Now;
In the preceding code snippet, two keys, Message and ServerTime , are added with values Welcome to our
website and current system date to the ViewData dictionary. You can access the values added in the preceding
two keys in a view by using the Razor syntax, as shown in the following code snippet:
<p>
The message is: @ViewData[“Message”]
The Date and Time is: @ViewData[“ServerTime”]
</p>
ViewBag
ViewBag is a dynamic object that allows passing data between a controller and a view. You can add properties of
multiple types and their values by using the ViewBag object in a controller action method. Further, in the view,
you can use the ViewBag object to access the value added in the action method. You can add properties in a
ViewBag object using a very simple syntax, as shown in the following code snippet:
ViewBag.Message = “Welcome to our website”;

ViewBag.ServerTime = DateTime.Now;
In the preceding code snippet, two properties are added in the ViewBag object. The first property, Message, adds a
string to it, and the second property, ServerTime , sets the current date and time to it. You can access these two
properties in a view by using the Razor syntax, as shown in the following code snippet:
<p>
The message is: @ViewBag.Message
The Date and Time is: @ViewBag.ServerTime
</p>
The preceding code snippet will retrieve the message and the current date and time from the ViewBag object
method and render them in the view. ViewBag is just a dynamic wrapper over the ViewData dictionary. It means
that a value saved in the controller action by using ViewBag can also be accessed by using ViewData in a view.
For example, the Message property set by using ViewBag in the action method can be accessed by using ViewBag
and ViewData in the following ways in a view:
@ViewBag.Message
@ViewData[“Message”]
One of the most common differences between ViewBag and ViewData is that ViewBag works only in those cases
where the key being accessed is a valid C# identifier. For example, if you have used ViewData[“Customer
name”] and set its value, then you cannot access this value by using ViewBag . This is because a key with space is
not a valid C# identifier and the code will not run.
The Razor View Engine
To render a view inside a browser, MVC uses Razor as the default view engine. The Razor view engine uses a
specific syntax to manage rendering of Web pages. Razor is a clean, lightweight, and simple view engine with a
minimum amount of syntax and code. Razor allows embedding server-side code in a view.
Apart from the Razor view engine MVC 4 also supports the ASPX view engine. Prior to MVC 3, ASPX
was the only supported view engine. Razor was introduced with MVC 3 and is the default view engine moving
forward.
Defining Razor
Razor is a markup syntax that allows you to embed server-side code (written in C# or VB) in an HTML markup.
A file containing server-side code in the C# syntax has an extension of .cshtml. However, a file containing
server-side code in VB has an extension of .vbhtml.
The Razor Syntax Rules

The Razor syntax follows certain rules. Some of these are:
The @ character indicates a transition from markup to code.

Razor code statements end with semicolon (;).
The C# code is case-sensitive.
Variables should be declared by using the var keyword.
Strings should be enclosed within quotation marks.
You have seen some of the basic Razor syntax rules. Now, let us discuss the syntax of various constructs in
Razor.
The Razor Syntax Guide

The Razor view engine is responsible for interpreting the server-side code embedded inside a view file. For this,
Razor needs to distinguish the server-side code from the markup code. To distinguish the server-side code from
the markup code, Razor uses the @ symbol.
Including Code Expressions

Consider the following code snippet:
<h1>Displaying @myList.length items.</h1>

In the preceding code snippet, @myList.length is interpreted as the server-side code. Notice that here, you do
not need to specify the end of the Razor code. Razor is smart enough to distinguish between the markup code
and the server-side code. However, sometimes, you may need to override the logic that Razor uses to distinguish
the server-side code. For example, if you want to display the @ symbol within an email address, you can use
@@, as shown in the following code snippet:
<h1>your email ID is: mark@@newbay.com </h1>

In the preceding code snippet, Razor interprets the first @ symbol as an escape sequence character. Razor uses an
implicit code expression to determine parts of a line that are server-side code. However, sometimes, Razor
interprets an expression as markup that needs to be run as server-side code. For example, consider the following
code snippet:
<span>Price of product including Sales Tax: @Model.Price * 1.2</span>

The preceding code snippet renders output as Price of product including Sales Tax: 5 * 1.2 , if the price
of the product is 5. You can use parentheses to explicitly delimit expressions, as shown in the following code
snippet:
<span>Price of product including Sales Tax: @(Model.Price * 1.2)</span>

The preceding code snippet will display output as Price of product including Sales Tax: 6, if the price of
the product is 5.
Including Code Blocks

Sometimes, you may need to write multiple lines of server-side code. You can do this without prefixing every
line of code with the @ symbol by using the Razor code block. In a Razor code block, lines are enclosed with
curly braces in addition to an @ symbol, as shown in the following syntax
:
@{
//Server-side codes
----------------------
}
Combining Code and Markup

You can use a Razor code block to run conditional statements and loop through collections. Here, you can mix
the code blocks with the markup to generate the required output.
Razor loops are useful for displaying a list of items in a collection. For example, consider the following code
snippet:
@foreach (var item in products)

{
<li> The item name is @item.</li>
}
In the preceding code snippet, the foreach loop is defined, which displays each item individually in the products
collection. In the preceding code snippet, the @foreach loop automatically transitions to the markup with the
opening <li> tag, transitions back to the code when the @item is encountered. Moreover, Razor automatically
transitions back to the markup when the closing <li> tag is encountered.
In addition, you can use conditional constructs for making decisions on the basis of some condition. For example,
consider the following code snippet:
@if (@ViewBag.Product!=null) {
<text>Product is in stock.</text>
}
In the preceding code snippet, the @if construct is defined, which displays the text, Product is in stock , if
the condition, @ViewBag.Product!=null, is satisfied.
Including Comments
You can declare a Razor comment within the @* and *@ delimiters, as shown in the following code example:
@* You comment goes here. *@
Using Partial Views
Consider a scenario where you want to include some common markup in a number of views. One option is to
include the common markup in each view. However, this is a time-consuming task as you have to write the
markup on every view. In addition, if you need to make a change in the markup, the same change needs to be
applied on all the views that contain the markup. To overcome this problem, you can create a partial view and
invoke it wherever required. A partial view is a part of a view that can be used on multiple pages. Partial views
are created in the /Views/Shared folder. By convention, the name of a partial view is prefixed with an underscore
( _ ) character.
You can render a partial view in a view by using the @Html.Partial() method. MVC inserts the partial view,
HTML, into the parent view, and then returns the complete Web page to the browser. For example, the following
code snippet renders a partial view named _partialsummary within a view:
<div>@Html.Partial(“_partialsummary”)</div>
In the preceding code snippet, a partial view named _partialsummary is rendered within a <div> tag.
Task 2.2: Creating a Partial View

Activity 2.2: Passing Data between Controllers and Views
Routing Requests to Controller Actions

In an ASP.NET MVC application, the controller action to be executed in response to a user request is determined
by the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) of the incoming request. The URL is a widely used user interface for
the Web. However, not enough attention is paid to the user-friendliness of URLs, and we often find long and
complicated URLs, such as:
http://www.demo.com/product/products.aspx?category=laptop&manufacturer=dell&id=1243&color=black
Observe the preceding URL and you can understand that the website has a directory structure that contains a
product folder and a products.aspx file within that folder. This requires a direct relation between the URL and
the physical files stored on the disk. After receiving this URL request, the Web server directs the request to the
products.aspx file, which contains the code and markup to render a response to the browser. The products.aspx
file uses the data in the query string to identify the type of content to display.
In the preceding example, there is a one-to-one mapping between the URLs and the file system. However, this is
usually not the case in an MVC application. In an MVC application, whenever a user request is generated, the
URL of the incoming request is routed to a controller action. The mechanism for locating an appropriate action
method for a given URL is called routing. Routing in the ASP.NET MVC framework serves the following two
main purposes:
It maps the URLs of incoming requests with controller actions.

It builds outgoing URLs that correspond to controller actions.
In an ASP.NET MVC application, because the URLs do not need to map with files, the URLs can be more
descriptive of the user’s action, and do not need to use long and complicated query strings.
For example, consider the following URL:
http://www.demo.com/product/products/laptop/dell/1243/black
The preceding URL points to the products() action method of the product controller. The routing mechanism
passes the values, laptop, dell, 1243, and black, to the action method that the URL points to. The action method
can use these values to determine the content to be displayed.
A user can easily modify the preceding URL to navigate to another page of the site. In addition, one important
benefit of this kind of URL is Search Engine Optimization (SEO). SEO is the process of optimizing a URL for a
search engine to improve the page ranking in search engine results. SEO reflects what people search for by using
the keywords typed into search engine and how search engines work to process these requests. Search engines
mainly work using URLs. Specifying a meaningful and more comprehensive URL is critical to make the
application more search engine-friendly.
An ASP.NET MVC application defines the default route for mapping URLs in a given pattern with specific
controller actions. However, you can define additional routes if there is a need to provide custom routes.
The Default Route
Every MVC application needs at least one route to define how the application should handle user requests.
Whenever you create an ASP.NET MVC application, the application, by default, generates a route for routing
user requests. The Global.asax file has a method, Application_Start() , defined in it. This is the first method
that is invoked when an MVC application starts. Finally, this method invokes the RegisterRoutes() static
method, which is defined in the RouteConfig.cs file in the App_Start folder. The RegisterRoute() method has
the definition of the default route, as shown in the following code snippet:
routes.MapRoute(
name: “Default”,
url: “{controller}/{action}/{id}”,
defaults: new { controller = “Home", action = “Index”, id = UrlParameter.Optional }
);
The preceding code snippet defines a route named Default. This route defines a URL pattern,
{controller}/{action}/{id}, with three segments: controller , action, and id . In addition, it defines the
default value for each segment in the pattern. The default value of the controller segment is defined as Home ,
the action segment is Index , and id is an optional parameter. Therefore, if a URL does not specify an action
method, the request is routed to the default action method, Index(), in the specified controller. Similarly, if a
URL request does not specify a controller, the request is routed to the Index() action method of the Home
controller.
The following table shows the requested URLs and the controllers, actions, and ID parameters that they map
with, as per the default routing scheme:
The URL Mapping with Controller Actions as per the Default Routing Scheme
Routing Patterns
The default route defines the routing mechanism for URLs of the form,
http://<domain>/<contoller>/<action>/<id>. However, to handle URLs that use a different form, additional
routes need to be defined. To define a new route, a URL pattern needs to be created. This URL pattern defines a
route pattern that a route will match with. A route pattern can contain variable placeholders or literal values or a
combination of these two. These placeholders and literals are placed in segments of the URL separated by the
slash ( / ) character. Placeholders are enclosed in braces, { and }.
For example, consider the following URL pattern and the matching URL:
URL pattern: “{controller}/{action}/{id}”

URL: http://www.demo.com/employee/details/2
In the preceding URL, the three placeholders, {controller}, {action} , and {id} , have the values, employee ,
details , and 2, respectively. You can also define multiple placeholders in a segment. However, these
placeholders must be separated by literal values. For example, consider the following URL:
http://www.demo.com/dell-US/show
In the preceding URL, the {company}-{country}/{action} pattern is used. You can see that in the first
segment, two placeholders {company} and {country} are created, separated by a dash (-) literal.
A route pattern can also have a combination of literal values and variable placeholders, as shown in the following
route pattern:
blog/{action}/{entry}
In the preceding route pattern, the first segment has a literal value, blog, and the second and third segments
define variable placeholders.
For example, consider the following URL:
http://www.demo.com/blog/show/321
In the preceding URL, the blog / {action} / {entry} pattern is used. Here, blog represents a literal value. The
value, show , is specified for the placeholder, action, and the value, 321 , is specified for the placeholder, entry .
The preceding URL is routed to the show() action method of the blog controller, and the value 321 is passed to
the show() action method as a parameter.
Ordering Routes
For large applications, you may need to register multiple routes. However, when you define multiple routes, you
should define them in a specific order. This is because whenever a URL request is received by the application,
the route matching is done from the first route to the last route. While matching the routes, whenever a match is
encountered, no more routes are tried after that. This behavior can cause unexpected problems.
For example, consider the following two routes:
routes.MapRoute(
name: “general”,
url: “{controller}/{action}”,
defaults: new { controller = “Home”, action = "Index”}
);
routes.MapRoute(
name: “admin”,
url: “Admin/{action}”,
defaults: new { controller = “Admin”, action = “Create”}
);
The first route contains two placeholder segments and sets the default value of the controller parameter to Home
and the action parameter to Index . On the other hand, the second route contains a constant segment, Admin , and a
variable placeholder segment, and sets the default value of the controller parameter to Admin and the action
parameter to Create. It causes problems in routing. This is because the first route can match just about any value
entered for a controller and action segment. This would even include the value, Admin for the controller segment.
It means that when you call a URL by using the value, Admin , for the first segment, the first route will be called
and the second route will never be called.
To fix this problem, you need to switch the order of the routes so that the second route named admin is defined
before the first route named general.
URL Routing Constraints
While creating routes, you may need to place extra constraints to ensure that the route matches only with the
appropriate requests. Providing constraints along with the route pattern gives a better control over how and when
a route matches an incoming request URL. For example, if you want a URL in the form toys/45 to specify a toy
with the id 45, you create a route pattern like toys/{id} . However, this route pattern can also match with the
URL toys/create. For id, you must constraint the URL to match only with the segments comprising digits. This
is where constraints are useful along with the route pattern. Constraints allow you to apply a regular expression to
a route segment to ensure that only appropriate request will match. For example, consider the following route:
routes.MapRoute(
name: "general",
url: "{controller}/{action}/{id}",
defaults: new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id=UrlParameter.Optional},
constraints: new { id = @"\d*" }
);
The preceding route has three segments: controller , action, and id. In addition, the default value for the
controller segment is set to Home , the action segment is set to Index , and id is an optional parameter. In the
preceding route, a constraint is applied on the id segment, which specifies that the id parameter can match only
with an integer value. The following table gives an example of URLs that may or may not match the preceding
route.
URL Match?
http://www.demo.com/product/toy/2341 Yes
http://www.demo.com/product/toy/car No
http://www.demo.com/product/toy Yes
http://www.demo.com/product/ Yes
http://www.demo.com/ Yes
The URLs and their Match Result with a Route
Ignoring a Route
In contrast to defining routes that map with controllers and actions, you can prevent URLs from being evaluated
against routes. For this, you can use the IgnoreRoute() method that adds a special route and tells the routing
engine to ignore requests for any URL that matches the given pattern.
For example, consider the following code snippet:
routes.IgnoreRoute(“{resource}.axd/{*pathInfo}”);
The preceding code snippet ignores any request for files with the extension, .axd. This file extension is used for
common ASP.NET handlers, such as Trace.axd and WebResource.axd. With the preceding call to the
IgnoreRoute() method, the requests for .axd files are handled as normal requests to ASP.NET and are not
handled by the routing engine.
Summary
In this session, you learned that:
Controllers are implemented in an MVC application as C# classes inherited from .NET Framework’s
built-in Controller class.
A controller class contains an application logic in the form of various public methods called action
methods.
The controllers are placed in a folder named Controllers under the Web application folder.
To invoke an action method, you can specify a URL in the Web browser that contains the information
about a controller and the action method within the controller.
A view is a combination of HTML markup and code that runs on the Web server.
The following two common techniques are used to pass data from a controller to a view:
ViewData
ViewBag
ViewData is a dictionary of objects derived from the ViewDataDictionary class.
ViewBag is just a dynamic wrapper over the ViewData dictionary.
Razor is a markup syntax that allows you to embed server-side code (written in C# or VB) in an HTML
markup.
The Razor view engine is responsible for interpreting the server-side code embedded inside a view file.
A partial view is a part of a view that can be used on multiple pages.
You can render a partial view in a view by using the @Html.Partial() method.
The mechanism for locating an appropriate action method for a given URL is called routing.
SEO is the process of optimizing a URL for a search engine to improve the page ranking in search
engine results.
An ASP.NET MVC application defines the default route for mapping URLs in a given pattern with
specific controller actions.
Every MVC application needs at least one route to define how the application should handle user
requests.
The default route defines the routing mechanism for URLs of the form,
http://<domain>/<contoller>/<action>.
A route pattern can contain variable placeholders or literal values or a combination of these two.
Providing constraints along with the route pattern gives a better control over how and when a route
matches an incoming request URL.
Chapter 3
Working with Models and Helper Methods
Most applications have some data associated with them. Therefore, interaction with the data becomes critical for
any application. In an MVC application, the component that enables interaction with data is called model. To
access and retrieve data in an application, you need to know how to work with models.
A user interacts with an application with the help of views. Therefore, it is important to design effective views.
ASP.NET MVC provides a number of helper methods that help you create views easily and provide several
additional benefits.
This chapter discusses how to work with models and helper methods in an ASP.NET MVC application.
Objectives
Work with Models

Work with HTML and URL Helpers
Working with Models

Consider the Web application of Newbay shopping store. The Project Head, Callie Jones, instructs the team to
implement an additional functionality that allows customers to view the product categories and the products
available in the selected category online. In addition, Callie wants that the application should allow the
administrator to add details of products. Further, she wants that the application should allow customers to place
online orders.
The software development team has already created the Home, About Us, and Contact Us pages of the
application. Now, they need to manage the data related to the products. In an MVC application, this is the model
that manages all the tasks related to handling data. The model represents the data and the business logic of an
application.
A model consists of a set of classes, where the objects of the classes represent the data associated with the
application. Suppose you have the data of products, which includes product name, description, and price. To
represent this data, you need to create a model class named Product with properties, such as Id, name ,
description, and price . The structure of this class should be similar to the structure of the Product table in the
database in such a way that there is a direct mapping between the properties of the Product class and the fields
of the Product table. This is called object-relational mapping (ORM). The following figure shows a direct
mapping between the properties of the Product class and the fields of the Product table.
The Object-Relational Mapping
A model also represents the business logic of an application. For example, in case of the Newbay website, the
developer has implemented the functionality that allows the administrator to compute the total monthly sales
generated online. In this case, the model is responsible for performing the calculation.
Once defined, you can access a model within a controller. Moreover, you can also pass model data from a
controller to a view. This view can be created manually or automatically. The ASP.NET MVC framework
provides a feature called scaffolding, using which you can create auto-generated controllers and views.
Let us learn how to perform the preceding tasks individually.
You will learn more about scaffolding later in this chapter.
Creating a Model
Consider the scenario of Newbay where the application needs to maintain information about the products, such as
Id, product name, description, and price. For this, the team needs to add a class in the model that defines the
required properties of the product.
The following code snippet declares the model class:
public class Product

{
public long Id {get; set;}
public string name {get; set;}
public string description {get; set;}
public int price {get; set;}
}
The preceding code snippet creates a model class named Product containing properties, such as Id, name ,
description, and price . As a convention, all model classes are stored in the Models folder within an ASP.NET
MVC application.
Task 3.1: Creating a Model
Accessing a Model Within a Controller
Consider the scenario of the Newbay application, where a user requests for some information related to a product
through the following URL:
www.Newbay.com/Home/Product
Once received, the server sends the request to the Product action method of the Home controller. The Product
action method coordinates with the model to access the data and displays it through a view.
To access the model from the Product action method, you need to create an object of the model class in the
Product action method, as shown in the following code snippet:
public ActionResult Product()

{
var product = new Newbay.Models.Product();
product.name = "Samsung 5676 Mobile";
product.description = "Newly launched with touch screen";
product.price = 15000;
return View();
}
In the preceding code snippet, product is an object of the Product class. The data related to the products, such
as name , description, and price , is defined statically. To refer to the Product model class, the qualifier,
Newbay.Models , is used. This qualifier can be omitted by including the namespace, Newbay.Models , at the top of
the controller class, as shown in the following code snippet:
using Newbay.Models
Here, Newbay.Models is the namespace that contains the Product model class, and Newbay is the name of your
application.
Passing Model Data from a Controller to a View
You have seen how to access a model within a controller. However, to be displayed to a user, the model data
needs to be made accessible to a view. For this, the controller can pass the model data to the view at the time of
invoking the view. The model data passed could be a single object or a collection of objects.
Passing a Single Object

Consider a controller action that can be invoked to retrieve the details of a product. To display the details to a
user, you need to create a view that can be used to display the value of a single product. In addition, you need to
pass the data associated with the product to the view.
You can pass the model data from a controller to a view by using ViewBag. To pass the data, you need to add the
highlighted portion of the following code snippet in the Product action method of the Home controller:

{
var product = new Product();
ViewBag.product = product;
return View();
}
In the preceding code snippet, an instance of the Product model class is passed to a view by using ViewBag. To
access the data stored in ViewBag from within the view, you need to add the following code snippet in the view:
@ViewBag.product.name<br/>
@ViewBag.product.description<br/>
@ViewBag.product.price<br/>
In the preceding code snippet, the razor syntax is used to display the property values of the object passed through
ViewBag .
You can also use the following code snippet as an alternative to the previous code snippet:
@{
var product = ViewBag.product;
}
@product.name <br/>
@product.description <br/>
@product.price <br/>
In the preceding code snippet, a reference of the object passed through ViewBag is stored in a variable, product.
The properties of the product are then displayed using this object.
As an alternative to using ViewBag, you can pass the data to a view by passing the object as a parameter to the
view, as shown in the highlighted portion of the following code snippet:

{
var product = new Product();
return View(product);
}
To access the passed information within the view, you need to add the following code snippet in the view:
@Model.name <br/>
@Model.description <br/>
@Model.price <br/>
Alternatively, you can also use the following code snippet to access the passed information in the view:
@{
var product = Model;
}
@product.name <br/>
@product.price <br/>
Passing a Collection of Objects

Consider a scenario where you need to display the details of multiple products to a user. For this, you need to
pass the data associated with all the products to the view. You can use the ViewBag technique to pass multiple
values from a controller to a view. To pass the data, you need to add the following code snippet in the
Productlist action method of the Home controller:
public ActionResult Productlist()

{
var products = new List<Product>();
var product1 = new Product();
product1.name = "Samsung 5676 Mobile";
product1.description = "Newly launched with touch screen";
product1.price = 15000;
product2.name = "Dell Inspiron 1545 laptop";
product2.description = "500 GB HDD with 6 GB RAM";
product3.name = "Sony Bravia LED tv";
product3.description = "40 inch Full HD";
products.Add(product1);
ViewBag.products = products;
return View();
}
In the preceding code snippet, three instances of the Product model class for three different products are passed
as a collection to a view by using ViewBag.
To access the data stored in ViewBag from within the view, you need to add the following code snippet in the
view:
@{
var products = ViewBag.products;
}
@foreach (var p in products)
{
@p.name<br/>
@p.description<br/>
@p.price<br/>
<br/>
}
As an alternative to using ViewBag, you can pass the data to a view by passing a collection of objects as a
parameter to the view, as shown in the following code snippet:
public ActionResult Productlist()

{
product1.name = "Samsung 5676 Mobile";
product1.description = "Newly launched with touch screen";
product2.name = "Dell Inspiron 1545 laptop";
product2.description = "500 GB HDD with 6 GB RAM";
product3.name = "Sony Bravia LED tv";
product3.description = "40 inch Full HD";
return View(products);
}
To access the passed information within the view, you need to add the following code snippet in the view:
@{
var products = Model;
}
@foreach(var p in products)
{
@p.name <br/>
@p.description <br/>
@p.price <br/>
<br/>
}
Task 3.2: Passing Model Data from a Controller to a View

Using Strong Typing
You have seen how to pass model data from a controller to a view. However, when the data is passed in this
manner, the view is not aware of the exact type of the data being passed. As a result, you do not get the benefit of
intellisense while trying to access the properties of the passed object. In addition, you do not get the benefits of
strong typing and compile-time checking of code, such as correctly typed property and method names.
To secure the preceding benefits, you can typecast the model data to a specific type, as shown in the following
code snippet:
@{
var product = Model as Newbay.Models.Product;
}
@product.name <br/>
@product.price<br/>
In the preceding code snippet, the Model object is cast to the type, Newbay.Models.Product. As a result of this
casting, the product object is created as an object of the type, Newbay.Models.Product, and enables compile-
time checking of code.
However, if you want to avoid explicit type casting of the model object, you can create a strongly typed view and
obtain the benefits of strong typing. A strongly typed view specifies the type of model it expects by using the
@model declaration, as shown in the following code snippet:
@model Newbay.Models.Product
Now, you can access the properties of the model object by using the following code snippet:
@Model.name <br/>
@Model.description <br/>
@Model.price <br/>
To avoid specifying a fully qualified type name for the model, you can use the @using declaration, as shown in
the following code snippet:
@using Newbay.Models
@model Product
A better approach for namespaces that can be used often within views is to declare the namespace in the
web.config file within the Views directory, as shown in the highlighted part of the following code snippet:
<namespaces>
<add namespace="System.Web.Mvc" />

<add namespace="System.Web.Mvc.Ajax" />
<add namespace="System.Web.Mvc.Html" />
<add namespace="System.Web.Routing" />
<add namespace="Newbay.Models" />
</namespaces>
So far you have seen how to implement strong typing while passing a single object to a view. However, if you
want to pass a collection of objects, you need to use the @model declaration, as shown in the following code
snippet:
@model IEnumerable<Newbay.Models.Product>
The preceding declaration specifies that the view can accept a collection of objects of the type, Product. Now,
you can access the collection of model objects in the view by using the following code snippet:
@{
var products = Model;

}
@foreach(var p in products)
{
@p.name <br/>
@p.description <br/>
@p.price <br/>
<br/>
}
Introduction to Scaffolding
So far you have manually created the controllers and views to handle the information related to a product and
display the same to the user. This requires a lot of time and manual coding. To overcome this problem, ASP.NET
provides a feature called scaffolding that builds an application quickly.
Scaffolding allows you to create auto-generated controllers and their corresponding views after examining the
properties of the associated model. Scaffolding uses a predefined convention for naming controllers and views. In
addition, it knows where to place auto-generated codes for the application to work.
Scaffolding provides various templates for creating controllers and associated views. Some of these templates
are:
Empty MVC controller: The empty controller template adds a class derived from the Controller
class to the Controllers folder. This class has only one action method by the name, Index, with no code
inside it.
MVC controller with empty read/write actions: This template adds a controller class with action
methods, such as Index, Details, Create, Edit, and Delete. These action methods have some code written
inside them. However, they do not perform any useful function. You can make them functional by
adding your own code and creating the views for each action method.
API controller with empty read/write actions: This template adds a class derived from the
ApiController base class. You can use this template to build a Web API for your application.
MVC controller with read/write actions and views using Entity Framework: This template adds a
controller class with action methods, such as Index, Details, Create, Edit, and Delete. It also generates
all the required views and the code to retrieve information from a database.
In addition, scaffolding provides the following templates for creating views:
List: This template generates the markup to display the list of model objects.
Create: This template generates the markup to add a new object to the list.
Edit: This template generates the markup to edit an existing model object.
Details: This template generates the markup to show the details of an existing model object.
Delete: This template generates the markup to delete an existing model object.
Scaffolding templates gives you the basic code required to implement the create, read, update, and
delete (CRUD) functionality in an application. However, you may need to customize the code/markup as per
your specific requirements. Using scaffolding is not necessary. However, it can speed up the development
process. If you do not like the scaffolding behavior, you can write the code/markup yourself from scratch.
Task 3.3: Creating Controllers Using Scaffolding Templates
The List Template
The List template is used to create a view that displays a list of model objects. This list is passed to the view
through a controller action, as shown in the following code snippet:
{
//Code to populate the products collection
return View(products);
}
When you create a view for the Product model created earlier using the List template, the following markup is
generated:
@model IEnumerable<Newbay.Models.Product>
@{
ViewBag.Title = "Index";
}
<table>
<tr>
<th>@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.name)</th>
<th>@Html.DisplayNameFor(model = > model.description)</th>
<th>@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.price)</th>
</tr>
@foreach (var item in Model) {
<tr>
<td>@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.name)</td>
<td>@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.description)</td>
<td>@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.price)</td>
<td>
@Html.ActionLink("Edit", "Edit", new {id=item.ID}) |
@Html.ActionLink("Details", "Details", new {id=item.ID})|
@Html.ActionLink("Delete", "Delete", new {id=item.ID})
</td>
</tr>
}
</table>
In the preceding markup, the Html.DisplayNameFor() helper method is used to display the names of model
properties, and the Html.DisplayFor() helper method is used to display the values of the model properties. In
addition, the Html.Actionlink() helper method is used to create links to edit, delete, and view details for a
product. The @model IEnumerable<Newbay.Models.Product> method is used to type the view to a collection of
Product objects. @foreach (var item in Model) is used to iterate over the collection of products and display
the property values associated with each product individually. The Html.DisplayNameFor() and
Html.DisplayFor() helper methods use a parameter to specify the names and the values of the properties to be
displayed on the view.
You will learn more about helper methods in the next section.
The sample output generated by the preceding code snippet is displayed in the following figure.
The View Generated by Using the List Template

This is only a sample output. The actual output will depend on the data supplied to the view by the
controller.
The Create Template
The Create template can be used to generate a view that needs to be used for accepting the details of a new
object to be stored in a data store.
To render a view based on the Create template, you need to create an action method. Consider an action method
name Create() in the Home controller, as shown in the following code snippet:
public ActionResult Create()
{
return View();
}
The preceding code snippet will render a view named Create stored in the Views/Home folder within an MVC
project. The Create() action method is invoked when a user clicks the Create link on the view generated through
the List template.
When you create a view named Create for the Product model using the Create template, the following markup is
generated:
@{
ViewBag.Title = "create";
}
<h2>create</h2>
@using (Html.BeginForm()) {
@Html.ValidationSummary(true)
<fieldset>
<legend>Product</legend>
<div class="editor-label">
@Html.LabelFor(model => model.name)
</div>
<div class="editor-field">
@Html.EditorFor(model => model.name)
@Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.name)
</div>
@Html.LabelFor(model => model.description)
</div>
@Html.EditorFor(model => model.description)
@Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.description)
</div>
@Html.LabelFor(model => model.price)
</div>
@Html.EditorFor(model => model.price)
@Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.price)
</div>
<p>
<input type="submit" value="Create" />
</p>
</fieldset>
}
</div>
@Html.ActionLink("Back to List", "Index")
</div>
@section Scripts {
@Scripts.Render("~/bundles/jqueryval")
}
In the preceding markup, the BeginForm helper method marks the start of a form. The
Html.ValidationSummary() validation helper is used to display the summary of all the error messages at one
place. Further, the Html.LabelFor() helper method renders an HTML label element with the name of the
property, and the Html.EditorFor() helper method displays a textbox to accept the value of a model property. In
addition, the Html.ValidationMessageFor() validation helper is used to display a validation error message for
the associated model property.
You will learn more about validation helpers in a subsequent chapter.
The preceding code snippet will generate the interface as shown in the following figure.
The View Generated by Using the Create Template
When the user fills data in the preceding form and clicks the Create button, an HTTP POST request is sent to the
Create() action method within the Home controller. The data filled by the user in the form is also sent along
with the request.
We already have an action method named Create in the Home controller. However, this action method is simply
designed to render the Create view. To handle the HTTP POST request, another action method named Create
needs to be created. This new action method needs to be differentiated from the previous Create() method by
decorating it with an HttpPost attribute, as shown in the following code snippet:
[HttpPost]
public ActionResult Create(Product product)
{
/*Code to save the details of the product object to a data store and return an appropriate
view. */
}
Similarly, the other action method can be decorated with an HttpGet attribute, as shown in the following code
snippet:
[HttpGet]

{
return View();
}
Whenever the Create action method is requested through a URL request, the method with the [HttpGet] attribute
is invoked. However, whenever the Create action method is invoked as a result of submitting the Create form, the
method with the [HttpPost] attribute is invoked.
The Edit Template
The Edit template can be used to generate a view that needs to be used for modifying the details of an existing
object stored in a data store.
To render a view based on the Edit template, you need to create an action method that passes the model object to
be edited to the view.
When you create a view named Edit for the Product model using the Edit template, the following markup is
generated:
@{
ViewBag.Title = "Edit";
}
<h2>Edit</h2>
<fieldset>
@Html.HiddenFor(model => model.ID)
</div>
@Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.name)
</div>
@Html.LabelFor(model => model.description)
</div>
@Html.EditorFor(model => model.description)
@Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.description)
</div>
@Html.LabelFor(model => model.price)
</div>
@Html.EditorFor(model => model.price)
@Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.price)
</div>
<p>
<input type="submit" value="Save" />
</p>
</fieldset>
}
<div>

</div>
@section Scripts {
}
In the preceding markup, the Html.LabelFor() helper method renders an HTML label element with the name of
the property. Further, the Html.EditorFor() helper method is used to display a textbox to accept the value of a
model property. In addition, the Html.ValidationMessageFor() helper method is used to display a validation
error message.
The View Generated by Using the Edit Template
The preceding Edit view is rendered by the Edit() action method in the Home controller. However, when the
user edits the data in the preceding form and clicks the Save button, an HTTP POST request is sent to the Edit()
action method. To handle the HTTP POST request, another action method named Edit() needs to be created
with an HttpPost attribute.
The Details Template
The Details template is used to create a view that displays details of a model object. The details of the model
object are passed to the view through a controller action.
When you create a view for the Product model using the Details template, the following markup is generated:
@{
ViewBag.Title = "Details";
}
<h2>Details</h2>
<fieldset>
<div class="display-label">
@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.name)
</div>
<div class="display-field">
@Html.DisplayFor(model => model.name)
</div>
@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.description)
</div>
@Html.DisplayFor(model => model.description)
</div>
@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.price)
</div>
@Html.DisplayFor(model => model.price)
</div>
</fieldset>
<p>
@Html.ActionLink("Edit", "Edit", new { id=Model.ID }) |

</p>
properties. Further, the Html.DisplayFor() helper method is used to display the values of the model properties.
The View Generated by Using the Details Template
The Delete Template
The Delete template can be used to generate a view that needs to be used for deleting an existing object from a
data store.
To render a view based on the Delete template, you need to create an action method that passes the model object
to be deleted to the view.
When you create a view for the Product model using the Delete template, the following markup is generated:
@{
ViewBag.Title = "Delete";
}
<h2>Delete</h2>
<h3>Are you sure you want to delete this?<h3>
<fieldset>
</div>
</div>
@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.description)
</div>
@Html.DisplayFor(model => model.description)
</div>
</div>
@Html.DisplayFor(model => model.price)
</div>
</fieldset>
<p>
<input type="submit" value="Delete" />
</p>
}
properties. Further, the Html.DisplayFor() helper method is used to display the values of the model properties.
In addition, the Html.Actionlink() helper method is used to create a link to list the details for a product.
The View Generated by Using the Delete Template
The preceding Delete view is rendered by the Delete() action method in the Home controller. However, when
the user clicks the Delete button, an HTTP POST request is sent to the Delete() action method. To handle the
HTTP POST request, another action method named DeleteConfirmed() needs to be created with an HttpPost
attribute.
Working with HTML and URL Helpers
Consider a scenario where the development team working on the Newbay shopping application needs to give an
option to the user to access the details of different products online. Moreover, the user should be able to navigate
the different Web pages easily. In order to create the views for these features, you can use the HTML markup.
Although developing views using HTML is quite simple, yet it often becomes difficult to handle specific issues
using HTML. Some of these issues are:
Ensuring that a URL within a link actually points to the correct location
Ensuring that form elements have proper names and are bound to the correct values to implement model
binding
To overcome these problems, ASP.NET MVC offers a standard set of helper methods. These helpers help you
work with HTML and URLs. The benefit of using these helpers is that they help you generate links and URLs
from the routing configuration. As a result, a change in routes is automatically reflected in the links and URLs.
Some of the helper methods that can be used in building an MVC application are:
Html.ActionLink()
Html.BeginForm() and Html.EndForm()
Html.Label() and Html.LabelFor()
Html.DisplayNameFor() and Html.DisplayFor()
Html.TextBox() and Html.TextBoxFor()
Html.TextArea() and Html.TextAreaFor()
Html.EditorFor()
Html.Password() and Html.PasswordFor()
Html.HiddenFor()
Html.CheckBox() and Html.CheckBoxFor()
Html.DropDownList() and Html.DropDownListFor()
Html.RadioButton() and Html.RadioButtonFor()
Url.Action()
Html.ActionLink()
The Html.ActionLink() method generates a hyperlink (anchor tag) that points to a controller’s action method.
The Html.ActionLink() helper uses the internal routing mechanism to generate the target URL for the hyperlink.
The Html.ActionLink() helper method has the following syntax:
@Html.ActionLink("Link Text", "AnotherAction")
In the preceding syntax, AnotherAction is the name of the action method that acts as the target for the hyperlink,
and Link Text is the text to be displayed as the link.
Assuming that the preceding hyperlink is contained in a view associated with the Home controller, the preceding
syntax will produce the following markup:
<a href="/Home/AnotherAction">LinkText</a>
However, if you want to navigate to an action method in a different controller, you can consider the following
syntax:
@Html.ActionLink("Link Text", "AnotherAction", "AnotherController")
In the preceding syntax, AnotherAction is the name of the action method that acts as the target for the hyperlink,
Link Text is the text to be displayed as the link, and AnotherController is the name of the controller that
contains the action method, "AnotherAction" .
The Html.BeginForm() method marks the start of a form. This helper method coordinates with the routing engine
to generate a proper URL. The Html.BeginForm() helper method outputs the opening <form> tag. The
Html.BeginForm() helper method has the following syntax:
@{Html.BeginForm("MyAction","MyController");}
The preceding syntax will produce the following markup:
<form action="Mycontroller/MyAction" method="post">
In the preceding syntax, MyController is the name of the controller and MyAction is the name of the action
method to which the form will be posted.
Once created, you need to close the <form> tag by rendering a closing </form> tag. The Html.EndForm() helper
method renders the closing </form> tag. The Html.EndForm() helper method provides a way to end the form
created by using the Html.BeginForm() helper method. The Html.EndForm() helper method has the following
syntax:
@{Html.EndForm();}
However, to avoid using the Html.EndForm() helper method to close the form, you can make use of the
following syntax:
@using (Html.BeginForm("MyAction","MyController"))
//markup to generate form elements
In the preceding syntax, an @using statement has been used with the Html.BeginForm() method. The preceding
syntax will produce the following markup:
<form action="Mycontroller/MyAction">

</form>
The advantage of using @using before the Html.BeginForm() method is that it automatically renders a closing
</form> tag and you do not need to explicitly include the Html.EndForm() method to add the closing </form>
tag.
The Html.Label() helper method is used to render an HTML <label> element, which refers to the specified
model property. The Html.Label() helper method has the following syntax:
@Html.Label("propertyname")
For example, with reference to the Product class, the name of the product can be displayed by using the
following statement.
@Html.Label("name")
The preceding statement will generate the following markup:
<label for="name">name</label>
However, while writing the property name in the Label() method, there are chances that you may misspell the
name of the property. Such mistakes would not be detected at the time of compilation of the code. To overcome
such problems, you can use the Html.LabelFor() helper method.
The Html.LabelFor() helper method is the strongly typed version of the Html.Label() helper method. The
Html.LabelFor() helper method has the following syntax:
@Html.LabelFor(model => model.propertyname)
The Html.LabelFor() helper method uses a lambda expression as its parameter, which provides compile time
checking and ensures that the correct property name is specified.
In addition, it gives you the benefit of intellisense while trying to access the model properties, as shown in the
following figure.
The Html.LabelFor() Helper Method
This helps in avoiding the chance of misspelling the name of the property.
Similar to the Html.Label() helper method, the Html.LabelFor() helper method renders an HTML <label>
element with the name of the property.
For example, with reference to the Product class, the name of the product, the name property, can be displayed
by using the following statement:
The Html.DisplayNameFor() helper method is used to display the names of model properties. The
Html.DisplayNameFor() helper method has the following syntax:
@Html.DisplayNameFor(model => model.propertyname)
In the preceding syntax, propertyname is the name of the property defined in the model class. For example, with
reference to the Product class, the name of the product can be displayed by using the following statement:
The preceding statement will display the following output:
name
The Html.DisplayFor() helper method is used to display the values of the model properties. The
Html.DisplayFor() helper method has the following syntax:
@Html.DisplayFor(model => model.propertyname)
In the preceding syntax, propertyname is the name of the property defined in the model class. Assuming that the
preceding syntax is used for displaying the name of a product defined in the model class, the preceding syntax
would be written as the following statement:
The Html.TextBox() helper method renders an input tag with the type attribute set to text. The Html.TextBox()
helper method is used to accept free-form input from a user. The Html.TextBox() helper method has the
following syntax:
@Html.TextBox("propertyname", Model.propertyname)
In the preceding syntax, propertyname is the name of the property defined in the model class. The preceding
syntax will generate the following markup:
<input id="propertyname" name="propertyname" type="text" value="val" />
In the preceding markup, val is the value associated with the model property, propertyname.
The Html.TextBoxFor() helper method is the strongly typed version of the Html.TextBox() helper method. The
Html.TextBoxFor() helper method has the following syntax:
@Html.TextBoxFor(model => model.propertyname)
The preceding syntax generates the same markup as that of the Html.TextBox() helper method.
The Html.TextArea() helper method is used to render a <textarea> element for multi-line text entry. The
Html.TextArea() helper method enables you to specify the number of columns and rows to display in order to
control the size of the text area. The Html.TextArea() helper method has the following syntax:
@Html.TextArea("propertyname", Model.propertyname, row, column, null)
In the preceding syntax, row and column specify the number of rows and columns. propertyname specifies the
name of the model property. The fifth parameter in the preceding syntax specifies additional HTML attributes for
the text area. In this case, it has been specified as null .
To include a text area with 5 rows and 20 columns for the description property of the Product model, you can
write the following statement:
@Html.TextArea("description", Model.description, 5, 20, null)
Assuming that the description property of the Product model includes the value, Newly launched with the
touch screen, the preceding statement will generate the following markup:
<textarea cols="20" id="description" name="description" rows="5"> Newly launched with touch
screen</textarea>
The Html.TextAreaFor() helper method is the strongly typed version of the Html.TextArea() helper method.
It has the following syntax:
@Html.TextAreaFor(model => model.propertyname, rows, columns, null)
The Html.TextAreaFor() helper method generates the same markup as that of the Html.TextArea() helper
method.
Html.EditorFor()
The Html.EditorFor() helper method is used to display an editor for the specified model property. The
Html.EditorFor() helper method has the following syntax:
@Html.EditorFor(model => model.propertyname)
In the preceding syntax, propertyname is the name of the property defined in the model class. For example, to
edit the value associated with a name field, the preceding syntax can be written as the following statement.

Assuming that the name field of the model contains the value, Samsung 5676 Mobile, the preceding statement
will generate the following markup:
<input class="text-box single-line" id="address" name="address" type="text" value="Samsung

5676 Mobile" />
The Html.Password() helper method renders a password field. The Html.Password() helper method has the
following syntax:
@Html.Password("UserPassword",Model.UserPassword)
In the preceding syntax, UserPassword is the name of the model property.
The preceding syntax will generate the following markup:
<input id="UserPassword" name="UserPassword" type="password" />
The Html.PasswordFor() helper method is the strongly typed version of the Html.Password() helper method. It
is used to render a password field. The Html.PasswordFor() helper method has the following syntax:
@Html.PasswordFor(model => model.UserPassword)
Html.Hidden() and Html.HiddenFor()

The Html.Hidden() helper method renders a hidden input. The Html.Hidden() helper has the following syntax:
@Html.Hidden("propertyname", Model.propertyname)
In the preceding code snippet, propertyname is the name of the property.
<input id="propertyname" name="propertyname" type="hidden" value="val" />
In the preceding markup, val is the value of the model property, propertyname.
The Html.HiddenFor() helper method is the strongly typed version of the Html.Hidden() helper method. The
Html.HiddenFor() helper method has the following syntax:
@Html.HiddenFor(model => model.propertyname)
In the preceding syntax, propertyname is the name of the model property that needs to be added to a hidden
field.
The Html.CheckBox() helper method renders a check box input element that enables the user to select a true or
false condition. The Html.CheckBox() helper method has the following syntax:
@Html.CheckBox("propertyname")
<input id="propertyname" name="propertyname" type="checkbox" value="true" /> <input

name="propertyname" type="hidden" value="false" />
In the preceding markup, the checkbox helper method renders a hidden input in addition to the checkbox input.
This is required because a browser submits a value for a checkbox only when the checkbox is selected. The
hidden input guarantees that a value will be submitted, even if the user does not select the checkbox.
The Html.CheckBoxFor() helper method is the strongly typed version of the Html.CheckBox() helper method.
The Html.CheckBoxFor() helper method has the following syntax:
Html.CheckBoxFor(model => model.propertyname)
The Html.DropDownList() helper method returns a <select/> element. The Html.DropDownList() helper
method allows selection of a single item. The <select/> element shows a list of possible options and also the
current value for a field. The Html.DropDownList() helper method has the following syntax:
@Html.DropDownList("myList", new SelectList(new [] {"A", "B", "C"}), "Choose")
In the preceding syntax, A, B, and C are the options available in the drop down list. Choose is the default value at
the top of the list, indicating to the user that a value needs to be chosen from the drop-down list.
Consider an example where you want to create a drop-down list named City with the values Paris, Tokyo, and
Rome populated in it. For this, you can use the following statement:
@Html.DropDownList("City", new SelectList(new [] {"Paris", "Tokyo", "Rome"}), "Choose")
The preceding statement will generate the following markup:
<select id="City" name="City">
<option value="">Choose</option>
<option>Paris</option>
<option>Tokyo</option<
<option>Rome</option>
</select>
The Html.DropDownListFor() helper method is the strongly typed version of the Html.DropDownList() helper
method. The Html.DropDownListFor() helper method has the following syntax:
@Html.DropDownListFor(model => model.propertyname, new SelectList(new [] {"A",

"B","C"}),"Choose")
The Html.RadioButton() helper method is used to provide a range of possible options for a single value. For
example, if you want the user to select the gender, you can use two radio buttons to present the choices. The
Html.RadioButton() helper method has the following syntax:
@Html.RadioButton("name", "value", isChecked)
In the preceding syntax, name is the name of the radio button input element, value is the value associated with a
particular radio button option, and isChecked is a Boolean value that indicates whether the radio button option is
selected or not.
For example, to accept the gender of a user, you can create a collection of two radio buttons, as shown in the
following code snippet.
Male @Html.RadioButton("Gender", "Male", true)
Female @Html.RadioButton("Gender", "Female")
The preceding code snippet will generate the following markup:
Male <input checked="checked" id="Gender" name="Gender" type="radio" value="Male" />

Female <input id="Gender" name="Gender" type="radio" value="Female" />
The Html.RadioButtonFor() helper method is the strongly typed version of the Html.RadioButton() helper
method. The Html.RadioButtonFor() helper method takes an expression that identifies the object that contains
the property to render, followed by a value to submit when the user selects the radio button. The
Html.RadioButtonFor() helper method has the following syntax:
@Html.RadioButtonFor(model => model.propertyname, "Value")

In the preceding syntax, propertyname is the property of the model class that needs to be rendered.
Url.Action()
The Url.Action() helper method will return the URL for the specified action within a controller. The following
syntax can be used to build a URL from a given controller and action:
@Url.Action("ActionName", "ControllerName")
For example, to generate a URL of the Index action in the Home controller, the following statement can be used:
@Url.Action("Index", "Home")
The preceding statement will generate the following output:
/Home/Index
Summary
In an MVC application, the component that enables interaction with data is called model.
A model consists of a set of classes, where the objects of the classes represent the data associated with
the application.
The model data passed could be a single object or a collection of objects.
Scaffolding provides the following templates for creating controller and associated views:
Empty controller
Controller with empty read/write actions
API controller with empty read/write actions
Controller with read/write actions and views using Entity Framework
Scaffolding provides the following templates for creating views:
List
Create
Edit
Details
Delete
Some of the helper methods that can be used in building an MVC application are:
Html.ActionLink()
Html.EditorFor()
Html.HiddenFor()
Url.Action()
Chapter 4
Validating Data
In an MVC application, a model represents classes that interact with data. These classes contain various
properties, which define the structure of the data. To preserve this structure, you need to maintain the integrity of
the model. However, while interacting with a view, it is possible that users enter invalid data. Therefore, you need
to validate the data entered by users.
Validation is the process of checking the input data against certain criteria. In an MVC application, the data
entered by a user in a form is checked against the structure of the model class.
In order to validate the data, there are various data annotations provided by MVC, which help you to implement
validation.
This chapter discusses how to work with data annotations and implement data validation.
Objectives
Identify Data Annotations

Implement Validation
Introduction to Data Annotations

Consider the scenario of the Newbay shopping store. This store has a website that allows customers to search the
products and place orders online. However, before performing any such activity, customers need to create an
account on the website. For this purpose, they need to fill the registration form. While filling this form, the
customer needs to enter certain details, such as name, gender, age, and address.
The customer details, such as name, gender, and address, should be in the correct format and not left empty.
Moreover, the age entered by the customer in the registration form should be equal to or more than 18 years. In
such a situation, when the customer submits the form, the details of the customer must be validated. If the
validation criteria are valid, the form is accepted. Otherwise, an error message is displayed to the customer. Such
type of validation can be implemented on a website by using various data annotations available in the MVC
framework.
The advantage of using data annotations is that they enable you to perform validation efficiently by adding one or
more data annotation attributes to a model property. As a result, validation is easily performed.
These data annotations are available in the System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations namespace. Therefore,

before using any data annotation, you need to add this namespace in your application. Some of the commonly
used data annotations are:
Required
StringLength
RegularExpression
Range
Compare
Display
ReadOnly
DataType
ScaffoldColumn
Let us discuss these annotations individually.
Required
The Required data annotation attribute specifies that the property, with which this annotation is associated, is a
required property. This means that the value of the property cannot be left blank. This attribute raises a validation
error if the property value is null or empty.
Consider a scenario where you need to ensure that a user enters values for the username and the password fields,
before submitting the login Web page. To accomplish this task, you can use the Required attribute while
declaring the Username and Password properties in the Model class, as shown in the following code snippet:
[Required]
public string Username { get; set; }
[Required]
public string Password { get; set; }
In the preceding code snippet, the [Required] attribute is used before a property to validate the Username and
Password properties of a class. This attribute raises a validation error if the associated property value is either
null or empty. The validation errors raised through the data annotation attributes can be displayed to the user by
using validation helpers.
You will learn about validation helpers in the next section.
By using data annotation and validation helpers, a default message is displayed to the user, as shown in the
following figure:
The Output Showing Usage of the Required Attribute
In the preceding figure, the [Required] attribute raises a default error message. However, you can also
customize error messages. The following code snippet illustrates how to add a custom error message to the
[Required] attribute:
[Required(ErrorMessage = "Please enter the Username")]

public string Username { get; set; }
[Required(ErrorMessage = "Please enter the Password")]
StringLength
The StringLength data annotation attribute is used to specify the minimum and maximum lengths of a string
field. The attribute raises a validation error, if the user enters a string with more or less number of characters than
the specified range. For example, consider the following code snippet:
[StringLength(100, MinimumLength = 3)]

public string Username {get; set;}
In the preceding code snippet, the maximum length of the Username field is set to 100 , and the minimum length
is set to 3. The MinimumLength parameter is optional for the StringLength attribute. If a user does not enter the
string in the specified range, a default error message is displayed, as shown in the following figure:
The Username Field
However, if you want to display a custom message, you can use the following code snippet:
[StringLength(100,ErrorMessage = "Name cannot be more than 100 characters long")]

public string Username {get; set;}
Each annotation attribute allows you to pass an optional parameter named ErrorMessage that can be
used to specify a custom error message associated with the attribute.
RegularExpression
At times, you need to accept user input in a specific text pattern. For example, if you want to accept an email
address, it is mandatory to have the @ symbol between the user name and the domain name. For this, you can
use a regular expression annotation attribute. It allows you to match a text string with a search pattern. The
pattern consists of one or more character literals, operators, or constructs. The regular expression has the
following syntax:
[RegularExpression("pattern")]
To check the validity of an email address, you can use the following regular expression pattern:
[RegularExpression(@"[A-Za-z0-9._%+-]+@[A-Za-z0-9.-]+\.[A-Za-z]{2,4}")]
public string Email { get; set; }
In the preceding code snippet, the regular expression, [A-Za-z0-9._%+-]+@[A-Za-z0-9.-]+\.[A-Za-z]{2,4},
is used to describe an email address.
An email address is divided into three segments arranged in the following manner:
[email protected]
Similarly, there are three segments in the given regular expression:
Segment1: [A-Za-z0-9._%+-]+
Segment2: [A-Za-z0-9.-]+
Segment3: [A-Za-z]{2,4}
The characters and character ranges specified within the square brackets in each segment specify the types of
characters that can appear in that segment.
The + sign at the end of Segment1 and Segment2 indicates that these segments can consist of one or more
characters of the types included within the square brackets preceding the + sign.
{2, 4} at the end of Segment3 indicates that the third segment can include 2-4 characters.
If a user does not enter the email in the correct format, the following error message is displayed.
The Email field
Similarly, you can also create regular expressions to match other text patterns.
Range
You can use the Range attribute to specify the minimum and maximum constraints for a numeric value. For
example, if you want the user to enter the age between 20 and 35, you can use the Range attribute, as shown in
the following example:
[Range (20, 35)]

public int Age { get; set; }
In the preceding example, the first parameter, 20, specifies the minimum value, and the second parameter, 35,
specifies the maximum value. Here, the minimum and maximum values are inclusive. The Range attribute will
display the following error if the age entered is not in the specified range, as shown in the following figure.
The Age field
You can specify the range for double values too, as shown in the following example:
[Range(typeof(decimal), "0.00", "49.99")]

public decimal Price { get; set; }
In the preceding example, the first parameter, 0.00 , specifies the minimum value, and the second parameter,
49.99 , specifies the maximum value for the Price property.
Compare
At times, you have two fields in a form, in which you want to accept the same value. For example, you want that
a user should enter the same password in both, the Password and ConfirmPassword fields. Therefore, to match
the value of the two fields in a form, you can use the Compare attribute. This ensures that the two properties on a
model object have the same value. Consider the following example:

[Compare("Password")]
public string ConfirmPassword { get; set; }
In the preceding example, the ConfirmPassword field is checked to ensure that it contains the same value as that
of the Password field.
If a user does not enter the same password in both the fields, an error message is displayed, as shown in the
following figure.
The Password and the ConfirmPassword fields

Display
When you use scaffolding to create views, the name of each property is displayed as a label for the fields
corresponding to that property. The Display attribute allows you to specify a user friendly display name for a
model property. For example, consider the following code snippet:
[Display(Name = "Movie Name")]

public string Movie_Name { get; set; }
In the preceding code snippet, the name of the property is Movie_Name . However, the name that will be displayed
on the view is Movie Name , as shown in the following figure.
The Movie_Name field
ReadOnly
At times, you want to display a read-only field on a form to the user. Consider the example of a form that allows
a user to enter a product code, price, and quantity of items. Once the user specifies the details, the total amount is
calculated and displayed to the user in the TotalAmount field. Because the value of the TotalAmount field is a
calculated value, the users need not calculate and enter the value of the total amount on their own. Therefore, you
can specify the TotalAmount field as read-only by using the ReadOnly attribute. This attribute ensures that the
default model binder will not set the property with a new value from the request. Consider the following
example:
[ReadOnly(true)]
public Int32 TotalMarks { get; set; }
In the preceding example, the TotalMarks property is set to read-only. If you use an EditorFor() helper for the
TotalMarks property, an enabled input will be displayed and the user will be able to enter a value in the input
element. However, the model binder will not set the property with a new value from the request.
DataType
The DataType attribute helps you to provide information about the specific purpose of a property at run time. For
example, a property of the string type can be used to hold an email address, a URL, or a password. By applying
DataType for a Password field as Password , the HTML helpers in ASP.NET MVC will render an input element
with a type attribute set to Password . Therefore, upon entering a value in the Password field, the user sees a
special character, such as a dot or star, instead of the original character. Consider the following example:
[DataType(DataType.Password)]
In the preceding example, DataType of the Password field is set to Password , which displays a dot, instead of the
original character, as shown in the following figure.
The Password Field
You can also add other DataType attributes such as Currency , Date , Time , and MultilineText . To add
MultilineText to an Address field, consider the following example:
[DataType(DataType.MultilineText)]
public string Address { get; set; }
In the preceding example, DataType of the Address field is set to MultilineText , which displays a text area, as
shown in the following figure.
The Address Field
ScaffoldColumn
At times, you do not want to render a particular field on a view. For example, consider that you have the Age
property in your class. You want that when a user fills a form in a browser, the label and input for the Age field
should not be displayed on the browser. Consider the following example:
[Required]
[ScaffoldColumn (false)]
public string Age { get; set; }
With the preceding attribute in place, scaffolding will not add the the Age column to any view based on the
model.
Implementing Validation
Consider the scenario of the Newbay Web application. A user needs to enter values for the username and
password fields in a Login form before accessing the website. Once the user enters the username and the
password and submits the login form, it is sent to the server that validates the entered username and the
password. In case the username or the password contains a blank value, a value in an incorrect format, or a value
that does not match the credentials stored in the database, the server sends an error message to the client.
To check whether the credentials provided by the user match the credentials stored in the database, a round-trip
to the server is required. However, the other details, such as checking for blank values and correctly formatted
values, can even be done at the client side. Therefore, to avoid round trips to a server, you can implement
validation at the client- side.
Client-side validation provides immediate feedback without submitting anything to the server. It is usually
implemented using JavaScript. The data that the user enters is validated before being sent to the server. This
provides immediate feedback and an opportunity to correct any error before the data is sent to the server.
However, if JavaScript is disabled at the client-side, then the validation is only done at the server-side.
Both the client-and-server side validations, display a default message for an incorrect value. However, you can
change this default message by specifying the message in the corresponding annotation attribute. In addition, you
can summarize the entire validation message at one place, on a Web page. The error messages can be displayed
by using HTML validation helpers.
Let us see how to use these helpers to display error messages.
Using HTML Helpers to Display Error Messages
In the registration form of the Newbay application, a user needs to register personal details, such as user name,
password, email, city, and address. While filling the form, if the user enters an incorrect value in any of the
fields, an error message needs to be displayed to the user. To accomplish this task, MVC provides the following
two main helper methods:
Html.ValidationMessageFor()
Html.ValidationSummary()
Html.ValidationMessageFor
Consider the scenario where a registration form needs to be filled. While filling this form, if a user enters an
incorrect value in any of the fields, an error message is displayed separately for all the fields. To display these
error messages, the ValidationMessageFor() HTML helper is used with each field. For example, consider the
following model class:
public class Customer
{
public long ID { get; set; }
[Required]
public string Name { get; set; }
[Required]
[Required]
[Compare("Password")]
public string Confirm { get; set; }
[Required]
[RegularExpression(".+\\@.+\\..+")]
[Required]
public string City { get; set; }
[Required]
[DataType(DataType.MultilineText)]
In the preceding code snippet, the model properties, such as Name , Password , Confirm, Email , City , and
Address , have different data annotations applied to them.
Based on the properties of the preceding model class, scaffolding will generate the following code for the
registration form:
<fieldset>
<legend>Customer</legend>
<div class="editor-label" >
@Html.LabelFor(model => model.Name)
</div>
<div class="editor-field" >
@Html.EditorFor(model => model.Name)
@Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Name)
</div>
@Html.LabelFor(model => model.Password)
</div>
@Html.EditorFor(model => model.Password)
@Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Password)
</div>
@Html.LabelFor(model => model.Confirm)
</div>
@Html.EditorFor(model => model.Confirm)
@Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Confirm)
</div>
@Html.LabelFor(model => model.Email)
</div>
@Html.EditorFor(model => model.Email)
@Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Email)
</div>
@Html.LabelFor(model => model.City)
</div>
@Html.DropDownListFor(model=>model.City,(SelectList)ViewBag.category,string.Empty)
@Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.City)
</div>
@Html.LabelFor(model => model.Address)
</div>
@Html.EditorFor(model => model.Address)
@Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Address)
</div>
</fieldset>
@section Scripts {
}
In the preceding code snippet, the @Html.ValidationMessageFor() helper method is used with each form field
to display the default error messages related to that field.
In the preceding code snippet, the @section directive is used to include the javascript libraries
required for implementing validation. You will learn more about the @section directive in the subsequent
chapters.
If a user submits the registration form without filling the values in the fields, the preceding code snippet will
render the following interface:
The Output Showing the Default Error Along with the Fields
However, you can replace the default messages for the individual fields by short messages or a special character,
such as asterisk (*). In order to implement this functionality, you need to pass the short message as the second
parameter of the Html.ValidationMessageFor() helper method, as shown by the highlighted part of the
following code snippet:
<fieldset>
<legend>Customer</legend>
@Html.LabelFor(model => model.Name)
</div>
@Html.EditorFor(model => model.Name)
@Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Name, "*")
</div>
@Html.LabelFor(model => model.Password)
</div>
@Html.EditorFor(model => model.Password)
@Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Password, "*")
</div>
@Html.LabelFor(model => model.Confirm)
</div>
@Html.EditorFor(model => model.Confirm)
@Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Confirm, "*")
</div>
@Html.LabelFor(model => model.Email)
</div>
@Html.EditorFor(model => model.Email)
@Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Email, "*")
</div>
@Html.LabelFor(model => model.City)
</div>
@Html.DropDownListFor(model=>model.City,(SelectList)
ViewBag.category,string.Empty)
@Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.City, "*")
</div>
@Html.LabelFor(model => model.Address)
</div>
@Html.EditorFor(model => model.Address)
@Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Address, "*")
</div>
</fieldset>
}
If a user submits the registration form without filling the values in the fields, the preceding code snippet will
render the following output:
The Output Showing an Asterisk Character Instead of the Default Error Message
A short error message is usually displayed with the form fields when you want to display the detailed
error messages together at one place by using the Html.ValidationSummary() helper method.
Html.ValidationSummary
The Html.ValidationFor() helper can be associated with a single form field, and it will display the errors
associated with that field. Therefore, you need a separate ValidationFor() helper for each form field. If you
want to summarize all the error messages at one place, you can use the Html.ValidationSummary() helper. In
order to implement this functionality, you need to add the highlighted code snippet in the view file, as shown in
the following code:
@Html.ValidationSummary(false)
In the preceding code snippet, the value, false , indicates that the validation messages for each individual
property should not be excluded while displaying the validation summary. As a result, the validation messages for
all the properties will be displayed together in the validation summary.
The validation summary for the preceding example will show the summarized error messages, as shown in the
following figure.
The Summarized Error Messages
Introduction to ModelState
Consider a situation where a user needs to enter the username and password before accessing a Web page. Once
the user enters the password in the correct format, the entered password will be bound with the password
property in the model class. This process is known as model binding. However, if the user enters the password in
an incorrect format, the process of binding the password with the password property of the model class fails. This
results in an error. The error message associated with this error can be displayed by using the
ValidationMessage helper method. If the model binding succeeds, the ModelState.IsValid property returns
true. However, if there is any error in the model state, the ModelState.IsValid property returns false.
Consider the following example:
if (ModelState.IsValid)
{
//Code to save the entered data and display an appropriate view
}
else
{
//Code to redisplay the view with errors
}
In the preceding code snippet, if ModelState.IsValid is true, the data entered by the user is saved. Otherwise,
the view is redisplayed with errors.
Adding Errors to the Model State Using Server-side scripting

The information entered by a user can be validated at client-side using various data annotations. However, there
are times when this validation is not sufficient. For example, while creating an email account, a user needs to
choose an email Id not taken before. For this, you need to validate the entered data at the server-side. MVC
allows server-side validation of the entered data in the corresponding action method. Inside the action method,
you can write the code to check for an error. If you find any error, using the AddModelError() method, you can
add an error message in ModelState . The AddModelError() method adds a model error to the error collection of
the model state dictionary.
[HttpPost]
public ActionResult Create(Credentials credentials)
if (usernameAlreadyExists(credentials.Username))
{
ModelState.AddModelError("Username", "Username is not available.");
}
{
/*Code to save the entered data and display an appropriate view */
}
else
{
//Code to redisplay the view with errors
}
}
In the preceding code snippet, the Username property of the credential object is passed to a user-defined
function, usernameAlreadyExists() , which checks whether the username provided by the user already exists or
not. If the username already exists, an error message indicating the same is added to ModelState . If the model
state contains an error, the ModelState.IsValid property returns false. However, if the model state does not
contain any error, the ModelState.IsValid property returns a true value and the data entered by the user is
saved.
Activity 4.1: Implementing Validation
Summary
Validation is the process of checking the input data against certain criteria.
Some of the commonly used data annotations are:
Required
StringLength
RegularExpression
Range
Compare
Display
ReadOnly
DataType
The Required data annotation attribute specifies that the property, with which this annotation is
associated, is a required property.
The StringLength data annotation attribute is used to specify the minimum and maximum lengths of a
string field.
You can use the Range attribute to specify the minimum and maximum constraints for a numeric value.
The Display attribute allows you to specify a user friendly display name for a model property.
The DataType attribute helps you to provide information about the specific purpose of a property at run
time.
Client-side validation provides immediate feedback without submitting anything to the server.
Both the client-and-server side validations, display a default message for an incorrect value.
MVC provides the following two main helper methods:
Html.ValidationMessageFor()
Html.ValidationSummary()
The Html.ValidationFor() helper can be associated with a single form field, and it will display the
errors associated with that field.
Chapter 5
Managing Data
Most Web applications handle data available as a database, text file, xml file, or spreadsheet. To access this data,
an application needs to interact with the relevant data source. In an application, data is usually stored in the form
of classes and objects. However, in a database, data is stored in the form of tables and views. Therefore, the
definitions of classes or objects need to be mapped with the database tables or relational schemata. This requires
you to write additional code. To overcome this problem, Entity Framework can be used. Entity Framework maps
the classes and objects in an application to the tables in a relational data store. Moreover, it eliminates the need
to write most of the data access code that needs to be written otherwise.
This chapter discusses the fundamentals of Entity Framework. In addition, it explains how to work with Entity
Framework to manage data in an application.
Objectives
Identify the fundamentals of Entity Framework

Work with Entity Framework
Introduction to Entity Framework

Consider the scenario of the Newbay store Web application. The application needs to display information about
customers, such as customer ID and contact information. For this, the application uses the SQL database that
contains the Customer table. In an application, data is usually stored in the form of classes and objects. However,
in a database, data is stored in the form of tables and views. Therefore, in order to retrieve the details of
customers, the definition of classes and objects needs to be mapped with that of the relational objects. This
requires you to write complex code.
To overcome this problem, .NET provides the Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) framework called Entity
Framework. Entity Framework enables you to work with relational data in the form of objects by representing the
relational objects, such as tables, views, stored procedures, and functions, in the form of a conceptual model in
the application. The conceptual model represents data as entities and relationships among these entities. In an
Entity Framework-based application, the conceptual model is referred to as Entity Data Model (EDM). EDM
allows you to work with data as entities or objects.
Entity Framework eliminates the need to write most of the data-access code that otherwise needs to be written. It
uses different approaches to manage data related to an application. These approaches are:
The database-first approach

The model-first approach
The code-first approach
The Database-first Approach
While developing an application, if you already have an existing database, the database-first approach is
considered to be the best-suited approach. Entity Framework uses the database and generates the model for you,
as depicted by the following figure.
The Database-first Approach
The resulting data model will contain all the classes and properties corresponding to the existing database objects,
such as tables and columns. The database structure and model related information are stored in an XML file with
the .edmx extension. You can generate, edit, and update the .edmx file by using the Entity Framework designer
provided by Visual Studio. The Entity Framework designer is a graphical designer tool that enables you to modify
the .edmx file. This tool is used to visually create and change entities and associations.
The Model-first Approach
If you don't have a database and you are at the initial stages of development, you can follow the model-first
approach. In the model-first approach, the first priority is the model, while the code and the database are
secondary. The model-first approach gives you the flexibility to delay the creation of a database and, hence,
allows you to view the different possibilities of improving its structure.
In the model-first approach, you can first create a model by using the Entity Framework designer. The resulting
model and mapping information are stored in the .edmx file. The following figure displays a model created by
using the Entity Framework designer.
A Model Created by Using the EF Designer
While creating a model, you can create entities, relationships between two entities, and inheritance hierarchies.
Once the model is created, the Entity Framework designer uses the .edmx file of the model to create the
database, as depicted by the following figure.
The Model-first Approach
The Code-first Approach
In the code-first approach, you can start the development of your application by coding custom classes and
properties, which correspond to tables and columns in the relational database. This approach allows you to build
a database without using the Entity Framework designer or the .edmx file.
In the code-first approach, if you don’t have an existing database, you first create your own custom classes, and
then the database is created from them automatically. Further, if you change the model class, Entity Framework
provides you the options to drop and recreate the database accordingly.
If you have an existing database, you can still define classes that map to the existing database. In addition,
reverse engineering tools are available that allow you to generate the model classes from the existing database.
The following figure represents the code-first approach.
The Code-first Approach

Working with Entity Framework
Entity Framework uses different approaches for development, such as code-first, database-first, and model-first,
to manage data related to objects. This course focuses mainly on the code-first approach. The other two
approaches are discussed in brief.
The code-first approach allows you to define your own domain model by creating custom classes. The database is
then created by using this model. The structure of the database is determined by examining the structure of the
model and using certain conventions.
Let us discuss the conventions used for the code-first approach. In addition, let us see how to implement the
Entity Framework code-first approach.
Code First Conventions
The code-first approach allows you to provide the description of a model by using the C# or Visual Basic .NET
classes. Based on these class definitions, the code-first conventions detect the basic structure of a model. The
code-first conventions are a set of rules that automatically configure a conceptual model. These conventions are
defined in the System.Data.Entity.ModelConfiguration.Conventions namespace . Some of the conventions
are:
Table naming convention: If you have created an object of the model class named Customer and want
to store its data in the database, Entity Framework assumes that you want to store the data in the table
named Customers .
Primary key convention: If in a class, you have created the property named ID or <classname> ID, the
property is assumed to be a primary key. Also, Entity Framework sets up an auto-incrementing key
column in SQL Server to hold the property value.
public int ID { get; set; }
In the preceding code snippet, you have created the property, ID, inside the class named Customer .
Therefore, it is inferred as a primary key.
Consider another code snippet:
public int CustomerID { get; set; }

}
In the preceding code snippet, the CustomerID property will be inferred as a primary key. This is
because the name of the property contains the class name followed by ID.
Relationship convention: Entity Framework also follows certain conventions to identify a relationship
between two entities. A relationship between two entities can be defined by using navigational
properties. In addition to the navigational properties, it is recommended to define a foreign key property
on types that represent dependent objects. For example, consider the following code snippet:

// Navigation property
public virtual ICollection<Order> Orders { get; set; }
}
public class Order
{
public string ProductName { get; set; }

public int Price { get; set; }
// Foreign key

// Navigation properties
public virtual Customer cust { get; set; }
}
In the preceding code snippet, Orders is the navigational property in the Customer class and cust is the
navigational property in the Order class. We call these as navigational properties because they allow us
to navigate to the properties of another class. For example, by using the navigational property, cust , you
can navigate to the orders associated with that customer. One customer can place multiple orders.
Therefore, the orders navigational property is declared as a collection. This indicates a one-to-many
relationship between the Customer and Order classes.
In addition, a property by the name, CustomerID , is included in the Order class. This property is inferred
by Entity Framework as a foreign key.
Entity Framework uses certain conventions to identify a foreign key. Entity Framework infers that a
property is a foreign key, if it meets the following conditions:
The property has the same data type as the principal primary key. For example, the CustomerID
property in the Order class has the same data type as the principal primary key, CustomerID , in the
Customer class.
The name of the property follows any one of the following formats:
<navigational property name><principal primary key property name>: As per this
format, a valid name for the foreign key in the Order class could be custCustomerID .
<principal class name><principal primary key property name>: As per this format, a
valid name for the foreign key in the Order class could be CustomerCustomerID .
<principal primary key property name>: As per this format, a valid name for the foreign
key in the Order class could be CustomerID .
If there are multiple properties that match the given formats, the precedence is given in the order the preceding
formats are listed.
Using the Code-first Approach
You can use the code-first approach by performing the following steps:
1. Create the model classes.

2. Create the database context.
3. Configure the database location.
4. Create a controller.
Creating the Model Classes
You can create a model by simply using C# classes. For example, you can create the following class to describe
the data related to customers:

public string Gender { get; set; }
}
In the preceding code snippet, the class named Customer is created. The Customer class defines various
properties, such as ID, Name , Gender, Address, and Email .
In addition, the following class can be created to describe the data related to products:
public class Product

public string Description { get; set; }
}
In the preceding code snippet, the class named Product is created. The Product class defines various properties,
such as ID, Name , and Description.
Creating the Database Context

Once you have created the model, you need to define the database context class. This context class coordinates
with Entity Framework and allows you to query and save the data in the database. You can define the database
context class by deriving from the System.Data.Entity.DbContext class. The database context class exposes
one or more properties of the type, DbSet <T> , where T represents the type of object that needs to be stored in
the database.
public class ShopDataContext : DbContext
{
public DbSet<Customer> Customers { get; set; }
public DbSet<Product> Products { get; set; }
}
In the preceding code snippet, the database context class named ShopDataContext is created. It is derived from
the DBContext class defined in the System.Data.Entity namespace. This class creates the DBSet property for
both, the Customer class and the Product class.
Configuring the Database Location

Entity Framework automatically creates the database in SQL Server with the name of the database context.
However, it is advisable to configure the database location to keep track of the database that is being used. To
configure the database location, you need to define a connection string in the Web.config file. A connection
string specifies information about a data source and the way to establish a connection. It consists of a series of
distinct pieces of information known as connection string properties. These properties are separated by
semicolons in the code.
The connection string can have various connection string properties. Some of the important connection string
properties are:
Data Source: It indicates the name or the IP address of the server where the data source is located.
Initial Catalog: It indicates the name of the database that will be accessed by using the specified
connection.
Integrated Security: You can connect to SQL Server by using either the Windows authentication or
the SQL Server authentication. The Integrated Security property indicates that you want to connect
to SQL Server by using the Windows user account. The possible values for this property are True ,
False , and SSPI . The True and SSPI (Security Support Provider Interface) values specify that the
current Windows account credentials need to be used for user’s authentication. However, SSPI provides
better security. The False value specifies that the SQL Server authentication needs to be used.
SSPI is an Application Programming Interface (API) that Microsoft Windows uses to handle
security-related operations.
Persist Security Info: It indicates whether the user-related information, such as the user ID and
password, is discarded once used to open the connection. This information is discarded when the value
of Persist Security Info is set to False . However, if the value of this attribute is set to True, the
security-sensitive information, including the user ID and password, can be obtained from the connection
after the connection has been opened. This may lead to serious security issues as the login information
can be leaked out as long as the connection is open.
AttachDBFilename: It gets or sets a string that contains the name of the primary data file.
providerName: It is an optional attribute that specifies a class to communicate with a specific type of
data source.
To define a connection string, you need to open the Web.config file and add a new connection string within the
<connectionStrings> and </connectionStrings> tags, as shown in the following code snippet:
<connectionStrings>
...
...
<add name="ShopDBConnection" connectionString="Data Source=(LocalDb)\v11.0;Initial
Catalog=aspnet-NewbayOnline-20130416063703;Integrated
Security=SSPI;AttachDBFilename=|DataDirectory|\aspnet-NewbayOnline-20130416063703.mdf"
providerName="System.Data.SqlClient" />
</connectionStrings>
The preceding code snippet specifies the connection string named ShopDBConnection. This connection string
specifies that the data source, (LocalDb)\v11.0 , and the SQL Server database named aspnet-NewbayOnline-
20130416063703.mdf need to be used to store the data.
Afterwards, you can specify the connection string to be used by adding a constructor in the DbContext class. For
example, consider the following code snippet:
public class ShopDataContext:DbContext
{
public ShopDataContext()
: base("ShopDBConnection")
{
}
}
In the preceding code snippet, the connection string named ShopDBConnection is specified by using the
constructor in the ShopDataContext() class. As a result, a connection to the database will be established by
using the ShopDBConnection connection string.
Creating a Controller
You can create a controller either by using scaffolding or by writing the code manually. For creating the
controller automatically by using scaffolding, you need to specify the scaffolding template, model class name,
and data context name. One of the scaffolding templates creates an MVC controller with the various action
methods and the corresponding views. These action methods handle the create, edit, display, and delete
operations in a database. However, you can also create these methods manually in an empty controller according
to your needs. Let us discuss these action methods one by one.
The Index Action Method

The Index() action method handles the operation of retrieving the model class objects from a data store and
rendering a view to list the model class objects.
Consider the following Index() action method that retrieves customer records and renders an appropriate view:
var db = new ShopDataContext();

var customers = db.Customers;
return View(customers);
}
In the preceding action method, first the instance, db, of the ShopDataContext class is created. Next, this
instance is used to retrieve the customer records and store them in the collection variable, customers . Finally, the
View() method is invoked to render a view and the customers collection is passed to the view as a parameter.
The preceding Index() method uses Language Integrated Query (LINQ) to retrieve customer records
from the database. You will learn more about LINQ in the next chapter.
The Create Action Method

The Create() action method handles the operation for creating model class objects. The scaffolding template
creates two Create() action methods in a controller. One of the Create() action methods is invoked whenever
the HTTP GET request is received. This action method renders the Create view. The other Create() action
method is invoked whenever the HTTP POST request is received from the Create view. This action method first
validates the data entered by the user in the Create view, and then saves the data in the database. For example,
suppose you have created a controller for the Customer model, then the following Create() action method is
created in the controller:
{
return View();
}
The preceding method returns a view that displays a form to enter customer records, as shown in the following
figure.
A Form to Enter Customer Records
In addition, the following Create() method is also created in the controller:

[HttpPost]
public ActionResult Create(Customer customer)

{
{
db.Customers.Add(customer);
db.SaveChanges();
return RedirectToAction("Index");
}
return View(customer);
}
In the preceding method, the [HttPPost] attribute is included, which restricts an action method to handle only
HTTP POST requests. The Create () action method accepts the customer object containing the data entered by
the user as a parameter. If the data is valid, an instance of the appropriate DbContext class (db) is used to invoke
the Add() method that adds the customer object to the Customers property of the data context. Then, the
SaveChanges() method is used to save the data related to the customer object in the database. Finally, the user is
redirected to the Index view.
The Edit Action method

The Edit () action method handles the operation of editing the data related to a particular model object. The
scaffolding template adds two edit action methods related to a model object. One of the edit action methods finds
the data related to a customer whose records need to be edited and renders the Edit view. For example, if you
have created the Customer class in the model, the following Edit() method in the controller is created that
enables you to return a view for a particular customer:
public ActionResult Edit(int id = 0)
Customer customer = db.Customers.Find(id);

if (customer == null)
{
return HttpNotFound();
}
}
The preceding action method accepts the id of the record to be edited as a parameter. It then uses the Find()
method to find the customer record on the basis of the primary key, id. If the customer record is found, the view
for editing the customer record is rendered. Otherwise, the HttpNotFound() method is invoked, which informs
you that the requested resource is not found.
The other Edit () action method is invoked whenever the HTTP POST request is received from the Edit view.
This action method first validates the data entered by the user, and then saves the updated data. For example,
consider the following method:
[HttpPost]
public ActionResult Edit(Customer customer)

{
{
db.Entry(customer).State = EntityState.Modified;
db.SaveChanges();
}
}
In the preceding method, the ModelState.IsValid property validates if the data submitted in the form is valid. If
the data is valid, the state of the entity is set to modified. This state marks the state of an entity as modified.
Further, all the property values will be saved to the database by calling the SaveChanges() method of the
database context. After saving the data, the code redirects the user to the Index () action method of the
controller, which displays all the customer records, including the changes just made.
The Details Action method

The Details() action method contains the code to find the details related to a particular model object. It finds
the records on the basis of the parameter value passed to it. The parameter is the primary key, such as id. For
example, consider the following code to retrieve the data related to a particular customer:
public ActionResult Details(int id = 0)

{
}
}
In the preceding code, the Find() method is used to find the customer record on the basis of the primary key, id.
If the customer record is found, the view containing the customer record is rendered. Otherwise, the
HttpNotFound() method is invoked, which informs you that the requested resource is not found.
The Delete Action method

The Delete() action method handles the operation of deleting the data related to a particular model object. The
scaffolding template adds two Delete () action methods related to a model object, one for the HTTP GET
request and the other for the HTTP POST request. The HTTP GET version of the Delete() action method finds
the data related to a customer whose record needs to be deleted and renders a view that displays the searched
record and provides an option to delete the record. For example, if you have created the Customer class in the
model, the following Delete() method in the controller is created that enables you to return a view for a
particular customer:
public ActionResult Delete(int id = 0)
{
{
}
}
The HTTP POST version of the Delete() action method requires the same signature as that of the HTTP GET
version of the Delete() action method. However, CLR requires overloaded methods to have unique signatures.
To resolve this problem, the HTTP POST method is named as DeleteConfirmed . The DeleteConfirmed()
action method deletes the required record, and then saves the changes in the database. For example, consider the
[HttpPost, ActionName("Delete")]
public ActionResult DeleteConfirmed(int id)

db.Customers.Remove(customer);
db.SaveChanges();
}
The preceding DeleteConfirmed() action method is preceded with the ActionName("Delete") attribute. This
attribute is added to perform mapping for the routing system so that a URL that includes /Delete/ for a POST
request will be routed to the DeleteConfirmed() action method. In the DeleteConfirmed() action method, the
Remove() method is used to delete a customer record and the SaveChanges() method is used to save the changes
to the database. Finally, the code redirects the user to the Index() action method of the controller. The Index()
action method displays the customers’ records, which exclude the deleted record.
Task5.1: Creating a Controller by using Scaffolding
Activity 5.1: Working with the EF Code-first Approach

Initializing a Database with Test Data
During the development of a Web application, several changes may be made to the model to implement various
features. As a result, the model and the previously-created database may not remain in sync with each other. To
maintain synchronization between the model and the database, you need to ensure that any change in the model is
reflected back in the database. Therefore, the database needs to be recreated. For this, Entity Framework provides
the following two classes in the System.Data.Entity namespace:
DropCreateDatabaseAlways: It allows you to recreate an existing database whenever the application

starts.
DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges: It allows you to recreate an existing database whenever the
model changes.
Depending on the need, you can select one of the preceding classes while calling the SetInitializer() method
of the System.Data.Entity.Database namespace. For example, if you want to recreate the NewBay store
database whenever the application starts, you need to write the highlighted portion of the following code inside
the Global.asax.cs file:
protected void Application_Start()
Database.SetInitializer(new DropCreateDatabaseAlways<ShopDataContext>());
AreaRegistration.RegisterAllAreas();
RegisterGlobalFilters(GlobalFilters.Filters);
RegisterRoutes(RouteTable.Routes);
}
In the preceding code, the DropCreateDatabaseAlways class is used while calling the SetInitializer()
method. This ensures that the existing database is recreated whenever the application starts.
However, if you want to recreate the NewBay store database only when the model changes, you need to use the
highlighted portion of the following code inside the Global.asax.cs file:
Database.SetInitializer(new DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<ShopDataContext>());
AreaRegistration.RegisterAllAreas();
RegisterGlobalFilters(GlobalFilters.Filters);
RegisterRoutes(RouteTable.Routes);
}
In the preceding code, the DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges class is used while calling the
SetInitializer() method. This ensures that the existing database is recreated whenever the model changes.
At the time of development, you can instruct Entity Framework to initialize your database with some sample data
for testing purposes whenever the database is recreated. For this, you need to create a model class that derives
from either the DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges class or the DropCreateDatabaseAlways class. In this
class, you need to override the Seed() method. The Seed() method enables you to define the initial data for the
application.
Consider the following code snippet that defines the MyDataContextDbInitializer class:
public class MyDataContextDbInitializer :DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<ShopDataContext>
protected override void Seed(ShopDataContext context)

{
context.Customers.Add(new Customer() { Name = "Test Customer",
Gender="Male",Email="[email protected]" });
base.Seed(context);
}
}
In the preceding code snippet, the MyDataContextDbInitializer class in derived from the
DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges class. In the MyDataContextDbInitializer class, the Seed() method is
overridden to define the initial data for the customers.
Then, you need to register the MyDataContextDbInitializer class while calling the SetInitializer() method.
For this, you need to add the highlighted portion of the following code snippet in the Application_Start()
method in the Global.asax.cs file:
System.Data.Entity.Database.SetInitializer(new MyDataContextDbInitializer());
}
You need to ensure that the required namespaces are included. Otherwise, the code will not run.
Entity Framework Code-first Migrations
The approach of recreating a database whenever the application starts or the model changes will lead to the
deletion of existing data. Therefore, this approach is applicable only in the development phase when you are
working with some sample data. However, when the Web application becomes live, you need a mechanism that
enables you to prevent the loss of data. For this, Entity Framework supports code-first migrations. It allows you
to change the model and modifies the database accordingly. For example, you have created the Customer model
with the properties, such as Name , Address, and Gender. Now, you want to add additional properties named City
and PhoneNumber in the Customer model. A database migration allows you to add the column in the database
without dropping the database, thereby retaining the data saved in the database. To enable database migration,
you need to use Package Manager Console. You can use Package Manager Console to:
Enable migrations
Run migrations
Enabling Migrations
To enable migrations, you need to run the following command in Package Manager Console:
Enable-Migrations
If more than one context is used in the application, you need to specify the context name. For example, consider
the following command:
Enable-Migrations -ContextTypeName NewbayOnline.Models.ShopDataContext
In the preceding code snippet, the ShopDataContext class is specified as the context name while running the
Enable-Migrations command.
On execution, this command adds the Migration folder to the project. This Migration folder contains the
following two files:
The Configuration class: This class enables you to configure how the migrations will behave for the
data context. It contains the Seed() method that can be modified according to your needs. To use the
Configuration class and modify the Seed() method, you first need to set the
AutomaticMigrationsEnabled variable to true in the Configuration() method of the Configuration
class file, as shown in the following code snippet:
public Configuration()
{
AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;
}
Thereafter, you can modify the Seed() method in the Configuration class file, as shown in the following
code snippet:
protected override void Seed(NewBayOnline.Models.ShopDataContext context)
{
context.Customers.AddOrUpdate(r => r.Name, new Customer { Name = "abc", Gender =
"Male" });
}
The preceding code snippet will add the customer record to the database only if the record does not
already exist. However, if the record related to that customer already exists, it will be updated if there is
any modification in the record.
If you have registered the model class for initializing the database with the test data, you need
to comment the SetInitializer statement in the Application_Start() method of the
Global.asax.cs file.
An InitialCreate migration script: This migration script is only added in the project when you already
have a database, before you enable migrations. It contains two methods, Up() and Down(). The Up()
method contains the code to migrate the database to your new model, and the Down() method contains
the code to undo the change and revert back to the previous version.
Running Migrations
You can run migration by using the Update-Database command. This command updates the database by
applying the pending migrations. For example, if you have added a new property in the model, the following
command can be used to update the database:
Update-Database -Verbose
In the preceding command, the -Verbose flag is used to view the SQL statements that are being applied to the
target database.
Activity 5.2: Managing Changes to the Model
Task 5.2: Working with the EF Database-first Approach
Task 5.3: Working with the EF Model-first Approach

Summary
Entity Framework enables you to work with relational data in the form of objects by representing the
relational objects, such as tables, views, stored procedures, and functions, in the form of a conceptual
model in the application.
While developing an application, if you already have an existing database, the database-first approach
is considered to be the best-suited approach.
In the model-first approach, the first priority is the model, while the code and the database are
secondary.
In the code-first approach, you can start the development of your application by coding custom classes
and properties, which correspond to tables and columns in the relational database.
A relationship between two entities can be defined by using navigational properties.
You can use the code-first approach by performing the following steps:
a. Create the model classes.
b. Create the database context.
c. Configure the database location.
d. Create a controller.
A connection string specifies information about a data source and the way to establish a connection.
Entity Framework provides the following two classes in the System.Data.Entity namespace:
DropCreateDatabaseAlways
DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges
A database migration allows you to add the column in the database without dropping the database,
thereby retaining the data saved in the database.
You can use Package Manager Console to:
Enable migrations
Run migrations
Chapter 6
Using LINQ to Access Data
While developing data-centric applications, you need to deal with two types of code, the business logic
implementation code and the data manipulation code. The business logic implementation code is written by using
a programming language. However, traditionally, the data manipulation code includes queries written in a data-
source-specific query language. Therefore, in order to develop a data-centric application, you need to learn a
programming language as well as a query language. In addition, if the data source of an application changes, you
need to learn a different query language and modify the data manipulation code of your application.
To overcome these issues, Microsoft introduced Language Integrated Query (LINQ). LINQ enables you to create
data-source-independent queries in an application and offers different providers to work with different data
sources.
This chapter explains how to work with LINQ. Further, it discusses how to use LINQ to access data from
disparate data sources, such as SQL, XML, and business objects.
Objectives
Identify the fundamentals of LINQ

Access data from disparate data sources
Introduction to LINQ
Traditionally, an application that needed to access data from a database used to include database-specific queries
in a string format within the application code. For example, consider the following code snippet that creates an
application object for storing a query that retrieves data from the Product table:
SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand("SELECT * FROM Product", myConnection);

Queries in this format do not support compile-time checking or intellisense support. In addition, you need to learn
multiple query languages to interact with the various data sources, such as SQL databases, XML documents, and
various Web services.
LINQ simplifies this situation by offering a consistent model for working with data across the various kinds of
data sources and formats.
LINQ is a set of APIs that enables you to create data-source-independent queries to implement data access in an
application. It has a programming model that provides the standard query syntax to query different types of data
sources. In LINQ, the query is written in any .NET Framework supported programming language, such as C# or
VB. The LINQ query acts on a strongly-typed collection of objects with the help of language keywords and
common operators. This helps developers to quickly manipulate data from the various data sources without
requiring them to learn a new query language.
Using a Simple LINQ Query
LINQ offers a consistent programming model to query data from different data sources. So, the same query
syntax is used to query and alter data in the various data sources. Therefore, all LINQ query operations consist of
the same set of actions that act on different data sources. All LINQ query operations consist of the following
three distinct actions:
1. Obtain the data source.

2. Create the query.
3. Execute the query.
Obtaining the Data Source

For executing a LINQ operation, the first step is to specify the data source. All LINQ queries operate on objects
that implement the IEnumerable<T> or IQueryable<T> interface. This allows LINQ queries to operate on a
variety of types, ranging from in-memory arrays and collections (that implement the IEnumerable<T> interface)
to external databases, such as SQL server or Oracle (that implement the IQueryableT> interface). The
IEnumerable<T> interface is available in the System.Collections namespace. T in the IEnumerable<T> interface
represents the type of data that is being retrieved from a collection or array, whereas, the IQueryable<T>
interface enables you to create queries to retrieve data from a specific data source. T in the IQueryable<T>
interface represents the type of data in a data source. This interface is available in the System.Linq namespace.
Creating the Query

A query specifies the type of information to be retrieved from the data source. A query is written by using a
query expression that uses the standard query syntax, and is stored in a query variable. The query variable stores
the information that is required to produce the results when the query is executed.
Consider the scenario of the Newbay application wherein you need to retrieve customer details from the
Customer table stored in an SQL Server database. In this application, you can use an instance of the
IQueryable<T> interface to retrieve the customer details from the data source, as shown in the following code
snippet:
IQueryable<Customer> q = from s in db.customers

select s;
In the preceding code snippet, the from clause specifies the data source from where the data has to be retrieved.
db is an instance of the data context class that provides access to the customers data source, and s is the range
variable. When the query is executed, the range variable acts as a reference to each successive element in the data
source.
The select clause in a LINQ query specifies the type of the returned elements. Using the select clause, you can
specify whether your result will consist of complete customer objects, a subset of the members of the customer
object, or some computed values. The select clause in the preceding LINQ query specifies that each element in
the result will consist of a customer object.
Now, consider the following LINQ query:
var q = from s in db.customers

select s.Name;
The select clause in the preceding LINQ query specifies that the result will consist only of the names of the
customers.
Further, consider the following LINQ query:

select new {s.Name, s.Address};
The select clause in the preceding LINQ query specifies that the result will consist of the names and addresses
of the customers.
Executing the Query

So far, you have seen how a query is created. The query would not retrieve the data unless it is executed. In order
to execute a query, you need to iterate over the query variable in a foreach statement. This concept is referred to
as deferred execution.
Deferred execution helps you to create a query once, and then execute it as many times as you want. It is useful
in situations where the database is constantly updated. In such a situation, you can create a query variable and
execute it repeatedly at some interval to retrieve the updated data.
For example, to retrieve and display the customer details from the Customers table of an SQL Server database,
you need to first create a query. Next, you need to use the foreach statement to execute the query and retrieve
the details, as shown in the following code snippet:
string names = "";

select s;
foreach (var cust in q)
{
names = names+" "+cust.Name;
}
ViewBag.Name = names;
In the preceding code snippet, the foreach statement is used to retrieve the query results iteratively and the
variable, cust , is used to hold each value one at a time. The name of each customer is appended to the string
variable, names . Finally, the names variable is assigned to the Name property of ViewBag to pass the information
to a view.
Queries that perform aggregate functions, such as Max and Count , over a range of source elements, execute
without explicitly using the foreach loop and return a single value. These queries are executed at the time of
their definition. This is called immediate execution. For example, to count the number of customer records in the
db.customers data source, consider the following code snippet:
int customerCount = (from s in db.customers

select s).Count();
ViewBag.Count = customerCount;
In the preceding example, the foreach loop has not been used to execute the query. It gets executed
automatically when the Count() function is used.
You can also force immediate execution by calling the ToList<TSource>() or ToArray<TSource>() methods.
The ToList<TSource>() method forces immediate query execution and returns List<T> that caches the query
results. Consider the following example, which forces immediate query execution and returns List<T> that
contains the query results:
List<string> names = (from s in db.customers

select s.Name).ToList();
The preceding code returns a list that contains the names of all the customers.
The ToArray<TSource>() method forces immediate query execution and returns an array that caches the query
results. Consider the following example, which forces immediate query execution and returns an array that
contains the query results.
string[] names = (from s in db.customers

select s.Name).ToArray();
The preceding code returns an array that contains the names of all the customers.
Using LINQ Queries to Filter, Sort, Group, and Join Data
In addition to selecting data, a query can perform the following operations on data:
Filter the data

Sort the data
Group the data
Join the data
Filtering the Data

Filtering refers to the operation of restricting the result set to contain only those elements that satisfy a specified
condition. The filter causes the query to return only those elements for which the expression is true. In LINQ, the
concept of filtering can be used effectively to filter out a set of objects from a list of objects.
Consider the scenario of Newbay wherein you need to filter only those customers who have an address in Tokyo.
This requires you to retrieve the records from the Customer table. For this, you need to use the from and where
clauses in the query, as shown in the following code snippet:

where s.City == "Tokyo"
select s;
The preceding code snippet retrieves details of all the customers from Tokyo.
In addition, you can use the logical operators, such as AND (&&) and OR (||), to apply multiple filters as
necessary in the where clause. For example, to filter the customers who live in Tokyo and have the name, Tom,
you need to use the following code snippet:
where s.City == "Tokyo" && s.Name == "Tom"
select s;
In the preceding code snippet, the AND (&&)operator is used to apply multiple filters.
Sorting the Data

LINQ queries can also be used to retrieve data and display it in a sorted manner. A sorting operation orders the
elements in a proper sequence based on one or more attributes. In order to implement sorting using LINQ, you
need to use the orderby clause. The orderby clause specifies the order in which the result of the query should be
sorted. This clause enables you to sort the result of a query either in the ascending order or in the descending
order. The default sort order is ascending. However, you can explicitly use the ascending keyword to sort in the
ascending order.
Consider the scenario of Newbay wherein you need to sort the names of the customers who live in Tokyo in the
ascending order. This requires you to retrieve the records from the Customer table. For this, you need to use the
ascending keyword along with the orderby clause, as shown in the following code snippet:

orderby s.Name ascending
select s;
The preceding query retrieves the records of customers who stay in Tokyo in the ascending order of the names.
To sort the records in the descending order, you need to explicitly use the descending keyword in the query. In
order to sort the customer records in the descending order of name, you need to use the descending keyword in
the query, as shown in the following code snippet:

orderby s.Name descending
select s;
Grouping the Data

The group clause enables you to group the results based on a key that you specify.
Consider the scenario of Newbay wherein you need to group the customers by the city name so that all the
customers from a particular city, such as Tokyo or London, are arranged in individual groups. To group the
customers according to their cities, you need to use the following code snippet:

group s by s.City;
The preceding query retrieves the records from the Customer table and groups the retrieved records on the basis
of their city. The result takes the form of a list of lists. Each element in the list is an object that has a member
named Key. In addition, it contains a list of elements that are grouped under that key. In case of the preceding
code snippet, s.City is the key.
To execute the preceding query and to display the results, you need to use nested foreach loops, as shown in the
var result = "";

foreach (var group in q)
{
result += group.Key + " : ";
foreach (var entry in group)
{
result += entry.Name + " ";
}
result += " | ";
}
In the preceding code snippet, the outer foreach loop iterates through each group in the set of retrieved records.
The inner foreach loop then iterates through the individual records in each group.
Joining the Data

In LINQ, you can use the join clause to associate the elements in one table with the elements in another table,
where the two tables share a common attribute. The join clause enables you to retrieve the elements from
different tables on the basis of a common attribute. While using the join operator to retrieve elements, you need
to use the equals keyword to compare the data in the common attribute.
Consider the scenario of Newbay wherein you need to retrieve the records of all the male customers who have
placed an order online. This requires you to retrieve information from the customers table and the orderdetails
table. For this, you can use the join clause in the query, as shown in the following code snippet:
var customers = db.customers;

var orderdetails = db.orderdetails;
var list = (from s in customers
join t in orderdetails on s.Name equals t.Customer
where s.Gender == "M"
select new {Customer=s.Name, Product=t.Product}).ToList();
var orders = "";
foreach (var order in list)
{
orders += order.Customer + " : " + order.Product + " ";
}
The preceding code snippet retrieves the details of the customers from the customers and orderdetails tables
by joining the tables using the join clause. The equals keyword is used to retrieve the records on the basis of
equal values in the Name field of the Customer table and the Customer field of the orderdetails table, where
both these fields contain the names of customers. The select clause of the query specifies that the query needs to
retrieve the Name field from the customers table and the Product field from the orderdetails table. These
fields are assigned the names, Customer and Product, respectively. The foreach loop traverses through the
retrieved records and stores the details in the variable named orders.
Syntax of LINQ Queries
So far, you have seen how to write a simple LINQ query.
LINQ queries in C# can be written by using two different syntaxes:
Query syntax
Method syntax
The syntax that you have been using until now is called the query syntax. The query syntax is the most
commonly-used technique to write a LINQ query. This syntax is written in the form of a query expression. Such
expressions are simple and easy to read.
A query expression written by using the query syntax is translated into method calls at the time of compilation.
The method calls finally invoke the standard query operators, such as Where , Select, and GroupBy. However, you
can directly invoke the query operators by using the method syntax.
The method syntax specifies an exact order in which the methods in a query are to be called. For this, the method
syntax uses the standard method invocation, using which the standard query operators, such as Where , Select,
and GroupBy, are directly called. In addition, the method syntax is used in cases where a single numeric value is
returned, such as Sum, Max, Min, and Average. These methods must always be called last in any query because
they represent only a single value and cannot serve as the source for an additional query operation.
Let us consider an example of a LINQ query that uses the method syntax:
IEnumerable<Customer> q = db.customers.Where(C => C.City=="Tokyo").OrderBy(C => C.Name);

{
names = names + " " + cust.Name;
}
ViewBag.Name = names;
In the preceding code snippet, the Where clause is expressed as a method call on the customers object. Further,
the conditional expression, C => C.City=="Tokyo" , is passed as an inline argument to the Where method. This
inline expression is called a lambda expression.
Activity 6.1: Using LINQ Queries
Accessing Data from Disparate Data Sources

LINQ provides a consistent programming model using which you can create the standard query syntax to query
different types of data sources. However, different data sources accept queries in different formats. To solve this
problem, LINQ provides the various LINQ providers. These providers help translate a LINQ query to a query
that is specific to a particular data source.
Some LINQ providers are:
LINQ to SQL
LINQ to XML
LINQ to Objects
LINQ to SQL
LINQ to SQL enables you to access SQL-complaint databases and makes data available as objects in an
application. These objects in the application are mapped with the database objects to enable you to work with
data.
The object model of the programming language and the data model of the relational database are mapped to each
other. You can perform all the database operations, such as select, insert, update, and delete, on a database with
the help of mapped objects.
On executing a LINQ to SQL query to retrieve the data from a database, the LINQ to SQL queries are converted
into SQL queries. These queries are sent to the database where the database query execution engine executes the
queries and returns the results. These results are converted back to objects by using LINQ to SQL, and then sent
to the application.
During this process, LINQ to SQL uses an instance of the data context class of the application to cache the data
retrieved from the database and send the data to the application. In addition, LINQ to SQL uses the instances of
the model class to represent the tables of the database in the application.
The following example describes how to access the names of the customers of Newbay Store from the Customer
table:
string names = "";

select s;
{
names += " " + cust.Name;
}
The preceding code snippet will retrieve the names of the customers from the Customers table.
LINQ to XML
LINQ to XML is a LINQ-enabled, in-memory XML programming interface that enables you to work with XML
from within the .NET Framework programming languages. XML is widely used to exchange data between
various applications. LINQ to XML is a programming interface that enables you to access data stored in XML
files. The following example shows the content of the XML file, CustomersDetails.xml :
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<CustomersDetails>
<Customer>
<CustomerID>C001</CustomerID>
<Name>Svetlana</Name>
<City>London</City>
</Customer>
<Customer>
<Name>Claire</Name>
<City >Paris</City>
</Customer>
<Customer>
<Name>Cesar</Name>
<City>New York</City>
</Customer>
</CustomersDetails>
To access the data from CustomersDetails.Xml by using LINQ, you need to write the following code snippet:
string result = "";

XDocument xmlDoc = XDocument.Load("D:\\CustomerDetails.xml");
var q = from c in xmlDoc.Descendants("Customer")
select (string)c.Element("CustomerID") + "-" +
(string)c.Element("Name") + "-" + (string)c.Element("City");
foreach (string entry in q)
{
result += entry + " | ";
}
The preceding code snippet will retrieve all the customer details from the XML file. xmlDoc.Descendants returns
a collection of the descendant elements for the specified element in the order they are present in the XML file.
LINQ to Objects
LINQ to Objects refers to the use of LINQ queries with enumerable collections, such as List<T> or arrays.
Traditionally, you had to write the foreach loops to retrieve data from enumerable collections. LINQ to Objects
provides an easier way to retrieve data from object collections by using standard queries.
To use LINQ to query an object collection, you need to declare a range variable. The type of the range variable
should match the type of the objects in the collection. For example, if you create an array that stores objects of
the type, Customer , the range variable should also be of the type, Customer , as shown in the following code
snippet:
var query = from Customer cust in arr

select cust;
In the preceding code snippet, the range variable, cust , of the type, Customer , is declared. By declaring a range
variable, each item in the array is typecasted to a Customer object.
The following example describes how to access data from a string array that contains the names of students in a
class:
string names = “”;

string[] arr = new string[] { “Peter”, “Sam”, "Philip"};
var query = from string name in arr
select name;
foreach (var n in query)
{
names = names + “ ” + n;
}
Activity 6.2: Using LINQ to Access XML
Summary
LINQ offers a consistent programming model to query data from different data sources.
All LINQ query operations consist of the following three distinct actions:
Obtain the data source
Create the query
Execute the query
In addition to selecting data, a query can perform the following operations on data:
Filter the data
Sort the data
Group the data
Join the data
LINQ queries in C# can be written by using two different syntaxes:
Query syntax
Method syntax
LINQ provides a consistent programming model using which you can create the standard query syntax
to query different types of data sources.
Some LINQ providers are:
LINQ to SQL
LINQ to XML
LINQ to Objects
Chapter 7
Implementing a Consistent Look and Feel Across an MVC Web
Application
You can create a website by creating several Web pages connected to each other. However, a professional
website requires more than creating individual Web pages and connecting them. The look and feel of all the Web
pages in a website should be consistent. All the pieces of information should appear in a standard, consistent
format across all the Web pages. In addition, the Web pages should have a standard layout.
To maintain a standard layout in the MVC applicahtion, you can use layouts. In addition, you can enhance the
appearance of a Web application by implementing styles on it.
This chapter discusses how to implement a consistent look and feel across all the Web pages by using layouts. In
addition, it discusses how to style views.
Objectives
Implement a consistent look and feel using layouts

Style views
Implementing a Consistent Look and Feel Using Layouts

Consider the scenario of the NewBay store website where the Home page contains a navigation bar containing
links to different views of the website. This navigation bar needs to appear on each view and allows easy
navigation to other views. Moreover, the placement and appearance of this navigation bar should be consistent
across all the views.
To implement the preceding requirement, you need to copy the navigation bar links on each view individually.
You also need to ensure that the navigation bar is placed at the same position on all the views to maintain a
consistent look and feel. In addition, any change in the navigation bar at a later stage will require changes to be
made on each view of the website. This is a complex and time-consuming process. This process can be
simplified and made efficient by using layouts.
A layout is a feature that enables you to specify a common site template to be used across the views of a website.
Layout defines the structure and common ingredients of the views. You can use a layout with the selected views
in a website or with all the views in a website.
Creating a Custom Layout
The process of creating a layout in an ASP.NET MVC application is similar to the process of creating a view.
However, the only difference is that in case of an ASP.NET MVC application, you need to add a layout file in
the Shared folder under the Views folder. As a convention, the name of the layout file is preceded by the
underscore (_) character. Similar to a view, the extension of a layout file is .cshtml.
A layout file defines the visual components that are common across a set of views. In addition, it defines
placeholders for the unique content associated with each individual page.
Consider the following figure that represents a layout.
A Layout
With reference to the preceding figure, suppose that the top bar, navigation bar, and footer contain some static
content to be rendered in each view. However, the body and the side bar are specific to each view. This means
that the content for the body is provided by the main content of each individual view, and the content for the
sidebar is provided as the content for a specific section by each individual view.
To define the content for the body and section in a layout, you need to design a view, as shown in the following
code snippet:
<p>This is the main content!</p>

@section Section1 {
This is Section1.
}
In the preceding code snippet, This is the main content! defines the main content of the view and the
@section syntax is used to define the content for a section named section1 .
To render the unique content associated with a view in the layout, the following methods can be used:
The @RenderBody() method
The @RenderSection() method
The @RenderBody() Method

The @RenderBody() method enables you to define a placeholder in the layout to insert the main content of the
view. You can use only one @RenderBody method in a layout. For example, consider a simple layout view that
contains the @RenderBody method:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<title>@ViewBag.Title - My ASP.NET MVC Application</title>
</head>
<body>
<div id="body">
@RenderBody()
</div>
</body>
</html>
In the preceding code, the call to the @RenderBody() method inside the <div> tag inserts the main content of the
view.
The @RenderSection() Method

The @RenderSection() method in a layout enables you to render a section specified in the view. You can use
multiple sections in a layout. For example, consider a simple layout view that contains the @RenderSection()
method:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head><title>@ViewBag.Title</title></head>
<body>
<h1>@ViewBag.Title</h1>
<div id="main-content">@RenderBody()</div>
<div>@RenderSection("Section1")</div>
</body>
</html>
The sections specified in a layout must be defined in all the views that use the layout.
However, if you do not want to use those sections in some of the views, you can use an overloaded method of the
@RenderSection() method in your layout. The overloaded method of @RenderSection() uses the required
attribute with the false value, as shown in the following code snippet:
<div>@RenderSection("Section1", required: false)</div>
The preceding @RenderSection() method indicates that a view that uses this layout may supply content for a
section named Section1. However, this is not mandatory. A view that uses this layout may not contain any
section named Section1 .
However, a better approach is to use some default content for the section that can be used in case a view does not
provide content for the section. For this, you can use the following code in the layout:
<div>
@if (IsSectionDefined("Section1")) {
RenderSection("Section1");
}
else {
<span>This is the default section content</span>
}
</div>
The preceding code snippet renders a section named Section1 if it is defined in a view. However, if the section,
Section1 , is not defined in the view, the message, This is the default section content , is rendered in the
view.
Task 7.1: Creating a Layout
Specifying a Layout for a View
You can specify a layout for either each individual view or for all the views on a website. A layout can be
specified for a view by using the Layout property, as shown in the following code snippet:
@{
Layout = "~/Views/Shared/MyLayout.cshtml";
}
In the preceding code snippet, the MyLayout.cshtml file is specified as the layout for the view that contains the
preceding code snippet.
However, if you want to specify a particular layout for all the views of the website, then you can specify the
layout to be used in the _ViewStart.cshtml file. This file is located inside the Views folder.
The code specified in the _ViewStart.cshtml file is executed before the code in any view, which is placed in the
same directory or within a sub-directory. It applies the layout specified in the _ViewStart.cshtml file to all the
views in the same directory/subdirectories. However, a view can override the Layout property by specifying a
different value for the property.
When you create a default ASP.NET MVC project by using any template except the Empty template, an
_ViewStart.cshtml file is already present in the Views folder. This file specifies the default layout to be used, as
shown in the following code snippet:
@{
Layout = "~/Views/Shared/_Layout.cshtml";
}
In the preceding code snippet, the default layout is specified as _Layout.cshtml .
The _Layout.cshtml File
The _Layout.cshtml file is a default layout file that is included as part of the ASP.NET MVC project, which is
created by using any template except the Empty template. It represents the layout that can be applied to the
selected views or to all the views. This file is located in the Shared folder under the Views folder of the
application.
The _Layout.cshtml file contains the basic structure of a view. If you create a project by using the Internet
template, the _Layout.cshtml file contains the following code:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<title>@ViewBag.Title - My ASP.NET MVC Application</title>
<link href="~/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
@Styles.Render("~/Content/css")
@Scripts.Render("~/bundles/modernizr")
</head>
<body>
<header>
<div class="content-wrapper">
<div class="float-left">
<p class="site-title">@Html.ActionLink("your logo here", "Index", "Home")</p>
</div>
<div class="float-right">
<section id="login">
@Html.Partial("_LoginPartial")
</section>
<nav>
<ul id="menu">
<li>@Html.ActionLink("Home", "Index", "Home")</li>
<li>@Html.ActionLink("About", "About", "Home")</li>
<li>@Html.ActionLink("Contact", "Contact", "Home")</li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div id="body">
@RenderSection("featured", required: false)
<section class="content-wrapper main-content clear-fix">
@RenderSection("JavaScript", required: false)
@RenderBody()
</section>
</div>
<footer>
<div class="content-wrapper">
<div class="float-left">
<p>© @DateTime.Now.Year - My ASP.NET MVC Application</p>
</div>
</div>
</footer>
@Scripts.Render("~/bundles/jquery")
@RenderSection("scripts", required: false)
</body>
</html>
The preceding code snippet contains the @RenderBody() method and multiple @RenderSection() methods.
These methods act as placeholders for the page-specific content appearing on each view. In addition, it contains
the @Styles.Render("~/Content/css") statement that renders the css files. In addition, it contains the
@Scripts.Render("~/bundles/modernizr") statement that renders the script files in the modernizr library.
Moreover, it contains the Scripts.Render("~/bundles/jquery") statement that renders the jQuery library.
You can modify the _Layout.cshtml file according to your need for developing an MVC application. For
example, you can add/delete hyperlinks, change the layout color, and include/exclude sections.
Activity 7.1: Implementing a Consistent Look and Feel Using Layouts
Creating a Nested Layout
Layouts are used to standardize the look and feel of all the views on a website. However, sometimes, it is
required that some of the views on a website should follow certain standard features, apart from the features
provided by the global layout. In such situations, you can implement nested layouts.
Consider an example where a website uses a layout for displaying the navigation bar. Apart from the navigation
bar provided by the layout, some of the views on the website require a sidebar to be displayed on the left side of
the Web page. This can be implemented by using a nested layout.
A nested layout page refers to a layout that is derived from a parent layout. It is similar to the layout page and is
responsible for defining the structure of a page. Similar to layouts, a nested layout page needs to call the
@RenderBody() method once and can have multiple sections that can be rendered by using the
@RenderSection() method. However, the Layout directive in a nested layout page contains the reference of the
parent layout page. For example, consider the parent layout page named _ParentLayout.cshtml that contains the
following code:
@{
ViewBag.Title = "_ParentLayout";
}
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head runat="server">
<title></title>

</head>
<body>
<div>
<table style="width: 100%; font-family: 'Monotype Corsiva'">
<tr style="background-color: darkblue">
<td style="width: 200px">
<img src="~/Images/logo1.jpg" width="100" height="100"/></td>

<td style="font-size: 50px; font-weight: bold; color:white; height:50px ;text-align:
center">NewBay Store </td>
<td style="width: 200px">

</td>
</tr>
<tr style="font-size: 22px; background-color: lightblue; color: black">
<td colspan="3" style="height:50px">
@Html.ActionLink("Home", "Index", "NewBayHome") |
@Html.ActionLink("About", "About", "NewBayHome")

</td>
</tr>
<tr style="font-size: 18px;">

@RenderBody()

</tr>

</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Now, you can create your nested layout page named _SubLayout by referring _ParentLayout, as shown in the
following code:
@{
Layout = "~/Views/Shared/_ParentLayout.cshtml";
}
<table>
<tr>
<td style="background-color: lightblue; color: black; height: 350px; width: 200px;
vertical-align: top">
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
@RenderBody()

</td>
</tr>
</table>
In the preceding layout page code, the _ParentLayout.cshtml file is referred by using the Layout directive. In
addition, the markup to create the left side bar is added and the @RenderBody() method is called to render the
main content of the view.
Once you have created a nested layout, you can use the nested layout to define the structure of a view. To
accomplish this task, you can use the following code snippet:
@{
Layout = "~/Views/Shared/_SubLayout.cshtml";
}
Welcome to NewBay store
The preceding code snippet refers to the _SubLayout.cshtml file by using the Layout directive. The call to the
_SubLayout.cshtml file, in turn, calls the _ParentLayout.cshtml file.
In case, the parent layout of a nested layout renders a section, you will need to define additional
markup in your nested page to define and render the contents of the section. For example, suppose the parent
layout defines a section named featured and the target view provides the content for this section in a section
named featuredcontent. In this case, you need to include the following markup in your nested layout page:
@section featured{
@RenderSection("featuredcontent", required:false)
}
The @section directive defines the content for the featured section that is required by the parent layout.
@RenderSection() method renders the content of the featuredcontent section that is defined in the target
view.
Activity 7.2: Implementing a Nested Layouts
Styling Views
The look and feel of a view depends upon the appearance and arrangement of the HTML elements contained in
it. Therefore, you need to format the contents of a view to make it look attractive. Formatting each HTML helper
individually is a tedious task. In addition, it fails to bring consistency in the appearance of all the views on the
Web application. Styles provide a solution to this problem by enabling a programmer to apply consistent
formatting across the entire Web application. Styles are used to define a set of formatting options, which can be
reused to format different HTML helpers on a single view or on multiple views.
Let us see how to use styles for applying a consistent look and feel across various views in a Web application.
Defining Styles in an MVC Application
You can define the styles to be used in an MVC application in a .css file.
Consider the following style definitions contained in a file named main.css:
h1
{
font-weight: bold;
font-size: large;
color: green;
font-family: Arial;
}
The preceding styles will be applied to all the <h1> tags in any Web page that references the style sheet,
main.css. In the preceding style definition, h1 is the CSS selector that specifies the elements on which the style
needs to be applied.
Now, consider the following code snippet in a CSS file to display the content inside the H1 elements in red, and
the text inside the <H2> element as italic:
H1 {color:red;}
H2 {font-style: italic;}
In the preceding code snippet, H1 and H2 are the CSS selectors.
If you want to set the same attributes for more than one element, you can combine selectors as a single group.
For example, to display the text of both the H1 and H2 elements in red, you can type the following code snippet
in a CSS file:
H1,H2 {COLOR: RED;}

In the preceding code snippet, all text displayed using the H1 and H2 elements get styled with the red color.
You have seen how you can use the element name as the CSS selector for styling a Web page. Apart from using
an element name, you can also use other types of CSS selectors. Some of these are:
ID selector: CSS styles can be applied to an element with a specific ID using the ID selector. The ID
selector is used to identify an element that you need to style differently from the rest of the page. Each
element on a Web page can have a unique ID. An ID selector consists of a hash symbol ( #) followed by
the element ID.
Consider the following code snippet that specifies an id for the <p> tag:
<p id="pname">Barbie doll</p>
Now, consider the following code snippet to define the style specifications to be applied to the element,
whose ID is pname :
#pname
{
color:green;
font-size:20pt;
font-weight:bold;
}
The preceding code snippet selects the element with the id, pname , and styles it as per the specified
attribute values.
Class selector: The class selector is used to specify styles for a group of elements. Unlike an id
selector, a class selector is used more often when there is a need to apply a style on several elements in
a view. For example, suppose you have added three paragraphs on a Web page. Now, you want to
specify same formatting for the first two paragraphs and different formatting for the third paragraph.
You can accomplish this task by using the class selector. Unlike unique ids, multiple elements can
belong to the same class. Hence, you can set a particular style for multiple elements with the same class.
The class selector uses the HTML class attribute and is preceded with ".". Consider the following
markup:
<P class="red">This paragraph will appear in red color</P>
<P class="red">This paragraph will appear in red color</P>
<P class="green">This paragraph will appear in green color</P>
Now, consider the following code snippet to style the first and second paragraphs of the Web page:
.red
{
color:red;
}
.green
{
color:green;
}
In the preceding code snippet, the text color of the first two paragraphs will be red, and that of the third
paragraph will be green.
Further, consider the following code snippet to specify that only specific HTML elements should be
affected by a class:
p.center {text-align:center;}
p.left {text-align:left;}
In the preceding code, all the <P> elements with the class, center, will be center-aligned, and all <P>
elements with the class, left , will be left aligned. The other <P> elements, which are used without any
class inside a document, will not be affected. Similarly, all other types of elements with the class,
center or left , will not be affected.
Universal selector: The universal selector is used to select and specify styles for all the elements in a
particular area on the Web page or the whole Web page. The universal selector is defined by using the *
symbol. For example, to specify styles for all the elements inside the <div> tag on the Web page, you
can use the universal selector. Consider the following code snippet that specifies the <div> tag
containing some elements:
<div class="products">
<p id="product1">Mobile</p>
<p id="product2">Laptop</p>
</div>
You can apply styles to all the elements in the preceding <div> tag by using the universal selector, as
div.products *
{
color:pink;
}
Importing Styles in an MVC Application
Once created, the .css file needs to be linked with HTML documents on which the styles are to be implemented.
This can be done by using the <link> tag.
The <link> tag is intended to link together the Web page with the style sheet. It is added to the <head> tag of the
Web page. For example, consider the following code snippet:
<link href="~/main.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />

In the preceding code snippet, the main.css file is referred to by using the href attribute of the <link> tag. The
attribute, rel="stylesheet", specifies that the document will use a style sheet, and the attribute,
type="text/css" , specifies that the MIME type of the linked document is text/css.
Creating an Adaptive User Interface
Now-a-days, Web applications can be accessed from a variety of devices, such as tabs, laptops, or mobile
phones having different page widths and browser capabilities. Because the size of the screen in different devices
may vary, the page width and the visual appearance of the Web application may change accordingly. This can
hamper the functionality of the website and the user’s experience.
By implementing adaptive rendering, the MVC model allows you to handle such a situation. Adaptive rendering
not only refers to automatically scaling down the page, but also to redrawing the page according to a device
screen. This enables the creation of an adaptive user interface.
For example, you must have seen a website on a desktop that displays a navigation bar as a horizontal list
containing links. However, when you visit the same website on a mobile device, the navigation bar is rendered
vertically to present the same functionality on a smaller device. This is possible by using adaptive rendering. For
example, consider the following figure that depicts adaptive rendering:
An Example of Adaptive Rendering
The preceding figure depicts how a Web page adapts its look and feel as per the available screen size.
To implement adaptive rendering and creating an adaptive user interface, the following features are used:
The viewport meta tag

CSS media queries
The Viewport Meta Tag

Now-a-days, the browsers of mobile devices can easily render Web pages and scale them so that they properly fit
inside the phone browser’s visible screen area. The Web pages are rendered in a virtual window known as a
viewport, which is usually wider than the actual width of the mobile device. Consider a mobile device that has a
viewport of 980px. You can think of it as pretending to be a desktop browser with a width of 980px. Web pages
are rendered in a viewport of width 980px, and then scaled down to fit into the actual dimensions of the device
screen. Therefore, users need to zoom in on Web pages to view the content.
However, if you want to control the size and scaling of the Web page, you can use the viewport <meta> tag in the
head section of the view.
You can control the size of the viewport by using the viewport <meta> tag, as shown in the following code
snippet:
<meta name="viewport" content="width=220">

In the preceding code snippet, the width property is set to 220 pixels, which sets the width of the viewport to 220
pixels. Web pages will now be rendered on a canvas of width 220 pixels, and then scaled properly inside the
available screen area.
However, a better practice is to set the width of the viewport to the native screen size of the browser by using the
device-width keyword. This helps you to create the content that you can adjust according to the device
specifications. For example, consider the following code snippet:
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">

In the preceding code snippet, the width property is set to the device-width value, which specifies the width of
the device screen. When you set the width of the viewport to the width of the device, no scaling is required.
CSS Media Queries

CSS media queries allow you to apply different styles in your application to support different browsers and
devices with different sizes. CSS media queries are special selectors that begin with @media. These queries help
in applying conditional CSS styles based on the device conditions or browser capabilities. For example, consider
that you need to design a Web page, as shown in the following figure.
A Web Page
For designing the preceding Web page, you have used the following markup:
<html>
<head>
<title>AAAA</title>
<link href="~/content/main.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
</head>
@{
Layout = null;
}
<body>
<div id="container">
<div id="article1">
<h1> Acid Rain</h1> The term acid rain refers to what scientists call acid
deposition. It is caused by airborne acidic pollutants and has highly destructive
results.
Scientists first discovered acid rain in 1852, when the English chemist Robert Agnus
invented the term. From then until now, acid rain has been an issue of intense
debate among scientists and policy makers.
Acid rain, one of the most important environmental problems of all, cannot be seen.
The invisible gases that cause acid rain usually come from automobiles or coal-
burning power plants.
Acid rain moves easily, affecting locations far beyond those that let out the
pollution. As a result, this global pollution issue causes great debates between
countries that fight over polluting each other’s environments.
</div>
<div id="article2">
<h1>Air Pollution</h1> Every day, the average person inhales about 20,000 liters
of air. Every time we breathe, we risk inhaling dangerous chemicals that have found
their way into the air.
Air pollution includes all contaminants found in the atmosphere. These dangerous
substances can be either in the form of gases or particles.
The sources of air pollution are both natural and human-based. As one might expect,
humans have been producing increasing amounts of pollution as time has progressed,
and they now account for the majority of pollutants released into the air.
The effects of air pollution are diverse and numerous. Air pollution can have
serious consequences for the health of human beings, and also severely affects
natural ecosystems.
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
The preceding markup uses the main.css file, which contains the following code:
#container {
float: left;
width: 800px;
}
#article1 {
float: left;
width: 400px;
background: pink;
}
#article2 {
float: right;
width: 400px;
background: lightblue;
}
When you view the preceding Web page, the output is displayed correctly. However, when you reduce the
dimensions of the window, the look and feel of the Web page is hampered. Here, the Web page is displayed, as
shown in the following figure.
A Web Page After Reducing Dimiensions
In such a case, you can use media queries to add styles for reduced dimensions in the css file, as shown in the
@media screen and (max-width:800px) {

#container {
float: left;
width: 600px;
}
#article1 {
float: left;
width: 600px;
}
#article2 {
float: none;
width: 600px;
}
}
@media screen and (max-width:600px) {
#container {
float: left;
width: 450px;
}
#article1 {
float: left;
width: 450px;
}
#article2 {
float: none;
width: 450px;
}
}
The preceding code snippet defines two media queries by using the @media syntax. The first one defines the
styles for the screens that have maximum width of 800px, and the second one defines the styles for the screens
that have maximum width of 600px by using the max-width property. When you reduce the width of your
browser window, the Web page is rendered according to the styles specified for reduced screen width, as shown
in the following figure.
The Web Page After Reducing the Dimensions of the Window

When you reduce the dimensions of the Window further, the Web page is rendered, as shown in the following
figure.
The Web Page After Further Reducing the Dimension of a Window
In addition to max-width , the following table describes some more properties that can be used with a media
query.
Properties Description
Width It specifies the width of the

display area that represents
the browser window.
Height It specifies the height of the

display area.
device-width It specifies the width of the

device screen.
device-height It specifies the height of the

device screen.
aspect-ratio It specifies the ratio of the
width and height properties.
The Media Query Properties
Detecting Browser Capabilities
Web developers use browser detection techniques to ensure that the websites display properly when viewed with
specific browsers. To detect the capabilities of a browser in an MVC Web application, the
HttpBrowserCapabilities object is used, which provides the information about the browser during an HTTP
request. The information includes the type and level of support the browser offers. To expose this information,
the HttpBrowserCapabilities object uses strongly typed properties and a generic name-value dictionary. Some
properties of the HttpBrowserCapabilities object are:
Properties Description
Browser Gets the browser string, if

any, sent by the browser.
Browsers Gets ArrayList of the

browsers in the Capabilities
dictionary.
Cookies Gets a value that specifies

whether the browser supports
cookies.
Version Gets the full version number

of the browser as a string.
Tables Gets a value that specifies

HTML tables.
The Properties of an HttpBrowserCapabilities Object
The capabilities of a browser are determined through the Browser property of the ASP.NET intrinsic Request
object.
if ((Request.Browser.Browser == "IE") &&

((float)System.Convert.ToSingle(Request.Browser.Version) < 7.0))
{
ViewBag.Message = "Please upgrade your browser";
}
The preceding code snippet uses the Browser property of the ASP.NET intrinsic Request object and checks
whether the browser is IE and the version is below 7. If yes, the message, Please upgrade your browser, is
rendered on the view by using the ViewBag object.
Creating Mobile Specific Views
At times, modifying only css to manage the look and feel of a view according to the device is not sufficient.
Here, you need to create views specific for the device. ASP.NET MVC enables you to globally override views
for mobile devices. Upon receiving a request from a mobile browser, an ASP.NET MVC application first looks
for views with the naming convention of [view].mobile.cshtml . If a view matches the naming convention,
ASP.NET MVC renders it, as shown in the following figure.
The Mobile Specific View
Otherwise, the standard view ( [view].cshtml ) is rendered, as shown in the following figure.
The Standard View
MVC automatically renders the mobile specific view when it receives a request from a mobile browser.
However, now-a-days, a large number of mobile platforms are available in the market. These mobile platforms
use their own browsers. Therefore, a Web page that appears properly on one mobile platform may appear
differently on another platform. To solve this problem and render platform-specific views, you can define display
modes.
You need to define display modes in the Application_Start() method of the Global.asax file. For example,
consider that your Web application includes a layout that is specific to a browser for an Android mobile. In this
situation, you can create browser-specific views for that browser. However, before creating browser-specific
views, you need to create a new display mode named Android and write the code for examining the UserAgent
string received from a browser along with a request. The UserAgent string helps in identifying the type of
browser. Consider the following code snippet:
DisplayModeProvider.Instance.Modes.Insert(0, new DefaultDisplayMode("Android")

{
ContextCondition = (context => context.GetOverriddenUserAgent().IndexOf
("Android", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) >= 0)
});
In the preceding code snippet, a new display mode named Android is defined. This mode will be matched
against each incoming request. If the incoming request is from an Android browser, ASP.NET MVC will render
the view, whose name contains the suffix, Android, as shown in the following figure.
The Android Specific View
Summary
A layout is a feature that enables you to specify a common site template to be used across the views of
a website.
As a convention, the name of the layout file is preceded by the underscore (_) character.
A layout file defines the visual components that are common across a set of views.
To render the unique content associated with a view in the layout, the following methods can be used:
The @RenderBody() method
The @RenderSection() method
The @RenderBody() method enables you to define a placeholder in the layout to insert the main content
of the view.
The @RenderSection() method in a layout enables you to render a section specified in the view.
The _Layout.cshtml file is a default layout file that is included as part of the ASP.NET MVC project,
which is created by using any template except the Empty template.
Layouts are used to standardize the look and feel of all the views on a website.
A nested layout page refers to a layout that is derived from a parent layout.
You can define the styles to be used in an MVC application in a .css file.
An ID selector consists of a hash symbol (#) followed by the element ID.
The class selector uses the HTML class attribute and is preceded with ".".
The universal selector is defined by using the * symbol.
The <link> tag is intended to link together the Web page with the style sheet.
To implement adaptive rendering and creating an adaptive user interface, the following two-browser
features are used:
The viewport meta tag
CSS media queries
The Web pages are rendered in a virtual window known as a viewport, which is usually wider than the
actual width of the mobile device.
CSS media squeries allow you to apply different styles in your application to support different browsers
and devices with different sizes.
To detect the capabilities of a browser in an MVC Web application, the HttpBrowserCapabilities
object is used, which provides the information about the browser during an HTTP request.
Chapter 8
Enhancing Web Applications Using JavaScript
The success of an application largely depends on how easily and effectively it allows a user to interact with it.
For an application to be successful, its interface should be responsive and easy-to-use. Such an interface can be
designed by adding JavaScript to a Web application. You can use various predefined JavaScript libraries, such as
jQuery, to make the application interactive.
The response time of an application is an important factor that impacts the user experience. You can speed up the
response time of an application by implementing partial page updates using Asynchronous JavaScript and XML
(AJAX).
This chapter provides an overview of how an application is made responsive using JavaScript. In addition, it
discusses how the partial page updates are implemented using AJAX.
Objectives
Make a Web application responsive by using JavaScript

Implement the partial page updates using AJAX
Making a Web Application Responsive by Using JavaScript

While developing a dynamic, interactive, and rich Web application, you need to ensure that the following
functionalities have been implemented:
The UI is easy to use.

Users get quick response for their requests.
The application runs on all the browsers.
By using client-side scripts, the preceding functionalities can be implemented. The client-side scripts enable you
to develop dynamic Web pages that can respond to the user input without interacting with a Web server. This
helps in reducing the network traffic because interaction with a Web server is not required in providing a
dynamic response to the user interaction. This, in turn, helps in improving the response time of a Web application
because the processing happens at the client side and round-trips to the server are not required.
JavaScript is a client-side scripting language that allows you to develop dynamic, interactive, and rich Web
applications. JavaScript is an easy-to-learn scripting language. Therefore, programmers are able to quickly
incorporate JavaScript functionalities into a Web page. However, to develop a Web application that provides
quick user interactions using JavaScript, you need to write a good amount of code because the JavaScript
functions vary from browser to browser. Thus, to simplify the task of developing such Web applications with
fewer lines of code, JavaScript provides various libraries, such as jQuery and jQuery UI.
Let us discuss some concepts related to JavaScript and JavaScript libraries.

Unobtrusive JavaScript
In the earlier days of Web application development, it was a common practice to include JavaScript code and
HTML inside the same file. It was even normal to put the JavaScript code inside an HTML element as the value
of an attribute. For example, the onclick event handler of a div element was represented in the markup, as
<div onclick="javascript:alert('click');">Testing, testing</div>

The preceding code snippet was used because there was no easier approach for handling click events. However,
the embedded JavaScript code was messy. To overcome this problem, Unobtrusive JavaScript can be used to
separate the JavaScript code from HTML.
Unobtrusive JavaScript is a general approach to implement JavaScript in Web pages. In this approach, the
JavaScript code is separated from the HTML markup. In an ASP.NET MVC application, the JavaScript code is
separated from the markup by storing the JavaScript code in a .js file in the Script folder of the root directory of
an application.
To refer to the .js file in a view, you need to use the <script> tag, as shown in the following code snippet:
<script src= "@Url.Content("~/Scripts/Myscript.js")" type="text/javascript"></script>
In the preceding code snippet, the Url.Content() helper method has been used to convert a relative
URL to an absolute URL.
Keeping all scripts in a separately downloadable file can give your site a performance boost because the browser
can cache the script files locally. In addition, Unobtrusive JavaScript allows you to use a strategy known as
progressive enhancement for your site.
Progressive enhancement is a technique that allows you to deliver the content progressively. It uses a layered
approach to deliver the content that allows everyone to access the basic content and functionality of a view, while
providing an enhanced version of the view to users whose device or browser supports features, such as scripts
and style sheets.
The _Layout.cshtml file that is included with most ASP.NET MVC project templates includes a section named
scripts, which specifies the placeholder for the scripts in a view. Therefore, a view that needs to refer to a custom
script can include the <script> tag for the custom JavaScript file within the scripts section definition, as shown
in the following code snippet:
@section scripts
{
<script src= '@Url.Content("~/Scripts/Myscript.js")' type='text/javascript'></script>
}
Introduction to JavaScript Libraries
A JavaScript library is a set of prewritten JavaScript code, which helps in developing a JavaScript-based
application easily.
In most default ASP.NET MVC project templates, such libraries are present in the Scripts folder, which is
present in the root directory of the application. One of the commonly used JavaScript libraries present in this
directory is the jQuery library. jQuery is a cross-browser JavaScript library that helps you easily perform various
tasks, such as DOM traversal, event handling, and animating elements. It provides an easy-to-use API that allows
you to quickly provide complex functionality by writing very little code. This API works across a variety of
browsers and eliminates the need to write different versions of code for different browsers.
Apart from the jQuery library, the Scripts folder also contains jQuery plugins, such as jQuery UI and jQuery
Validation. These plugins add additional capabilities to the core jQuery library. Additional plug-ins such as
jQuery Mobile can also be downloaded and used in an application.
jQuery UI is an organised set of user interface interactions, effects, widgets, and themes built on top of the
jQuery JavaScript library. Thus, you can build highly interactive Web applications using jQuery UI.
jQuery validation makes the client-side form validation trivial. It is bundled with a set of validation methods,
such as email and URL validation that helps you to easily implement client-side validation.
jQuery Mobile is the mobile version of the jQuery library. It helps you to develop applications for mobile
devices.
In addition to the .js files for jQuery and its plugins, the Scripts folder contains several other files, as shown in
the following figure.
The Different Files in the Scripts Folder
In the preceding figure, you will find the files containing min in their name. These files are the minified versions
of their corresponding script files. Minification is the process of removing unnecessary characters, such as white
spaces, new lines, and comments from the JavaScript code, without changing the functionality provided by the
code. Minified files are smaller in size as compared to their corresponding script files. This helps reduce the
amount of data to be transferred over the Internet.
Further, the Scripts folder contains some files containing vsdoc in their name. These files are annotated to help
Visual Studio provide better intellisense. The Scripts folder also contains some files that include the word,
unobtrusive, in their names. These files are written by Microsoft. These files integrate with jQuery and the MVC
framework to provide the unobtrusive JavaScript features. Further, the Scripts folder contains a JavaScript file
containing modernizr in its name. This file helps you take benefit of the evolving Web technologies, such as
HTML 5 and CSS3, and still have control over the older Web browsers that do not support these technologies. In
addition, the Scripts folder contains some files that include the word, knockout, in their names. These files
provide the data binding capabilities.
Using jQuery
jQuery helps in finding, traversing, and manipulating HTML elements inside an HTML document. In addition, it
helps you to animate HTML elements, handle events, and make your applications rich and interactive.
You can make use of the jQuery library present in the Scripts folder of the Web application, in a view by using
the <script> tag in the head section of the view. The following syntax is used to include a jQuery library in a
view:
<script type= "text/javascript" src="@Url.Content("~/Scripts/jquery-1.7.1.js")">

</script>
In the preceding syntax:
The script tag instructs the browser that the HTML document uses a script.
The type tag specifies the type of scripting used.
The src tag specifies the name of the jQuery library used.
@Url.Content() is a helper method that converts a relative URL to an absolute URL.
The default _Layout.cshtml file that is included with most ASP.NET MVC project templates already includes a
reference to the jQuery library. Therefore, in such cases, you do not need to explicitly add a reference to the
jQuery library.
The execution of the jQuery code should occur only after the Web page has been fully loaded. To ensure that a
Web page is fully loaded before the jQuery code is executed on it, jQuery provides the document.ready()
function. Within this function, you can write the jQuery code to be executed on the HTML elements, after the
Web page has been fully loaded in the browser.
The following syntax is used to specify the document.ready() function:
$(document).ready(function()
{
// jQuery code...
});
In the preceding syntax, the dollar sign ($) represents the start of a jQuery code block. The (document).ready()
function is useful for checking the readiness of the actions performed on an HTML element. For example, if the
jQuery code for hiding an image executes before the document is ready, it will lead to failure as the image that
the code is trying to hide has not yet rendered on the Web page.
Therefore, any code that needs to be executed after a page loads must be written inside the (document).ready()
function.
To add the customized client-side functionality to your website, you can write custom JavaScript/jQuery code in
a .js file and add it to the Scripts folder contained in the application’s root directory.
Now, to invoke the code written in your .js file from your application, you will need to refer to this file by using
the <script> tag, as given in the following code syntax:
<script type= "text/javascript" src="~/Scripts/><customJavaScriptName>.js"> </script>

However, if your custom script uses the jQuery library, you need to ensure that the <script> tag for the jQuery
library appears before the <script> tag for the custom script in the rendered document. If a custom script
contains functionality that needs to be used in the entire application, you can include the <script> tag in the
_Layout.cshtml view. However, if the functionality is required on a particular view, the <script> tag can be
included in the same view.
jQuery can be used to select and manipulate HTML elements. It can also be used to handle events related to
HTML elements and apply effects to HTML elements. Let us see how to perform these operations with jQuery.
Selecting and Manipulating HTML Elements

jQuery allows you to select the HTML elements and perform the required actions on them. For this, you need to
use the following jQuery syntax:
$(selector).action()
In the preceding syntax,
$: Is used to define or access jQuery.

selector: Is used to find an HTML element or a group of HTML elements on the basis of their names,
ids, classes, or attributes. A selector always starts with a dollar sign followed by a parenthesis.
Depending on the need, you can use any jQuery selector. Some of the jQuery selectors are:
Element selector: Searches an HTML element or a group of HTML elements on the basis of
their names. For example, to search all the h1 elements, you can use the following statement:
$("h1")
ID selector: Searches the elements on the basis of their ids. For example, to search an element
with the id, blue , you can use the following statement:
$("#blue")
Class selector: Searches the elements on the basis of their class names. For example, to
search all elements with the class, blue , you can use the following statement:
$(".blue")
action(): Is used to specify the action to be performed on the HTML element(s). jQuery provides many
built-in actions, such as hide, fadeout, show, and slideup, which can be applied to the HTML elements.
Consider a scenario where you want to hide the h1 elements on a mouse-click. For this, you can use the
$(document).ready(function(){$("h1").click(function()
{$(this).hide();});});
In the preceding code snippet, all the h1 elements are selected and an anonymous function is assigned to click
event of every h1 element. Within the anonymous function, the h1 element, which is clicked by a user, is selected
by using the this keyword and its hide() method is called to hide the element.
In the preceding code snippet, the <h1> elements are referred to by the name, h1. However, HTML elements can
also be selected using a class or id. For example, an HTML element with the id, name , can be selected by using
the following syntax:
$("#name")
Similary, HTML elements with the class, myclass, can be selected by using the following syntax:
$(".myclass")
The jQuery library provides predefined functions to perform modifications on the content of the HTML elements.
The following table lists some of the functions used to modify the content of HTML elements.
Function Description Syntax
Changes or retrieves the

content of HTML elements,
html() $(selector).html(content)
such as text in <p> and <div>
tags.
Enables a user to append the

specified content to the
append() $(selector).append(content)
content already contained in
the selected element.
Enables a user to add the

specified content before the
prepend() $(selector).prepend(content)
content already contained in
the selected element.
The jQuery Functions
Consider the following markup for a view:
<html>
<head>
<script type= "text/javascript" src="@Url.Content("~/Scripts/jQuery-1.7.1.js")">
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h3>Complete the sentence</h3>
<p id="para">is a javascript library that enables the content to be appended after
the inner content in the selected element using the</p><br>
<button id="b">Click here to view the answer.</button>
</body>
</html>
Now, consider the script file, Myscript.js, containing the following code:
$(document).ready(function(){
$("#b").click(function(){
$("#b").html("You are viewing the answer");
$("#para").prepend(" <b>jQuery </b>");
$("#para").append(" <b>append() function</b>.");
});
});
In the preceding code, when a user clicks the Click here to view the answer button, the text on the button is
changed to, You are viewing the answer. This is done by using the html() function in the jQuery click event
handler for the button. In addition, the text,JjQuery, is added before the content in the <p> tag that has the id,
para , by using the prepend() function. Similarly, the content, append() function, is added after the content in
the <p> tag by using the append() function. Before the button, Click here to view the answer, is clicked, the
Web page appears, as shown in the following figure.
The Web Page Before the Button is Clicked
After the button, Click here to view the answer, is clicked, the Web page appears, as shown in the following
figure.
The Web Page After the Button is Clicked
Handling Events
In jQuery, events are handled by using functions or predefined event methods. An event method is used to detect
an event and trigger a function when that event occurs. You can also handle events for manipuling HTML
elements.
The following table lists some of the event methods provided by jQuery.
Event Method Description
$(document).ready(function) Used to execute a

function after the
document has
finished loading.
$(selector).click(function) Used to execute a
function on the click
event of the selected
elements.
$(selector).dblclick(function) Used to execute a

function on the
double-click event
of the selected
elements.
$(selector).mouseover(function) Used to execute a

function when the
mouse pointer is
moved over the
selected elements.
$(selector).mouseout(function) Used to execute a

function when the
mouse pointer is
moved out of the
selected elements.
$(selector).keydown(function) Used to execute a

function when a key
is pressed on the
selected elements.
The Event Methods in jQuery
<html>
<head>
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h1>I am the header</h1>
<hr/>
<input type="button" id="change_header" value='Change the header'/></body>
</html>
$("#change_header").click(function(){
$("h1").html("I am the new header"); });
});
In the preceding code,JjQuery recognizes a click event when the user clicks the Change the header button. After
the event is recognized by jQuery, the function associated with the click event of the button is executed and the
text inside the <h1> element is changed.
Adding Effects
With the help of jQuery, amazing visual effects can be applied to the elements of a Web document. These visual
effects help enrich the browsing experience of a user. Some of the predefined jQuery effects that can be used to
add visual appeal to a Web page are:
Hide effect
Show effect
Toggle effect
Fade effect
Hide Effect
The hide() function is used to make an element disappear when an event, such as click or double-click, occurs.
The following syntax is used to hide the selected elements:
$(selector).hide(speed)
In the preceding syntax, speed is an optional parameter that denotes speed at which an element disappears. The
values that can be used for the speed attribute are:
slow
fast
Duration in milliseconds
While specifying the speed attribute as duration in milliseconds, the value must not be enclosed within quotes.
However, while specifying the speed as slow or fast, the value must be enclosed within quotes.

<html>
<head>
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hide me</h1>
<button>Click to hide</button>
</body>
</html>
$(" button").click(function(){
$(" h1").hide("slow");
});
});
In the preceding code, the text, Hide me, is displayed above the Click to hide button. When the Click to
hide button is clicked, the text, Hide me, slowly disappears from the browser window.
Show Effect
The show() function is used to make a hidden element visible when an event occurs. The following syntax is
used to show the selected elements if they are already hidden:
$(selector).show(speed)
In the preceding syntax, speed is an optional parameter used to specify the speed with which the hidden element
reappears. The values that this parameter can take are slow, fast, and duration in milliseconds.

<html>
<head>
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h3> This text can be hidden and shown. </h3> <br/>
<button class="view">Click to view</button>
<button class="conceal">Click to hide</button>
</body>
</html>
$(".view").click(function(){
$("h3").show(2000);
});
$(".conceal").click(function(){
$("h3").hide();
});
});
In the preceding code snippet, the <h3> tag gets hidden in the browser window when the Click to hide button
is clicked. When the Click to view button is clicked, the <h3> tag is shown again in 2000 milliseconds.
Toggle Effect
The toggle() function can be used to switch between the show effect and the hide effect of an element. This
event can be used to hide or show the element alternatively when an event occurs.
The following syntax is used to show or hide the selected elements:
$(selector).toggle(speed)
In the preceding syntax, speed is an optional parameter. It is used to specify the speed at which the selected
element appears and disappears. The values that this parameter can take are slow, fast, and duration in
milliseconds.
<html>
<head>
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h3> This is some text.</h3>
<hr/>
<button class="view">Show/Hide</button>
</body>
</html>
$(".view").click(function(){
$("h3").toggle("fast");
});
});
In the preceding code snippet, the toggle() function hides and shows the <h3> element alternately.
Fade Effect
The jQuery fade effect is used to gradually reduce the opacity of the selected elements. There are various fade
functions, such as fadeOut() and fadeIn() , which can be applied on the selected elements.
The following table lists these functions to produce the fade effect.
Functions Description Syntax
fadeout() Is used to fade the appearance $(selector).fadeOut(speed)

of the selected elements.
fadeIn() Is used to restore the $(selector).fadeIn(speed)
appearance of a selected
faded element.
The Fade Effect Functions
<html>
<head>
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>CLICK HERE TO FADE ME AWAY!</p>
<br />
<button>Restore</button>
</body>
</html>
$(document).ready(function () {
$("p").click(function () {
$(this).fadeOut(1200);
});
$("button").click(function () {
$("p").fadeIn(1200);
});
});
In the preceding code, the <p> tag is referred using its name. In the click event handler of the <p> tag, the
keyword, this , refers to the current HTML element, which is the <p> tag. When the user clicks the text, CLICK
HERE TO FADE ME AWAY!, the text fades away. When the Restore button is clicked, the text, CLICK HERE
TO FADE ME AWAY!, reappears.
The values that can be used for the speed attribute are:
slow
fast
Duration in milliseconds
While specifying the speed attribute as duration in milliseconds, the value must not be enclosed within quotes.
Using jQuery UI
jQuery UI library provides a set of widgets, such as date pickers, spinners, dialog boxes, and autocomplete text
boxes, which allow you to design a user interface and apply various effects to the UI elements. In addition, it
allows you to apply themes to the widgets to integrate their colors and styles with the website.
To use the jQuery UI library in a view, you need to include a reference to the jQuery UI script file in your view,
as given in the following code snippet:
<script type= "text/javascript" src="@Url.Content("~/Scripts/jQuery-ui-1.8.20.js")">

</script>Let us see how to add effects and widgets to a view by using jQuery UI.
Using jQuery UI Effects

You can add various effects to the various UI elements in your application. Some ways to implement these
effects in an application are:
Add/Remove/Toggle classes
Effect
Show/Hide/Toggle
Add/Remove/Toggle Classes
Using this technique, you can add, remove, or toggle class(es) for the HTML elements while applying the style
animations on them. Consider the following markup for a view:
<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="@Url.Content("~/Content/main.css")">
</script>
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div id="div1"></div>
<button id="button1">Add Class</button>
<button id="button2">Remove Class</button>
<button id="button3">Toggle Class</button>
</body>
</html>
The preceding markup generates a view consisting of a div element and three buttons titled Add Class , Remove
Class ,and Toggle Class . The view uses a stylesheet named main.css .
main.css
Now, consider the following style definitions included in the file:
div {
width:300px;
height: 200px;
background-color:yellow;
}
.myclass {
width : 600px;
height: 400px;
background-color:green;
}
In addition, the markup refers to a JavaScript file named Myscript.js. The Myscript.js file includes the following
code:
$("#button1").click(function() {
$("#div1").addClass("myclass", 1000);
});
$("#button2").click(function () {
$("#div1").removeClass("myclass", 1000);
});
$("#div1").toggleClass("myclass", 1000);
});
});
When a user clicks the button titled, Add Class , the myclass class defined in the main.css file is applied to the
div element. Similarly, when a user clicks the button titled, Remove Class , the myclass class applied to the div
element is removed. When the user clicks the button titled, Toggle Class , the myclass class is applied to the
div element if it is not already applied. However, if the myclass class is already applied to the div element, the
class is removed from the div element.
If your view uses the default _Layout.cshtml layout included in most ASP.NET MVC project templates,
you need to add the script elements within the scripts section, as shown in the following code snippet:
@section scripts{
</script>
<script type= "text/javascript" src="@Url.Content("~/Scripts/jQuery-ui-
1.8.20.js")"> </script>
<script src= "@Url.Content("~/Scripts/Myscript.js")"
type="text/javascript"></script> }
Effect
Using this technique, you can apply various animation effects to an element, such as appear, bounce, blind, clip,
and fade. Consider the following markup for a view:
<html>
<head>
</script>
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div id="div1" style="width:300px; height: 200px; background-color:yellow;"></div>
<button id="button1">Apply Blind Effect</button>
</body>
</html>
The preceding markup generates a view containing a div element and a button titled, Apply Blind Effect. The
preceding view refers to a script file, Myscript.js, which contains the following code:
$("#div1").effect("blind", 1000);
});
});
When a user clicks the button titled, Apply Blind Effect, the div element disappears in 1000 milliseconds with
a blind effect. Similarly, you can apply other effects, such as bounce and clip, to various HTML elements. For
example, you can use the following code to apply the bounce effect to a div element with the id, div1:
$("#div1").effect("bounce", 1000);
To apply the clip effect to a div element with the id, div1, you can use the following code:
$("#div1").effect("clip", 1000);
Show/Hide/Toggle
Using this technique, you can display or hide elements using custom jQuery effects. Consider the following
markup for a view:
<html>
<head>
</script>
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div id="div1" style="width:300px; height: 200px; background-color:yellow;"></div>
<button id="button1">Hide</button>
<button id="button2">Show</button>
</body>
</html>
The preceding markup generates a view consisting of a div element and two buttons titled, Hide and Show . The
markup refers to a custom script file, Myscript.js, which contains the following code:
$("#div1").hide("blind", 1000);
});
$("#div1").show("clip", 1000);
});});
When the user clicks the Hide button, the div element hides with a blind effect. When the user clicks the Show
button, the div element appears with a clip effect.
Using jQuery UI Widgets

You can easily add different types of widgets to your pages by using jQuery UI. Some widgets provided by
jQuery UI are:
Autocomplete
Datepicker
Accordion
Autocomplete
The Autocomplete widget adds an autocomplete text box to a Web page. This widget provides suggestions while
you type into the text box. Consider the following markup for a view:
<html>
<head>
</script>
</script>
<link rel="stylesheet"
href="http://code.jQuery.com/ui/1.10.3/themes/smoothness/jQuery-ui.css" />
</head>
<body>
<div>
<label for="country">Country: </label>
<input id="country" />
</div>
</body>
</html>
The preceding markup generates a view consisting of a div tag, which contains a label and an input field with
the id, country. The markup refers to a style sheet named jQuery-ui.css that defines styles to display jQuery UI
widgets. In addition, it refers to a custom script file named Myscript.js, which contains the following code:
var countries = [
"Alaska",
"Argentina",
"Bahrain",
"Bhutan",
"Canada",
"China",
"Denmark",
"Egypt",
"France",
"Germany",
"Greece",
"Hong Kong",
"India",
"Japan",
"Mexico",
"New Zealand",
"Singapore",
"United Kingdom",
"United States"
];
$("#country").autocomplete({source: countries});
});
The preceding code snippet declares an array named countries , which defines the suggestions for the
autocomplete widget. It then calls the autocomplete() function to convert the input element with the id,
country , into an Autocomplete widget. While invoking this function, it passes the countries array as the source
for the Autocomplete widget. As the user types in the autocomplete widget, matching country names are shown
to the user in the form of suggestions, as shown in the following figure.
The Autocomplete Widget Showing Suggestions
Datepicker
The Datepicker widget allows a user to select a date from a calendar. Consider the following markup for a view:
<html>
<head>
</script>
<script type= "text/javascript" src="@Url.Content("~/Scripts/jQuery-ui-
1.8.20.js")"></script>
</head>
<body>
<div>
<p>Date: <input type="text" id="datepicker" /></p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
The preceding markup creates a view that contains a text box with the id, datepicker . The preceding markup
refers to a custom script file, Myscript.js, which contains the following code to convert the text box into a
Datepicker widget:
$("#datepicker").datepicker();
});
When the user clicks the text box, a Datepicker widget is displayed, as shown in the following figure.
The Datepicker Widget
Accordion
The Accordion widget displays collapsible content panels for presenting information in a limited amount of
space. For example, you can expand/collapse content broken into logical sections. To use accordion, you need to
include a reference to the jQuery UI css file, as shown in the following markup:
Consider the following markup for a view named Accordion.cshtml:
<html>
<head>
</script>
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div id="div1">
<h3>Team 1</h3>
<div>
<ul>
<li>Tom</li>
<li>Nancy</li>
<li>Harry</li>
<li>Sally</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Team 2</h3>
<div>
<ul>
<li>Jim</li>
<li>John</li>
<li>Steven</li>
<li>Susan</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Team 3</h3>
<div>
<ul>
<li>Mark</li>
<li>Ben</li>
<li>Kelly</li>
<li>Jane</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3>Team 4</h3>
<div>
<ul>
<li>George</li>
<li>Lina</li>
<li>Amanda</li>
<li>Ken</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
The preceding markup generates a view, as shown in the following figure.
The Accordion.cshtml View
Now, to display the data of the various teams under different tab-like structures, you need to convert the div tag
with the id, div1 , into an accordion. For this, you need to add the following code in a script file associated with
the view:
$("#div1").accordion();
});
Once the preceding code in a script file is associated with the view, the Accordion.cshtml view appears, as
shown in the following figure:
The Accordion.cshtml View After Adding the Accordion
In the preceding view, a user can click any of the section headers to view the details of that section.
Using Content Delivery Networks for JavaScript Libraries
You have seen how to include the script files for JavaScript libraries, such as jQuery and jQuery UI, in your
application. Although it is perfectly acceptable to serve jQuery scripts from your own server, a better approach is
to use a <script> tag that references jQuery from a Content Delivery Network (CDN).
A CDN is a network of servers containing shared code libraries.
The contents of the CDN are cached on servers located around the world. This helps improve the download speed
of the scripts at the client end. In addition, a number of sites may refer to jQuery from the same CDN. If a user
visits a website that refers to jQuery from a particular CDN, the script can be cached locally on the client. Now,
if the user visits another website that refers to jQuery from the same CDN, the cached script will be used, thereby
improving the performance and saving the cost of downloading scripts.
There are various CDN providers, such as Google and Microsoft, which provide free CDNs for a number of
JavaScript libraries.
To use a JavaScript library from a CDN, you need to provide the URL of the CDN as the value of the src
attribute of the <script> tag, as shown in the following code snippet:
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jQuery/1.8.3/jQuery.min.js">
< /script>
Activity 8.1: Using jQuery
Implementing Partial Page Updates Using AJAX

In traditional Web applications, the client and the server interact synchronously. This means that the processing
of the Web applications happens sequentially, one after the other.
Consider the example of a Web application that contains a Registration page. This page contains the drop-down
lists for selecting the country and the state in the selected country. When a user selects a country from the drop-
down list, the states for the selected country need to be populated in the state drop-down list. For this, a request
is sent to the server along with all the data contained in the Web page. The server processes the request, retrieves
the names of states in the selected country, and sends the entire Web page back to the client machine. This
process is called a postback.
This approach leads to the following drawbacks:
The user interaction with the application is interrupted every time a postback is made.
The user has to wait during each postback.
The full page is rendered and transferred to the client after each postback, which is time-consuming and
traffic intensive.
To overcome such drawbacks, a technology called AJAX can be implemented in Web applications. By
implementing AJAX in Web applications, the interaction between the client and the server becomes
asynchronous. This allows the users to interact with the Web application while waiting for a response from the
server. AJAX implementation enables partial updates in Web applications. This means that instead of loading the
entire Web page again, only the portion that needs to be updated is reloaded.
AJAX is a Web development technique used to create dynamic and interactive applications. It enables Web
applications to retrieve data from the server, asynchronously in the background, without interfering with the
display and behavior of the existing page. AJAX-enabled Web applications provide various advantages, such as:
Quick response to a user’s request: This is due to a partial-page updates feature that refreshes only
those parts of a Web page that have changed or updated. In addition, the partial-page updates feature
enables an application to use less bandwidth because only those parts of a Web page that have changed
or updated are sent to the server.
Asynchronous communication: It allows a user to interact with the rest of the Web page while the
application is processing the changed or updated parts of the Web page.
Web browser support: AJAX is supported by all the widely used Web browsers, such as Microsoft
Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, and Apple Safari.
AJAX provides asynchronous communication to the server and partial updates of the Web pages. Therefore, it
can be used in the Web applications where a portion of the Web page needs to be updated, instead of updating
the entire page. For example, the weather forecasting websites need to be updated frequently to provide the
current temperature and weather updates. Therefore, AJAX can be used in these websites.
Let us learn how to use AJAX for making your websites responsive.
Introduction to AJAX Helpers
You have seen how to use HTML helpers to create forms and links that point to controller actions. In the same
way, there is a set of AJAX helpers, such as Ajax.ActionLink() and Ajax.BeginForm(), supported by
ASP.NET MVC. These AJAX helpers behave asynchronously and create forms and links that point to controller
actions. To work with such helpers, you need to use the jQuery.unobtrusive-ajax script. Ajax helpers depend
on unobtrusive MVC extensions for jQuery. Therefore, before using Ajax, you need to prepare your project for
Unobtrusive Ajax.
Preparing a Project for Unobtrusive AJAX
To use unobtrusive AJAX in an application, you need to update the Web.config file in the root folder of the
application. For this, you need to set the UnobtrusiveJavaScriptEnabled property in the Web.config file to
true .
The highlighted portion of the following code snippet illustrates how to enable the unobtrusive AJAX feature in
the Web.config file:
...
<configuration>
<appSettings>
<add key="webpages:Version" value="2.0.0.0" />
<add key="webpages:Enabled" value="false" />
<add key="PreserveLoginUrl" value="true" />
<add key="ClientValidationEnabled" value="true" />
<add key="UnobtrusiveJavaScriptEnabled" value="true" />
</appSettings>
</configuration>
...
In addition, you need to add references to the jQuery JavaScript libraries that implement the unobtrusive AJAX
functionality. You can refer to the libraries from individual views. However, if you want to refer to the libraries
from all the views, then you can refer to it from the _Layout.cshtml view using the <script> tag, as shown in

</script>
<script src="@Url.Content("~/Scripts/jQuery.unobtrusive-ajax.js")"></script>
In the preceding code snippet, the jQuery-1.7.1.min.js file contains the core jQuery library, and the
jQuery.unobtrusive-ajax.min.js file contains the AJAX library, which relies on the main jQuery library.
Using AJAX ActionLinks
The Ajax.ActionLink helper creates an anchor tag with asynchronous behavior.
Consider a scenario where you want to add a link, Best Deal, on the Home page of the Newbay Store. You want
that when a user clicks this link, the details of the best deal should be retrieved from the server and displayed on
the Home page. However, this should happen through a partial page update, and the entire page should not be
posted back to the server. To implement this functionality, you can add the following markup in the view
corresponding to the Home page:
<div id=“msg”>
@Ajax.ActionLink(“Click here to see best deal for today!”,
“BestDeal”,
new AjaxOptions{
UpdateTargetId=“BestDeal”,
InsertionMode=InsertionMode.Replace,
HttpMethod=“GET”
})
</div>
<div id=“BestDeal”></div>
In the preceding markup, the first parameter to the ActionLink method specifies the link text, and the second
parameter is the name of the action you want to invoke asynchronously. The AjaxOptions parameter specifies
how to send the request, and what would be its effect. The UpdateTargetId property specifies that the response
of the Ajax request should be displayed in the element with the id, BestDeal . The InsertionMode property
specifies that the content of the target element will be replaced with the contents of the Ajax response. The
HttpMethod property specifies that the asynchronous request should be sent to the server by using the HTTP Get
method.
To handle the request at the server, you need to create the BestDeal action method in the appropriate controller,
public ActionResult BestDeal()

{
ProductDBContext db = new ProductDBContext();
/* Retrieve product details ordered by price and store the first record from the result set
in the variable, product. */
var product = db.Products.OrderBy(a => a.price).First();
return PartialView(“_BestDeal”, product);
}
The preceding code snippet will return a partial view, _BestDeal.cshtml. This partial view will be rendered
within the div element with the id, BestDeal , on the Home page. You need to add the following markup in the
_BestDeal.cshtml file:
@model MvcApplication1.Models.Product
<p>
Product:
@Model.name <br />
Price:
@Model.price
</p>
In the preceding markup, MvcApplication1 is the name of the application. This markup renders the details of the
product passed to it by the controller.
Once the user clicks the Ajax link, an asynchronous request is sent to the BestDeal action method. Once the
action returns a partial view, the script renders the partial view in the existing BestDeal element on the home
page.
Using AJAX Forms
Consider the scenario of the Home page of the Newbay store. You want to give the user the ability to search for
a product. As the user types in the search criteria, the details of the matching records should be retrieved from the
server and displayed on the same page, without having to post the page back to the server. This can be easily
implemented by sending an Ajax request to the server. To implement this functionality, you must place an
asynchronous form element on the Home page, as shown in the following code snippet:
@using (Ajax.BeginForm("Search", "Home",
new AjaxOptions
{
InsertionMode = InsertionMode.Replace,
HttpMethod = "GET",
OnFailure = "searchFailed",
LoadingElementId = "ajax-loader",
UpdateTargetId = "searchresults",
}))
{
<input type="text" name="q" />
<input type="submit" value="search" />
<img id="ajax-loader" src="@Url.Content("~/Content/Images/ajax-loader.gif")"
style="display:none"/>
}
<div id="searchresults"></div>
The preceding code snippet renders a textbox and button element on the screen. In addition, its adds a div
element with the id, searchresults , to the page. The first parameter of the Ajax.BeginForm() method specifies
the action method that will handle the Ajax request on the server. The second parameter specifies the controller
that contains the action method. The third parameter specifies various options for the Ajax request. In the
preceding code snippet, the third parameter specifies that:
The contents of the Ajax response should replace the existing content of the target element.
The HTTP method, Get, should be used for sending the request to the server.
If the Ajax request fails, the searchfailed() function should be executed.
While the asynchronous request is in progress, animated gif specified by the element id, ajax-loader
should be displayed to indicate progress.
The response from the server should be displayed in an element with the id, searchresults .
When the user clicks the submit button, the browser sends an asynchronous GET request to the Search action of
the Home controller. The Search action method can be defined, as shown in the following code snippet:
public ActionResult Search(string q)

{
ProductDBContext db = new ProductDBContext();
var products = db.Products.Where (a=>a.name.Contains(q));
return PartialView("_searchresults", products);
}
The preceding code retrieves product records that match the specified search string from the database, and returns
a partial view named _searchresults , containing the retrieved records. This partial view is then rendered in the
searchresults element on the Home page.
The _searchresults partial view contains the following markup to render the details of the products that match
the search criteria:
@model IEnumerable<MvcApplication1.Models.Product>
<table>
<tr>
<th>
@Html.DisplayNameFor(model → model.name)
</th>
<th>
</th>
<th> </th>
</tr>
@foreach (var item in Model) {
<tr>
<td>
@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.name)
</td>
<td>
@Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.price)
</td>
</tr>
}
</table>
In the preceding markup, MvcApplication1 is the name of the application.
If the Ajax request fails, a function named searchFailed is invoked. The searchFailed() function is defined in
a custom JavaScript file referenced by the view, as shown in the following code snippet:
function searchFailed() {
$("#searchresults").html("Sorry, there was a problem with the search.");
}
Activity 8.2: Implementing Partial Page Updates Using AJAX
Summary
JavaScript is a client-side scripting language that allows you to develop dynamic and interactive rich
Web applications.
Unobtrusive JavaScript is a general approach to implement JavaScript in Web pages.
A JavaScript library is a set of prewritten JavaScript code, which helps in developing a JavaScript-
based application easily.
jQuery helps in finding, traversing, and manipulating HTML elements inside an HTML document.
With the help of jQuery, amazing visual effects can be applied to the elements of a Web document.
Some of the predefined jQuery effects that can be used to add visual appeal to a Web page are:
Hide effect
Show effect
Toggle effect
Fade effect
jQuery UI library provides a set of widgets, such as date pickers, spinners, dialog boxes, and
autocomplete text boxes, which allow you to design a user interface and apply various effects to the UI
elements.
You can add various effects to the various UI elements in your application. Some ways to implement
these effects in an application are:
Add/Remove/Toggle classes
Effect
Show/Hide/Toggle
You can easily add different types of widgets to your pages by using jQuery UI. Some widgets provided
by jQuery UI are:
Autocomplete
Datepicker
Accordion
A CDN is a network of servers containing shared code libraries.
AJAX is a Web development technique used to create dynamic and interactive applications.
AJAX-enabled Web applications provide various advantages, such as:
Quick response to a user’s request
Asynchronous communication
Web browser support
Chapter 9
Managing State and Optimizing Performance
An ASP.NET MVC application uses the HTTP protocol to communicate between a Web browser and a Web
server. HTTP is a stateless protocol and cannot automatically indicate whether the sequential requests are coming
from the same or different clients. Therefore, each time a Web page is posted to the server, a new instance of the
Web page is created. As a result, there is a loss of information associated with the page and the controls placed
on it. To overcome this limitation, ASP.NET MVC provides the various state management features.
A Web application must provide quick response to its users. Response time is a direct measure of the
performance of a Web application. ASP.NET MVC provides the various optimization techniques to enhance the
performance of a Web application.
This chapter discusses the various state management options provided by ASP.NET MVC. In addition, it
discusses the various techniques to enhance the performance of a Web application, such as caching, bundling,
and minification.
Objectives
Implement state management

Optimize the performance of a Web application
Implementing State Management

While developing a Web application, you may want to implement functionality that requires information to be
retained across multiple requests to the server.
Consider the example of the Newbay Web application where a customer needs to place an order online. While
doing this, the customer selects a product category from a drop-down list on the Web page. As soon as the
customer selects the category, a request is sent to the server to retrieve a list of product names belonging to the
selected category, which needs to be populated in another drop-down list on the same Web page. However, as
HTTP is a stateless protocol, when the request is sent to the server, a new instance of the Web page is created,
and therefore, all the information previously entered on the Web page is lost. This problem can be solved by
using state management.
Some options available to implement state management are:
Cookies
QueryString
TempData
Application State
Session State
Cookies
Cookies are small pieces of information that are stored on the client’s computer. The purpose of storing this
information is to offer a personalized experience to the user. For example, if a user has logged on to a website for
the first time, the name of the user can be stored in the form of a cookie. When a browser requests the same page
the next time, the website sends the cookie along with the requested information. The Web server reads the
cookie and extracts its value. It then processes the Web page according to the information contained in the cookie
and renders it on the Web browser.
For example, if the name of the user is stored in a cookie, the user’s name will be sent to the server along with
the request for a Web page. The name of the user can then be displayed with a greeting message on the Web
page when it is rendered on the browser.
Types of Cookies
Cookies can be either temporary or persistent. Temporary cookies exist in the memory space of a browser. When
the browser is closed, all temporary cookies added to the browser are lost. Temporary cookies are also known as
session cookies.
A temporary cookie is useful for storing information required for only a short time. Temporary cookies are also
useful for storing information that should not be written to the disk on a client computer for security reasons. For
example, a temporary cookie can be created to store the user’s login state. This cookie is sent with every
subsequent request to the same website to establish the user’s login credentials. This enables the user to login just
once during a session, and then access the various pages of the website without logging in again. However, when
the user closes the browser or logs out, the user’s session ends, and the cookie is removed. This is done as a
security measure to prevent a user from remaining logged in unintentionally.
A persistent cookie is saved as a text file in the file system of the client computer. Persistent cookies are used
when you want to store information for a longer time period. For example, persistent cookies can be used to store
customized user settings for a website. This helps in customizing the website when the user revisits the website.
While creating a persistent cookie, you can set the expiration date of the cookie, which defines the duration for
which the cookie will be stored on the client computer. If you do not set the expiration date of a cookie, the
cookie is maintained as a temporary cookie, as a part of the user’s session information. Once the user session is
finished, the cookie is discarded.
Creating Cookies
Persistent cookies can be created, as shown in the following example:
Response.Cookies ["userName"].Value = "Peter";

Response.Cookies ["userName"].Expires = DateTime.Now.AddDays(2);
Response.Cookies ["lastVisited"].Value = DateTime.Now.ToString();
Response.Cookies ["lastVisited"].Expires = DateTime.Now.AddDays(2);
In the preceding example, two cookies, userName and lastVisited, are created. The user name, Peter , is stored
in the first cookie, and the date and time when the user, Peter , last visited the site are stored in the second
cookie. The expiry period for both the cookies is set as 2 days. If you do not set the expiry period for the cookies,
the cookies will be created as temporary cookies.
You can also store multiple values in a single cookie. For example, instead of creating separate cookies for
storing the user name and last visited information, you can create a single cookie that can hold both the values.
Such a cookie can be created, as shown in the following example:
Response.Cookies["userInfo"]["userName"] = "Peter";
Response.Cookies["userInfo"]["lastVisited"] = DateTime.Now.ToString();
Response.Cookies["userInfo"].Expires = DateTime.Now.AddDays(2);
In the preceding example, the cookie, userInfo , with two subkeys, userName and lastVisited, is created.
Accessing Cookies
You can access the value of a cookie by using the Request built-in object. However, if you want to modify a
cookie, you need to use the Response built-in object of ASP.NET.
The following code snippet reads a cookie that stores a single value:
if (Request.Cookies["userName"].Value != null)
{
string Name = Request.Cookies["userName"].Value;
}
In the preceding code snippet, if the value of the cookie, userName, is not null, the value is assigned to the
string , Name.
Similarly, you can read the values from a cookie that stores multiple values. The following example reads a
cookie that stores multiple values:
if (Request.Cookies["userInfo"] != null)
{
string Name = Request.Cookies["userInfo"]["userName"];
string VisitedOn = Request.Cookies["userInfo"]["lastVisited"];
}
In the preceding code snippet, if the value of the cookie, userInfo , is not null, the value of the subkeys,
userName and lastVisited, are assigned to the strings, Name and VisitedOn , respectively .
Advantages and Disadvantages of Cookies

Cookies have the following advantages:
A cookie is stored on the client computer and can be read by the server after a request for a page is
posted. Therefore, there is no server resource involved in maintaining the cookie.
A cookie is a text-based data structure that contains key-value pairs. Therefore, it is easy to create and
manipulate cookies.
A cookie can expire when the browser session ends or can exist for a specified time on the client
computer, as per your requirement.
Cookies have the following limitations:

Cookies that are stored on the client computer have a limited size. Therefore, you cannot store a large
amount of data in a cookie.
A user can disable cookies to prevent them from being stored on the hard disk of the computer. If a user
denies permission for cookies, an ASP.NET Web application cannot store cookies on the client
computer.
Users can tamper with cookies because cookies are stored on the client computer.
Query String
Sometimes, it is required to transfer information from one page to another. For example, on the Newbay
shopping website, the product details page displays the list of categories of products. When the user selects a
category, another page with the detailed information about the selected category is displayed. This process
requires you to transfer the information about the selected category to another page so that the relevant details can
be displayed. You can perform this task by using a query string.
A query string provides a simple way to pass information from one page to another. It is the part of a URL that
appears after the Question mark ( ?) character. Consider the following URL that passes information by using a
query string:
http://www.Newbay.com/search?Category=Electronics
In the preceding URL, the query string defines the variable, Category , which contains the string, Electronics.
You can pass data from one page to another page in the form of a query string by using the Response.Redirect
method, as shown in the following statement:
Response.Redirect(Url.Action("Contact", "Home") + "?Category=Electronics");

In the preceding statement, the string, Electronics, is stored in the variable, Category , and is sent to the
Contact action method of the Home controller. The Contact() action method can retrieve the information stored
in the variable, Category , by using the following statement:
String cat = Request.QueryString["Category"];

The preceding statement stores the string, Electronics, in the cat variable.
Instead of using the preceding statement, the Contact() action method can also accept the query string as a
parameter, as shown in the following code snippet:
public ActionResult About(string Category)

{
String cat = Category;
...
return View();
}
You can pass multiple values from one page to another by using the query string. For this, the values must be
separated with the ampersand ( &) symbol, as shown in the following statement:
Response.Redirect(Url.Action("Contact", "Home") + "?

Category=Electronics&Description=Affordable");
There should be no blank space before and after the ampersand (&) symbol.
In the preceding statement, the strings, Electronics and Affordable , are stored in the variables, Category and
Description, respectively. The information stored in these variables can be retrieved by using the following code
snippet:
String Cat = Request.QueryString ["Category"];

String Det = Request.QueryString ["Description"];
The preceding code snippet stores the strings, Electronics and Affordable , in the variables, Cat and Det ,
respectively.
Advantages and Disadvantages of QueryString

Query strings provide the following advantages:
A query string is contained in the HTTP request for a specific URL. Therefore, there is no server
resource involved in storing a query string.
All browsers support query strings.
Query strings have the following limitations:
The information in a query string is directly visible to the users in the browser window. Therefore,
query strings are not useful for storing sensitive data.
Some browsers impose a limit of 2083 characters on the URL length. This restricts the amount of
information that you can pass from one page to another by using query strings.
TempData
TempData is a dictionary for storing temporary data in the form of key-value pairs. It can be used to store values
between one request and another. Values can be added to TempData by adding them to the TempData collection.
This information is preserved for a single request only and is designed to maintain data across a Web page
redirect. Any data stored in TempData will be available during the current and subsequent requests only, or until
the item is removed explicitly. This is useful in a situation when you want to pass data to a view during a Web
page redirect.

{
{
TempData["text"] = "Hello";
return RedirectToAction("About");
}
public ActionResult About()
{
return View();
}
}
In the preceding code snippet, if you send a request for the Index() action method, the value, Hello, is stored in
the TempData key named text , and you are automatically redirected to the About() action method, which renders
a view.
Now, consider the following code included in the view associated with the About() action method:
@{var msg = TempData["text"] as String;}

@msg
The preceding view is able to access the data stored for it in TempData and display it to the user. However, if you
now navigate to another view, the data stored in TempData by the Index() action method will not be available
there.
Advantages and Disadvantages of TempData

TempData provides the following advantages:
TempData can be used to pass an error message to an error page easily.

TempData is used to pass the data from the current request to the subsequent request in case of
redirection.
TempData has the following limitations:
Its life is short and it lives only until the time the target view is fully loaded.
It can be used to store only one time messages, such as error messages and validation messages.
Application State
ASP.NET provides application state as a means of storing application-specific information. The information in
the application state is stored as key-value pairs.
Application state is created the first time a user accesses any URL resource in an application. After the
application state is created, the application-specific information is stored in it. The information stored in the
application state is shared among all the pages and user sessions of the Web application by using the
HttpApplicationState class. The HttpApplicationState class is accessed by using the Application property
of the HttpContext object.
Application state variables are global for an ASP.NET application. However, the values stored in the
application state variables are accessible only from the code running within the context of the originating
application. Other applications running on the system cannot access or modify the values.
Application State and Application Events
The application state is generally initialized and manipulated on the occurrence of certain application events.
These application events are:
Application.Start : This event is raised when the application receives the first request for a Web
page. It is also raised on the next request after the server, Web service, or website has been restarted.
The event handler for this event usually contains code for initializing the application variables.
Application.End : This event is raised when the server, Web service, or website is stopped or restarted.
The event handler for this event usually contains code to clean up the resources that the application has
used.
Application.Error : This event is raised when an unhandled error occurs.
The handlers for the preceding events are defined in the Global.asax file. The code to manipulate the application
state can be written inside these event handlers.
Storing Information in the Application State

You can add application-specific information to the application state by creating variables and objects and adding
them to the application state. Variables and objects added to the application state are global to an ASP.NET
application. In an ASP.NET application, the code for initializing application variables and objects is usually
written within the Application_Start() function in the Global.asax file. For example, you can create the
variable named MyVariable with the value, Hello , and store it in the application state by using the following
statement:
HttpContext.Application ["MyVariable"] = "Hello";

The value stored in this variable can now be accessed across all the pages and user sessions of the Web
application.
Retrieving Information from the Application State

After the application in which you declared MyVariable is executed, any page in the application can retrieve the
value of MyVariable . To read the value of MyVariable , you can use the following statement:
string val = (string)HttpContext.Application["MyVariable"];

The preceding statement retrieves the value contained in the application variable, MyVariable, and stores it in the
local variable named val.
Removing Information from the Application State

Apart from adding and retrieving variables and objects to the application state, you can also remove an existing
object or variable from the application state. For example, you can remove the application variable, MyVariable ,
from the application state by using the following statement:
HttpContext.Application.Remove("MyVariable");
You can also remove all the application state variables and objects by using the following statement:
HttpContext.Application.RemoveAll();
Once added, an object remains in the application state until the application is shut down, the Global.asax file is
modified, or the item is explicitly removed from the application state.
Synchronizing the Application State

Multiple pages and sessions within an ASP.NET Web application can simultaneously access the values stored in
the application state. This can result in conflicts and deadlocks. For example, you can add the variable named
PageCounter in the application state to keep track of the number of times a page has been requested. If two users
access a Web page simultaneously, there will be an attempt to update the value of the variable, PageCounter, by
both the users, which could result in data inconsistency. To avoid such situations, the HttpApplicationState
class provides two methods, Lock() and Unlock() . These methods allow only one thread at a time to access the
application state variables and objects.
Each browser’s request for a Web page initiates a new thread on the Web server.
Calling the Lock() method on an Application object causes ASP.NET to block attempts by the code running on
other worker threads to access anything in the application state. These threads are unblocked only when the
thread that called the Lock() method calls the corresponding Unlock() method on the Application object.
Consider the following code snippet that locks and unlocks the variable, PageCounter:
HttpContext.Application.Lock();
if (HttpContext.Application["PageCounter"] == null)
{
HttpContext.Application["PageCounter"]=1;
}
else
{
HttpContext.Application["PageCounter"]=(int) HttpContext.Application["PageCounter"
]+1;
}
HttpContext.Application.UnLock();
In the preceding code snippet, the Lock() method is called before accessing the value of the PageCounter
variable. This ensures that the variable cannot be modified simultaneously by any other thread. After calling the
Lock() method, the value of the PageCounter variable is modified. Once modified, the UnLock() method is
called to release the imposed lock on the PageCounter application state variable. Then, the variable can be
modified by other threads.
The Lock() method locks all the items in the application state object. In other words, you cannot
selectively lock items in the application state.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Application State
The application state has the following advantages:
The application state is easy to use and consistent with other .NET Framework classes.
Storing information in the application state involves maintaining only a single copy of the information.
The application state has the following limitations:
The data stored in the application state is lost when the Web server containing the application state fails
due to server crash, upgrade, or shutdown.
The application state requires server memory and can affect the performance of the server and the
scalability of the Web application, if it occupies excess memory space.
You can implement the application state to increase the performance of the Web application. For example,
storing relatively static data that is required across pages/sessions in the application state can enhance the
performance of the Web application by reducing the overall number of data requests to a database server.
However, it is important to remember that application state variables, which contain large blocks of information,
can reduce the Web server performance as the server load increases. In addition, the memory occupied by a
variable stored in the application state is not released until the value is explicitly removed or replaced. Therefore,
it is preferred to use the application state variables with small and less frequently-changed data.
Session State
In ASP.NET, session state is used to store session-specific information for a Web application. Unlike application
state, the scope of session state is limited to the current browser session. If multiple users are accessing a Web
application, each user will have a different session state. If a user exits from a Web application and returns later,
the user will have a different session state.
Session state is structured as a key-value pair for storing session-specific information that needs to be maintained
between server round trips and requests for pages.
The session state has a built-in support in ASP.NET. The built-in session state feature automatically performs the
following actions:
Identify and classify requests coming from a browser into a logical session on the server.
Store session-specific data on the server.
Raise session lifetime-related events, such as Session.Start and Session.End, which can be handled
in the Global.asax file.
Automatically release session data if a browser does not access an application within a specified timeout
period.
When a user first requests a page from an ASP.NET website, the website automatically adds a session cookie to
the client browser to store the current session ID. This cookie is sent to the server along with all the subsequent
requests within the session.
Identifying a Session
Each active ASP.NET session is identified and tracked by a unique session ID string containing American
Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) characters. The session ID strings are communicated across
client/server requests by using either an HTTP cookie or a modified URL containing the embedded session ID
string. The SessionStateModule class is responsible for generating or obtaining session ID strings.
Similar to the application state, you can store objects and variables in the session state. By default, a session
variable is active for 20 minutes without any user interaction. In an ASP.NET Web application, the objects stored
in the session state are stored on the server.
Using the Session State

The method of adding and retrieving items from the session state is basically the same as that of adding and
retrieving items from the application state. The following statement adds the variable, MyVariable , with the
value, HELLO , in the session state:
Session["MyVariable"]="HELLO";
You can retrieve the value of the variable, MyVariable , by using the following statement:
string val = (string) Session["MyVariable"];

The preceding statement retrieves the value of MyVariable and stores it in the variable, val .
You need to consider the following issues when adding variables and objects to the session state:
Any variable or object that you add to the session state is available until the user closes the browser
window. The variables and objects are automatically removed from the session state if the user does not
request a page for more than 20 minutes, which is the default duration for session timeout.
Any variable or object added to the session state is related to a particular user. For example, you can
store different values for MyVariable for two different users accessing the Web page, and users can
access only the value that is assigned to the copy of the session variable associated with them.
Session state is global to the entire application for the current user. Session state is not lost if the user revisits a
Web page or visits a different page by using the same browser window. However, session state can be lost in the
following ways:
When the user closes and restarts the browser.

When the user accesses the same Web page through a different browser window.
When the session times out because of inactivity.
When the Session.Abandon() method is called within the Web page code.
Similar to application state, you can remove an object or a variable added to the session state by using the
Remove() method or the RemoveAll() method based on the requirement.
Handling the Session Events

Session state is generally initialized and manipulated on the occurrence of certain events. These events are:
Session.Start : This event is raised when a user requests the first page from a website and is useful for
initializing session variables.
Session.End: This event is raised when a user session expires or when the Session.Abandon() method
is called.
The handlers for the preceding events are defined in the Global.asax file. The code to initialize and manipulate
session state can be written inside these event handlers.
Configuring the Session State

Session state can be configured through the Web.config file for the application. This file allows you to set the
advanced options, such as the timeout and the session state mode.
The following markup shows some important options that can be set for the <sessionState> element:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>

<configuration>
<system.web>
<sessionState
cookieless="UseCookies" cookieName="ASP.NET_SessionID"
timeout="20"
mode="InProc" />
</system.web>
</configuration>
The preceding markup uses the following session state attributes:
cookieless
timeout
mode
The cookieless Attribute

The cookieless attribute specifies whether a cookie should be used or not. The following table lists the values
that the cookieless attribute can have, along with their description.
Value Description
UseCookies Specifies that cookies are

always used.
UseUri Specifies that cookies are never

used and the session ID is
inserted in the URL that goes to
the server.
UseDeviceProfile Specifies ASP.NET to choose

whether to use cookies by
examining the
BrowserCapabilities object. It
does not take into account that
the user may have disabled
cookies in a browser that
supports them.
AutoDetect Specifies that cookies should be

used if the browser supports
them. ASP.NET determines
cookies by attempting to set and
retrieve a cookie.
The Values of the cookieless Attribute
The timeout Attribute

The timeout attribute is an important attribute of the <sessionState> element. It specifies the number of
minutes that ASP.NET will wait, without receiving a request, before abandoning the session.
The value for the timeout attribute should be set in such a way that it is short enough to allow the server to
reclaim valuable memory after a client stops using the application. At the same time, the value should be long
enough to allow a client to pause and continue a session without losing it.
The timeout attribute can also be set programmatically, as shown in the following statement:
Session.Timeout = 15;
The mode Attribute

The mode attribute specifies where the session state values are to be stored. The mode attribute can have the
following values:
Custom: Specifies a custom data store to store the session-state information.

InProc: Specifies that the information is to be stored in the same process as the ASP.NET application.
This is the only mode in which the Session.End event is raised.
Off : Specifies that the session state is disabled.
SQLServer : Specifies that the session state is to be stored by using an out-of-process SQL Server
database to store the state information.
StateServer: Specifies that the session state is to be stored in an out-of-process ASP.NET state service
running on the Web server or a dedicated server. It does not store information on Internet Information
Services (IIS).
Advantages and Disadvantages of Session State

Session state has the following advantages:
Access of data is fast as it stores session data in a memory object of the current application domain.
It ensures platform scalability as it can work in a multiprocess configuration.
Session state has the following limitations:

As the session state data is stored in server memory, it is not advisable to use session state when you are
working with a large volume of data.
It affects the performance of memory, because the session state variable stays in memory until you
destroy the state.
In addition to the state management techniques discussed here, there are various other techniques,
such as View State, Control State, and Hidden Fields. These techniques are supported by ASP.NET Web
forms applications and are not available in ASP.NET MVC applications.
Activity 9.1: Implementing State Management
Optimizing the Performance of a Web Application

Nowadays, Web applications are used for various purposes, such as discussion forums, online shopping, and
social networking. The performance of such Web applications is dependent on how quickly they respond to the
user request.
To improve the overall performance of your Web application, you need reduce the number of server interactions
with the database. ASP.NET MVC provides the various techniques to optimize the performance of a Web
application. Caching is one of the techniques that can be used to optimize the performance of a Web application.
Caching reduces the number of server interactions with the database by storing the data in the cache memory for
a specific period of time.
You can also improve the performance of a Web application by reducing the number of requests and the size of
the requests between the client and the server. This can be done by techniques, such as bundling and
minification. In addition, you can adopt some best practices to further optimize the performance of a Web
application.
Enhancing Performance by Using Output Caching
Consider the scenario of the Newbay application where you want the application to display the latest products
available with their prices on the Home page. For this, you need to retrieve the updated list of products from the
database so that your Web page always displays the current list of products with their prices.
In such a situation, where you frequently need to query the database for the updated list, the interaction with the
database becomes one of the most important factors that can affect the performance of an application. This is
because executing a query against a database takes a substantial amount of time. Moreover, the same data may
need to be fetched multiple times from the database, when the data is requested by multiple clients.
In such a situation, you can use the output caching technique to improve the performance of a Web application.
Output caching allows you to cache the content returned by a controller action. As a result, the same content does
not need to be generated each time the controller action is invoked.
Before implementing output caching, you need to consider the various factors, such as:
Identify whether output caching is relevant for your application. If the content of your application
changes frequently, output caching may not be useful.
Identify the duration for which the output must be cached. This would depend on how frequently data
associated with the output changes.
Identify the location where you need to cache the output. You can cache the output on locations, such as
client machines, the Web server, or both.
The following figure depicts the functionality of caching.

The Functionality of Caching
Caching is an important and extensively-used concept to enhance the application performance. The major
benefits of using caching are:
Reduced access time: When most of the requests are processed by the cache itself and need not be sent
to the database server, the access time of the Web page is reduced significantly.
Less bandwidth required: Caching can be implemented on the client computer or on the server. If
caching is implemented at the client computer, most of the requests and responses do not require data
transfer over the network between the client and the server. This, in turn, reduces the bandwidth
required for the communication. Implementing caching at the server side will also reduce the bandwidth
requirement as the data transfer between the server and the database would be reduced.
Lesser load on server: Caching avoids executing the same code repetitively to create the same result.
This reduces the CPU usage at the server, and in the process, lowers the load on the server.
Output caching improves the performance of an ASP.NET MVC application by enabling you to cache the pages
of the application for a specified duration. When the user requests the same page within the specified period of
time, instead of rerendering the page, ASP.NET MVC serves the cached page to the user.
In an ASP.NET MVC application, you can implement caching at the controller action level. You can apply the
output cache attribute to a controller action or the entire controller you decide to cache. By doing this, you can
cache the result returned from a controller action. This will result in getting the same content each and every time
a new user invokes the same action. The following code snippet shows how to enable caching by adding an
output cache attribute to a controller action.

{
[OutputCache]
{
//some code
}
}
In the preceding code snippet, the [OutputCache] attribute is added to the Index action method of the Home
controller.
Configuring the Cache Duration and Location

Consider the example of the Newbay store website where the Products page gets the details of the products from
a database table. In this case, if there are a thousand users requesting for the same page at the same time, the Web
server needs to raise a thousand queries to the same database to produce the same output.
You can avoid such a situation by caching the output for a specified duration. The duration for which a Web
page is cached will depend on the frequency at which the underlying data changes. If the data rarely changes, the
Web page can be cached for a long duration. However, if the data associated with the Web page changes too
frequently, caching the Web page for too long may result in serving stale data to the users.
Therefore, if the data associated with a particular Web page changes frequently and there are thousands of users
requesting the same page per second, you can cache the output for a couple of seconds. Caching the output for a
small duration of time is called micro caching. When the traffic on the Web application is high, micro caching
significantly reduces the number of queries to access the database.
So far, you have seen how to enable output caching by adding the [OutputCache] attribute either to an individual
controller action or to an entire controller class. However, you can specify the duration and location of the cache
attribute. In order to see the effect of the output caching, consider the following code snippet:

{
[OutputCache(Duration=3)]
{
ViewBag.Message="This page was rendered at " + DateTime.Now;
return View();
}
}
In the preceding code snippet, the output is cached for 3 sec. This means that the time displayed on the Web page
will get refreshed every 3 seconds. However, if you want to cache the output of a controller action for one day,
you can specify the cache duration of 86400 seconds.
If you invoke the Index() action multiple times by entering URL/ Home/ Index in the address bar of your
browser and hitting the Refresh/ Reload button in your browser repeatedly, the time displayed by the Index view
would not change for 3 seconds. The same time is displayed because the view is cached. This view is cached for
everyone who visits your application. Anyone who invokes the Index() action will get the same cached version
of the Index view. This means that the amount of work that the Web server must perform to serve the Index view
is dramatically reduced.
In addition to the duration of the cache, you can also define the location where you want the data to be cached.
When you use the [OutputCache] attribute, content is cached at three locations: the Web server, any proxy
server, and the Web browser. However, you can set your own location by modifying the Location property of
the [OutputCache] attribute. The [OutputCache] attribute has the Location property that can be used to specify
the location of the output to be cached. The Location property can take the following values:
Any :The output cache can be located on the browser, a proxy server participating in the request, or the
server where the request was processed.
Client: The output cache is located on the browser where the request originated.
Downstream : The output cache can be stored in any HTTP cache-capable device other than the original
server, such as the proxy servers and the client that made the request.
Server: The output cache is located on the Web server where the request was processed.
None : The output cache is disabled for the requested page.
In an enterprise environment, client machines generally obtain access to the Internet through a proxy
server. A proxy server is a server that sits between a client application, such as a Web browser and the
Internet. When a client requests an online resource, the request is intercepted by the proxy server, and then
forwarded to the target Web server.
By default, the Location property has the value, Any . However, there are situations in which you might want to
cache content only on the browser or the server.
For example, if you are caching information that is personalized for each user, you should not cache the
information on the server. However, you might want to cache the personalized content in the browser cache to
improve performance. If you cache content in the browser, and a user invokes the same controller action multiple
times, the content can be retrieved from the browser cache instead of the server. In order to see the effect of
setting the Location property, consider the following code snippet:
public class UserController : Controller

{ [OutputCache(Duration=36000,Location=System.Web.UI.OutputCacheLocation.Client)]
public string GetOrderDetails()
{
//Code to display order details
}
}
In the preceding code snippet, the [OutputCache] attribute helps in caching the output of the
GetOrderDetails() action method. The Location property is set to the value,
System.Web.UI.OutputCacheLocation .Client. This helps in caching the content only on the browser in such a
way that when multiple users invoke the GetOrderDetails() method, each person gets its own order details.
Varying the Output Cache Based on Request Parameters

Consider the scenario of Newbay where the Product page displays the list of products under the various
categories. When you select a product, you get the details of that particular product. If you cache the details page,
the details for the same product will be displayed even if you select a different product. The first product selected
by the first user will be displayed to all the future users.
To avoid such a situation, you can take advantage of the VaryByParam property of the [OutputCache] attribute.
This property enables you to create different cached versions of the same content. For example, consider the
Product() action method that returns a list of products, and the Details() action method that returns the details
for the selected product, as shown in the following code snippet:
[OutputCache(Duration=3600, VaryByParam="none")]
{
ViewData.Model = (from m in db.products select m).ToList();
return View();
}
[OutputCache(Duration=3600, VaryByParam ="id")]
public ActionResult Details (int id)
{
ViewData.Model = db.products.SingleOrDefault(m => m.Id == id);
return View();
}
}
}
In the preceding code snippet, the Product() action includes the VaryByParam property with the value, none .
The VaryByParam attribute specifies how many copies of the page need to be saved. In this example, the value of
the VaryByParam attribute is set to none , which indicates that only one copy of the page is to be cached. When
the Product() action is invoked, the same cached version of the Product view is returned. The Details() action
includes the VaryByParam property with the value, id. The SingleorDefault extension method returns the only
element of the sequence that satisfies a specified condition or a default value if no such element exists. When
different values of the id parameter are passed to the controller action, different cached versions of the Details
view are generated. In addition, you can set the VaryByParam property to the following values:
*:Create a different cached version whenever a form or query string parameter varies.
None : Never create different cached versions.
Semicolon separated list of parameters : Create different cached versions whenever any of the
specified form or query string parameters in the list varies.
Output Cache Profile

So far you have seen how to configure output cache properties by modifying properties of the [OutputCache]
attribute. However, you can create a cache profile in the Web.config file.
Creating a cache profile has the following advantages:
You can apply the cache profile to several controllers and controller actions and control how they cache
contents from one central location.
You can modify the Web.config file without recompiling the application.
For example, to create a cache profile, you need to include the following code snippet in the <system.web>
section of a Web configuration file:
<caching>
<outputCacheSettings>
<outputCacheProfiles>
<add name="Cache1Hour" duration="3600" varyByParam="none"/>
</outputCacheProfiles>
</outputCacheSettings>
</caching>
In the preceding code snippet, the Cache1Hour profile is applied to a controller action with the [OutputCache]
attribute. For example, in order to implement the Cache1Hour profile to the Index() action method of the Home
controller, consider the following code snippet:

{
[OutputCache(CacheProfile="Cache1Hour")]
{
//some code
}
}
In the preceding code snippet, the Cache1Hour profile is applied to the Index() action method of the Home
controller.
Donut Hole Caching

So far, you have seen how to cache an entire Web page. However, there are situations where you need to cache
only a part of the page. In most of the Web applications, there are parts of pages that do not change. The donut
hole caching is useful in scenarios where most of the elements in your page are dynamic, except few sections that
rarely change but are expensive to generate. The most common example is a dynamic navigation structure that
has some associated values in the database.
Consider a scenario where the Product categories are retrieved from the database and shown as links on each and
every page of the Newbay Web application. Retrieving the product categories from the database and rendering
them on a view as links is a time-consuming activity. Moreover, this activity needs to be repeated for every page
in the Web application. Therefore, the code to retrieve the categories needs to be repeated in each and every
controller action in the Web application.
To avoid these problems, you can retrieve the categories just once and cache the resulting HTML by using donut
hole caching.
You can implement donut hole caching by making use of the child action methods provided by ASP.NET MVC.
A child action method is a controller action that is only meant to be invoked during the execution of other
controller actions. Child actions act as any other controller action and their output can be cached as well.
In order to implement donut hole caching, you need to create a Controller action and include the logic, as
[ChildActionOnly]
[OutputCache(Duration=60)]
public ActionResult Categories()
{
var db = new ProductDBContext();
var Categories = db.Products.select(p=>p.Category).Distinct();
ViewBag.Categories = Categories.ToArray();
return PartialView();
}
In the preceding code snippet, the Distinct() method used in the LINQ query to retrieve category
details ensures that only distinct categories are retrieved.
In the preceding code snippet, the [ChildActionOnly] attribute creates a child action that returns the product
categories from the database. It then returns the partial view named Categories that contains the following
markup:
<ul id="navigation">
@foreach (string category in ViewBag.Categories)
{
<li> @Html.ActionLink(category, category, "Products")</li>
}
</ul>
You can then use the Html.Action() helper method in any view to tell ASP.NET MVC to execute the child
action method and render the partial view associated with it at a particular place within the view.
For example, consider the following code snippet written in a view which calls the child action method,
Categories() .
@Html.Action("Categories", "Home")
In the preceding code snippet, Home is the name of the controller that contains the child action method,
Categories . Including the Action() helper method in each view of your Web application will ensure that links
corresponding to all the product categories appear on all the views. In addition, as the [OutputCache] attribute
has been specified for the child action method, once the product categories are retrieved from the database and
the partial view has been generated, the HTML for the partial view will be cached and used for all the subsequent
requests to the website.
Enhancing Performance by Using Data Caching
Most Web pages in a Web application typically contain dynamic data that needs to be retrieved from a database.
However, executing a database query each time a user places a request can slow down the performance of the
application. This problem can be solved by using a concept called data caching.
Data can be cached in an ASP.NET MVC application by using the MemoryCache class.
Consider the following code snippet that illustrates how to cache data in an application by using the MemoryCache
class:
Customer dtCustomer = System.Runtime.Caching.MemoryCache.Default.

AddOrGetExisting("CustomerData", getCustomer(),
System.DateTime.Now.AddHours(1));
In the preceding example, the AddOrGetExisting() function enables the application to refresh and retrieve data
in one line of code. This function retrieves the data from the cache, if the cache contains the relevant data.
However, if the cache does not contain the relevant data, the AddOrGetExisting() function allows adding the
data to the cache by invoking the getCustomer() function.
The first parameter of the AddOrGetExisting() function specifies the unique identifier of the object that needs to
be stored in the memory cache. The second parameter specifies the object that needs to be stored in the cache,
and the third parameter specifies the time when the cache should expire.
The data cache may fetch the outdated content, which is stored in memory, instead of taking the latest from the
database. To overcome this problem, you can reduce the amount of time for storing data in the cache. This helps
in providing updated content to the users.
Enhancing Performance by Using HTTP Caching
You can implement HTTP caching in the browser cache and the proxy cache. Storing data in the browser cache
helps remove the need to repeatedly download content from the server. Web browsers frequently check content
for updates. If the content is updated in the server, Web browsers download the content from the server to attend
to user requests. Otherwise, Web browsers render content from the local cache.
The functionality of the proxy cache is similar to the functionality of the browser cache. However, many users
can access the cache in a proxy server, while only one user can access the browser cache at a time.
Preventing Caching
Consider a Web application that involves frequent content updates. If you cache the output of such Web
applications, it will prevent the users from viewing the content updates. In order to overcome this problem, you
can implement an HTTP header called Cache-Control.
The Cache-Control header indicates to the Web browser how to handle the local cache or proxy server cache. All
HTTP clients, such as browsers and proxy servers, respond to the instructions provided in the Cache-Control
header to determine how to handle the local cache of a Web application.
You can use the HttpCachePolicy.SetCacheability() method to specify the value of the Cache-Control
header. To prevent caching in your Web application, you should set the value of the Cache-Control header to
NoCache , as shown in the following code snippet:
Response.Cache.SetCacheability(HttpCacheability.NoCache);
Activity 9.2: Optimizing Performance of a Web Application
Introduction to Bundling and Minification
Bundling and Minification are the two techniques provided by ASP.NET MVC, which improve the load time of a
Web page by reducing the number of requests to the server and the size of the requested resource, such as CSS or
JavaScript.
Bundling
Bundling is a technique that allows you to combine multiple files, such as CSS and JavaScript, into a single file.
Combining such files into a single file reduces the number of requests between the client and the server. Most
modern browsers restrict the number of open connections to any given hostname to six, which is independent of
the type of files getting downloaded. This means that while six requests are being processed, any additional
requests for resources on a host will need to wait until another request completes.
When there are a number of files, such as style sheets and scripts, which need to be downloaded, at times, a lot
of time is spent in waiting for a request to complete, while the actual download does not take much time. You
can solve this problem by using bundling. Bundling allows you to combine multiple files into a bundle that can
be downloaded as a single entity.
In order to implement bundling in a Web application, you must define your bundles or files that you would like to
combine together. In an ASP.NET MVC application, this happens in the BundleConfig class in the App_Start
folder. You need to create a bundle within the RegisterBundles() method present in the BundleConfig class, as
public static void RegisterBundles(BundleCollection bundles)

{
bundles.Add(new ScriptBundle("~/bundles/jqueryval").Include(
"~/Scripts/jquery.unobtrusive*",
"~/Scripts/jquery.validate*"));
bundles.Add(new StyleBundle("~/Content/css").Include("~/Content/site.css",
"~/Content/styles.css"));
}
In the preceding code snippet, the RegisterBundles()method is used to create, register, and configure bundles.
A new instance of the ScriptBundle class has been created to create a bundle of scripts. The virtual path,
~/bundles/jqueryval, has been assigned to the bundle. The Include() method is used on the bundle object to
specify the files that should be included in that bundle. * is used to indicate that the bundle should include all the
script files in the Scripts folder whose name begins with jquery.unobtrusive or jquery.validate .
Similarly, a new instance of the StyleBundle class has been created to create a bundle of styles. The virtual
path, ~/Content/css , has been assigned to the bundle. The Include() method is used on the bundle object to
specify the files that should be included in that bundle.
In order to include these bundled files in a view/layout, you can use the @Styles.Render and @Scripts.Render
methods in the view or layout file. Then, you need to provide the virtual path that you configured in the bundle
configuration as a parameter to these methods, as shown in the following code snippet:
@Styles.Render("~/Content/css")
Minification
Minification is a technique that helps in reducing the size of a file by removing unnecessary whitespaces and
comments, and shortening the variable names. Minified code is especially useful for interpreted languages, such
as JavaScript, which are deployed and transmitted over the Internet because it reduces the amount of data that
needs to be transferred.
By implementing minification, you can drastically reduce the size of a file, thereby reducing the time required to
get it from the server and load it into the browser.
Best Practices for Optimizing Performance
While building an ASP.NET MVC application, there are different approaches which can be used to improve the
performance of the application. Some of the most commonly-used approaches are:
Make fewer HTTP requests.

Use Content Delivery Network (CDN).
Make scripts and styles external.
Minify Javascript and CSS.
Avoid redirects.
Compress HTTP responses.
Make Fewer HTTP Requests

To optimize the performance of your Web application, you need to send fewer HTTP requests between the client
and the server. You can reduce the number of HTTP requests by reducing the number of components that are
required to render a page, such as images, style sheets, scripts, and flash. Such components can be combined into
a single file. For example, you can combine all the scripts into a single script and, similarly, combine all CSS
files into a single style sheet.
Use a Content Delivery Network

To enhance the performance of a Web application, you can host the content used by your Web application, such
as images, style sheets, and scripts, on a Content Delivery Network (CDN). A CDN is a collection of Web
servers distributed across multiple locations. CNDs help deliver content more efficiently to the users. This is
because a user’s request is served from a server with the fewest network hops or the fastest response time.
Make Scripts and Styles External

JavaScript and CSS that are embedded in HTML documents get downloaded every time the HTML document is
requested. This reduces the number of HTTP requests that are needed, but increases the size of the HTML
document. To overcome this problem, you can put JavaScript and CSS in external files. Using external files
generally produces faster page loads because the JavaScript and CSS files are cached by the browser. Thus, it
reduces the size of the HTML document without increasing the number of HTTP requests.
Minify Javascript and CSS

Minification is the practice of removing unnecessary comments, white spaces, and characters from the files to
reduce their size, thereby improving the load time of the Web page. JavaScript and CSS can be minified to
improve the response time of the Web application.
Avoid Redirects
Redirects help user to point to a new page from an old page. In addition, it guides the user to a correct page.
However, inserting a redirect slows down user experience. This is because each redirect creates an additional
HTTP request and, thus, increases the round-trip time.
Compress HTTP Responses

The response time of a Web application can be improved by using compression to reduce the size of the HTTP
response that is sent to the client. However, this can work only if the client provides support for compression.
When a Web browser sends a request to the server, it indicates the support for compression in its Accept-
Encoding header, as shown in the following example:
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
If the Web server receives this header in the request, it can send a compressed HTTP response to the client. For
compressing the response, it can use one of the methods, such as gzip or deflate, as indicated by the client.
Summary
Some options available to implement state management are:

Cookies
QueryString
TempData
Application State
Session State
Cookies are small pieces of information that are stored on the client’s computer.
Cookies can be either temporary or persistent.
A query string provides a simple way to pass information from one page to another.
TempData is a dictionary for storing temporary data in the form of key-value pairs.
Application state is created the first time a user accesses any URL resource in an application.
Session state is structured as a key-value pair for storing session-specific information that needs to be
maintained between server round trips and requests for pages.
Caching is an important and extensively-used concept to enhance the application performance.
You can implement donut hole caching by making use of the child action methods provided by
ASP.NET MVC.
Data can be cached in an ASP.NET MVC application by using the MemoryCache class.
You can implement HTTP caching in the browser cache and the proxy cache.
Bundling is a technique that allows you to combine multiple files, such as CSS and JavaScript, into a
single file.
Minification is a technique that helps in reducing the size of a file by removing unnecessary whitespaces
and comments, and shortening the variable names.
While building an ASP.NET MVC application, there are different approaches which can be used to
improve the performance of the application. Some of the most commonly-used approaches are:
Make fewer HTTP requests.
Use Content Delivery Network.
Make scripts and styles external.
Minify Javascript and CSS.
Avoid redirects.
Compress HTTP responses.
Chapter 10
Controlling Access to a Web Application
At times, you need to ensure that some or all the pages of a Web application should be accessible only to specific
users. In addition, the information on the Web application, which is intended for a specific user, should not be
visible to other users. Therefore, before a user can access the restricted Web pages, you need to verify the identity
of the user. You can accomplish this task by using a mechanism known as authentication.
Moreover, you need to verify the rights given to a user for accessing specific resources on the website. A Web
application accomplishes this task by using a mechanism known as authorization.
This chapter discusses how to implement authentication and authorization in a Web application.
Objectives
Implement authentication
Implement authorization
Implementing Authentication
Consider the scenario of the NewBay store website that allows users to view and buy products. On this website,
anybody can view the products. However, to buy a product, the user must be a member of the website. In this
case, a user who wishes to buy a product on the website needs to be verified. By using a mechanism known as
authentication, the identity of the user can be verified. Authentication is the process of identifying an individual,
usually based on the username and password provided by the user.
Using Authentication Modes
MVC allows you to implement authentication by using any of the following authentication modes:
Forms Authentication
Windows Authentication
OpenID/OAuth
While using forms authentication, the website itself is responsible for implementing authentication. Here, the
website can authenticate the users by providing a login form on the Web page, where the users can provide their
username and password, as shown in the following figure.
A Login Form
In the preceding figure, when the users click the login button, the authentication mechanism ensures that the users
have entered a valid username and password. Forms authentication uses a session cookie to authenticate user
requests.
In websites that use forms authentication, if a user tries to access a restricted page, such as a Member page,
ASP.NET redirects the user to the login page.
When you create an ASP.NET MVC application by using the Internet Application template, the MVC
application implements the forms authentication and provides the basic functionality that allows users to
authenticate themselves to the website. The Internet Application template uses the following statement between
the <system.web> and </system.web> tags in the Web.config file to configure forms authentication:
<authentication mode="Forms">
</authentication>
In the preceding <authentication> element, the attribute mode is set to Forms . This specifies that the
application uses forms authentication.
An application created using the Internet Application template allows the users to register and login to the
website and enables them to change their password. This functionality comes out of the box and the code to
implement this functionality is included in the Account controller and the corresponding views and models.
Forms authentication is the default authentication type enabled for MVC applications created using the Internet
Application template.
Windows authentication is typically used for intranet applications that run across a company’s firewall. In
Windows authentication, the users are allowed to use their standard Windows user name and password for
accessing the website. Once the users are logged on to the desktop, Window automatically authenticates them to
the application.
Visual Studio provides the Intranet Application template that implements Windows authentication. The
Intranet Application template uses the following statement between the <system.web> and </system.web> tags
in the Web.config file to configure Windows authentication:
<authentication mode="Windows" />

In order to use the Intranet Application template, you need to enable the Windows authentication property of
the project.
When you run an application created by using the Intranet Application template, the Home page will be
displayed, as shown in the following figure.
The Home Page
In the preceding figure, the message, Hello MyPC\Peter!, refers to the Windows account name. This message is
displayed by using the following code in the layout:
Hello, <span class="username">@User.Identity.Name</span>!
The Windows account name displayed on the Home page will depend on the Windows account used for
logging on to the machine.
OpenID/OAuth
OAuth and OpenID are authorization protocols. They enable users to logon to a website by using the credentials
for third party authentication providers, such as Google, Twitter, Facebook, and Microsoft.
When you create an MVC application using the Internet Application template, the third party authentication
providers need to be configured in the App_Start\AuthConfig.cs file in the application folder. The
AuthConfig.cs file contains the commented code, as shown in the following code snippet:
public static class AuthConfig

{
public static void RegisterAuth()
{
// To let users of this site log in using their accounts from
// other sites such as Microsoft, Facebook, and Twitter,
// you must update this site. For more information visit
// http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=252166
//OAuthWebSecurity.RegisterMicrosoftClient(
// clientId: "",
// clientSecret: "");
//OAuthWebSecurity.RegisterTwitterClient(
// consumerKey: "",
// consumerSecret: "");
//OAuthWebSecurity.RegisterFacebookClient(
// appId: "",
// appSecret: "");
//OAuthWebSecurity.RegisterGoogleClient();
}
}
The preceding code is commented because before you can use the services provided by the external login
providers, you have to register the application with them. For example, if you want to use Facebook as an
external service provider, you first need to register the application with Facebook. Once you register the
application, Facebook provides you appId and appSecret. Then, you can use appId and appSecret to register
yourself as a Facebook client. Similar to Facebook, you can use the services provided by Microsoft and Twitter.
However, to use the services of Google, you need not register. Here, you just need to uncomment the call to
OAuthWebSecurity.RegisterGoogleClient() in the preceding code.
When you run the application and view the login page, the login page will be displayed, as shown in the
following figure.
The Login Page
When you click the Google button shown in the preceding figure, the login page of the Google website is
displayed, which allows you to logon to the application.
Task 10.1: Using Windows Authentication
Task 10.2: Using Forms Authentication
Using the Authorize Attribute to Require Login
To ensure the security of a Web application, a user must be logged on to access specific URLs within the
application. This can be done by using the Authorize action filter. Action filters are attributes that let you add
behavior that can be executed either before an action method is called or after an action method is executed. The
Authorize attribute is the default authorization filter provided with ASP.NET MVC. You can use the Authorize
attribute to:
Secure a controller action.

Secure a controller.
Secure an entire application.
Securing a Controller Action
Consider the example of the NewBay store website where you need to implement the functionality to display the
list of products on the website. In addition, you need to enable a user to buy products online. Though any user
can access the list of products on the website, yet only authenticated users should be allowed to buy a product
online. To enable a user to buy a product, you need to create the BuyProduct() action method.
To ensure that only authenticated users are allowed to access the BuyProduct() action method, you need to add
the Authorize attribute on the BuyProduct() method, as shown in the following code snippet:
[Authorize]
public ActionResult BuyProduct()
{
return View();
}
Once you have added the Authorize attribute on the BuyProduct() action method, the access to the
corresponding view is restricted. Therefore, whenever any user tries to access this view, a page to authenticate
the user is displayed. To configure the page to be displayed for user authentication, the following code snippet is
used in the Web.config file:
<authentication mode="Forms">
<forms loginUrl="~/Account/Login" timeout="2880" />
</authentication>
In the preceding code snippet, the <authentication> element contains a <forms> element that specifies the login
URL for the application. Whenever a user tries to access a restricted resource, the user is redirected to the login
URL. The timeout attribute of the <forms> element specifies the amount of time in minutes, after which the
authentication cookie expires. It is set to 2880 minutes. Its default value is 30 minutes.
When a user is redirected to the login URL, the return URL is appended to the login URL in the form of a query
string. The return URL specifies the URL of the restricted page that the user tried to access when he/she was
redirected to the login page. When the user enters the valid details in the login form, the user is redirected to the
return URL.
Once the user is successfully logged in, an authentication cookie is set at the client’s end. The name of this
cookie is .ASPXAUTH. The browser sends this cookie along with every subsequent request. Therefore, the user
need not log in again. The .ASPXAUTH cookie exists until the user closes the browser. However, if the user
selects the Remember me checkbox on the Login page, then the cookie will persist between the browsing
sessions.
Securing a Controller
You have seen how to add the Authorize attribute to a specific action method within a controller. You can also
secure an entire controller by adding the Authorize attribute on the controller, as shown in the following code
snippet:
[Authorize]
public class ShoppingCartController : Controller
{
...
}
The preceding code snippet will authorize all the action methods defined in the ShoppingCartController
controller.
However, if you don’t want to secure certain action methods within the controller, you need to use the
AllowAnonymous attribute on those action methods, as shown in the following code snippet:
[AllowAnonymous]
{
return View();
}
In the preceding code snippet, the AllowAnonymous attribute on the Index() action method specifies that the
access to the Index() action method does not require authentication.
Securing an Entire Application

At times, almost the entire Web application requires authentication. In such a situation, you can configure the
Authorize attribute as a global filter. To register the Authorize attribute as a global filter, you need to add the
same to the global filters collection in the RegisterGlobalFilters() method in the FilterConfig.cs file, as
shown in the highlighted portion of the following code snippet:
public static void RegisterGlobalFilters(GlobalFilterCollection filters) {

filters.Add(new System.Web.Mvc.AuthorizeAttribute());
filters.Add(new HandleErrorAttribute());
}
The preceding code will apply the Authorize attribute to all controller actions in the application. To allow access
to specific controllers or action methods, you need to use the AllowAnonymous attribute on them.
Introduction to Membership
An ASP.NET MVC 4 application created by using the Internet Application template provides some useful
features for implementing authentication and authorization. To provide these features, the application template
uses a membership provider called SimpleMembership.
When you create an MVC application by using the Internet Application template, the Visual Studio project
wizard automatically creates the Membership database with connectionstring specified in the web.config file.
The Membership API provided by the SimpleMemberShipProvider class can be used to populate the database
with the details of users and roles.
The SimpleMembershipProvider class works with the SQL server and handles membership tasks, such as
creating and deleting user accounts.
The Internet template defines certain components to bootstrap SimpleMembership. These include:
The \Models\AccountModels.cs file: This file defines a model for a basic user account. It includes the
definition of the UserProfile class that provides the details of a user to be stored in the membership
database. The UserProfile class is defined, as shown in the following code snippet:
public class UserProfile
{
[Key]
[DatabaseGeneratedAttribute(DatabaseGeneratedOption.Identity)]
public int UserId { get; set; }
public string UserName { get; set; }
}
The preceding code snippet defines the UserId and UserName properties of the UserProfile class. You
can modify the UserProfile class by adding more properties according to your requirement.
The \Filters\InitializeSimpleMembershipAttribute.cs file: This file creates a membership database

for the account model, and then calls the
WebMatrix.WebData.WebSecurity.InitializeDatabaseConnection() method to initialize the
database connection for the membership, as shown in the following code snippet:
WebSecurity.InitializeDatabaseConnection("DefaultConnection", "UserProfile",
"UserId", "UserName", autoCreateTables: true);
The preceding code snippet ensures that the database connection is initialized with the required schema.
The InitializeDatabaseConnection() method specifies the name of the connection string,
DefaultConnection , to connect to the database. It also specifies that the name of the table is
UserProfile, which contains the user information. The UserProfile table contains the columns,
UserId and UserName . To use the WebSecurity class, you need to include the namespace named
WebMatrix.WebData .
The \Controllers\AccountController.cs file: This file defines the Account controller, which contains
various action methods, such as those for user registration and login. The Account controller is
decorated with the [InitializeSimpleMembership] attribute that initializes the SimpleMembership
provider.
When you create an MVC application by using the Internet Application template, AccountController and the
corresponding views and models provide all the basic functionality to authenticate the user. The Internet
Application templateuses forms authentication to implement authentication. Forms authentication is
customizable. Therefore, you can change the AccountController class and corresponding views to manage the
look and feel of the login form. You can also customize the information to be stored in the database.
The AccountController controller uses the WebSecurity class that comes from the Microsoft library named
WebMatrix . The WebSecurity class provides security and authentication features. It includes the ability to
perform authentication tasks, such as create user accounts, log users in and out, and reset or change passwords.
The WebSecurity class, in turn, refers to the SimpleMemberShipProvider class, which is responsible for storing
the data in a database.
The AccountController class contains the Register() action method that returns the form for registration. In
addition, it contains the HttpPost version of the Register() action method, which creates the record in the
database, and is defined, as shown in the following code snippet:
[HttpPost]
public ActionResult Register(RegisterModel model)
{
{
// Attempt to register the user
try
{
WebSecurity.CreateUserAndAccount(model.UserName, model.Password);
WebSecurity.Login(model.UserName, model.Password);
return RedirectToAction("Index", "Home");
}
catch (MembershipCreateUserException e)
{
ModelState.AddModelError("", ErrorCodeToString(e.StatusCode));
}
}
In the preceding code snippet, the CreateUserAndAccount() method creates a user record in the database.
Further, the Login() method logs the user on to the application.
The AccountController class also contains a Login() action method that returns the login form. The HttpPost
version of the Login() method is called when the user clicks the login button on the login form. The Login()
action method is defined, as shown in the following code snippet:
[HttpPost]
public ActionResult Login(LoginModel model, string returnUrl)
{
if (ModelState.IsValid && WebSecurity.Login(model.UserName, model.Password, persistCookie:
model.RememberMe))
{
return RedirectToLocal(returnUrl);
}
// If we got this far, something failed, redisplay form
ModelState.AddModelError("", "The user name or password provided is incorrect.");
return View(model);
}
In the preceding code snippet, the Login() action method accepts the username and password entered by the user
as the properties of the model object that it receives as a parameter. It also accepts the return URL as a parameter.
The return URL is the URL of a restricted page that the user tried to access when he/she was redirected to the
Login page. The preceding Login() action method checks whether the model state is valid and attempts to log on
to the site by using the WebSecurity.Login() method. If the login is successful, the user is redirected to the
return URL. Otherwise, an error is added to the model state.
Identifying Membership Providers

Membership helps you to manage users. ASP.NET MVC provides membership providers to implement
membership. Some membership providers provided by ASP.NET MVC are:
ActiveDirectoryMembershipProvider: This provider class is defined in the System.Web.Security

namespace. It enables you to manage membership information for an ASP.NET application in Active
Directory.
SqlMembershipProvider: This provider class is defined in the System.Web.Security namespace. It
enables you to manage membership information for an ASP.NET application in SQL database. This
provider can work only with a specified table schema.
SimpleMembershipProvider: This membership provider works with different versions of SQL Server,
such as SQL server and SQL Compact Editions.
UniversalProviders: This provider works with any database that Entity Framework supports.
This course focusses mainly on SimpleMembershipProvider .
You can access the current membership provider, such as SimpleMembershipProvider , by using the property
named Provider , as shown in the following code snippet:
var membership = (SimpleMembershipProvider)Membership.Provider;

In the preceding code snippet, the Provider property of the Membership class is used to access the
SimpleMembershipProvider providers. The preceding code snippet will work only when you include the
System.Web.Security namespace.
Configuring Membership
To configure a Web application to use SimpleMembershipProvider , you need to add the following code snippet
between the <system.web> and </system.web> tags in the Web.config file:
<membership defaultProvider="SimpleMembershipProvider">
<providers>
<clear />
<add name="SimpleMembershipProvider"
type="WebMatrix.Webdata.SimpleMembershipProvider,WebMatrix.WebData"
/>
</providers>
</membership>
Building a Custom Membership Provider
If you need to add custom logic for authentication in an application, you need to create your own custom
membership provider. For example, consider the following code snippet:
public class CustomMembershipProvider

: SimpleMembershipProvider
{
//code
}
In the preceding code snippet, a custom membership provider class named CustomMembershipProvider is
created. This class inherits the SimpleMemberShipProvider class.
Once you have implemented the custom membership provider class, you need to override the ValidateUser()
method defined in the SimpleMembershipProvider class. Consider the following code snippet to override the
ValidateUser() method defined in SimpleMembershipProvider :
public override bool ValidateUser(string username, string password)

{
//code
}
You can write your own custom validation logic in the ValidateUser() method.
Then, you need to modify the Web.config file to apply the custom provider class to the application, as shown in
<membership defaultProvider="CustomMemberProvider">
<providers>
<clear/>
<add name="CustomMemberProvider" type="CustomAdminMembershipProvider"/>
</providers>
</membership>
Activity 10.1: Implementing Authentication
Implementing Authorization
Consider the scenario of the NewBay store website where only the administrator is allowed to add the product
details in a database. In this case, whenever another user tries to access the interface for adding the product
details, he/she should not be permitted to do so. For verifying the permissions given to an authenticated user for
accessing certain resources in a Web application, you need to implement authorization. Authorization is a
mechanism that determines the rights given to the users for accessing the available resources.
Let us see how to implement authorization in ASP.NET MVC.
Authorizing Specific Users and Roles
You can authorize specific users and roles by using the Authorize attribute. Consider the following code snippet
to authorize specific users:
[Authorize(Users="Smith, James")]
public class ManageStoreController:Controller
{
...
}
In the preceding code snippet, only the users named Smith and James are the authorized users to access the
ManageStore controller.
In addition, you can also assign roles to different users, and then implement authorization at the role level, as
[Authorize(Roles="Administrator")]
public class ManageStoreController : Controller
{
...
}
The preceding code snippet will restrict the access of the ManageStore controller to users who belong to the
Administrator role.
The Roles parameter can also take more than one role, as shown in the following code snippet:
[Authorize(Roles="Administrator, SuperAdmin")]
{
...
}
You can also use a combination of roles and users, as shown in the following code snippet:
[Authorize(Roles="Manager", Users="Smith,James")]
{
...
}
The preceding code snippet allows the users Smith and James, and all users with the role, Manager to access the
ManageStore controller.
Identifying Role Providers
Roles help you to assign specific rights to users. ASP.NET MVC provides role providers to implement roles.
Some role providers provided by ASP.NET MVC are:
ActiveDirectoryRoleProvider: This provider class is defined in the System.Web.Security namespace.

It enables you to manage role information for an ASP.NET application in Active Directory.
SqlRoleProvider: This provider class is defined in the System.Web.Security namespace. It enables
you manage role information for an ASP.NET application in SQL database.
SimpleRoleProvider: This role provider works with different versions of SQL Server, such as SQL
server and SQL Compact Editions.
UniversalProviders: This provider works with any database that Entity Framework supports.
This course focusses mainly on SimpleRoleProvider .
You can access the current role provider, such as SimpleRoleProvider , by using the property named Provider ,
var roles = (SimpleRoleProvider)Roles.Provider;

In the preceding code snippet, the Provider property of the Roles class is used to access the
SimpleRoleProvider provider. The preceding code snippet will work only when you include the
System.Web.Security namespace.
Defining Roles
When you create an MVC application by using the Internet Application template, the Visual Studio project
wizard automatically creates the membership database with the connectionstring specified in the web.config
file.
You can populate this database with the required roles by seeding the membership database. For this, you can
add the following code in the Seed() method of the Configuration.cs file.
var roles = (SimpleRoleProvider)Roles.Provider;

if (!roles.RoleExists("Admin"))
{
roles.CreateRole("Admin");
}
In the preceding code snippet, you first retrieve a reference to the simple role provider. Then, you use this
reference to check whether the role Admin exists in the database. If it does not exist, the CreateRole() method
creates the role, Admin . The Seed() method will be executed when you use EF code-first migrations to update the
database.
Adding User Accounts to Roles
Once you have created a role in the database, you can add users to that role. For example, to assign the role,
Admin, to a user named Smith_Thompson, the following code snippet can be used:
if (!roles.GetRolesForUser("Smith_Thompson").Contains("admin"))
{
roles.AddUsersToRoles(new[] { "Smith_Thompson" }, new[] { "admin" });
}
In the preceding code snippet, if the role, admin , is not already assigned to a user named Smith_Thompson , the
AddUserstoRoles() method adds the role, admin , to the user that has the username, Smith_Thompson .
Once the roles and users are created in the database, you can use the Authorize attribute on the action method
that needs to be restricted. For example, consider the following action method that can only be accessed by a user
with the admin role:
[Authorize(Roles = "admin")]
public ActionResult AdminHome()
{
return View();
}
When any user tries to access the AdminHome page, the login page will be displayed where the user needs to
provide the valid credentials for a user with the admin role. If the user provides valid credentials, he/she can
access the AdminHome page.
When a user logs in, he/she should be shown only those links that are linked to resources that the user has rights
to access. For example, the AdminHome link should be visible only to the administrator. To prevent this link from
being displayed to other users, you can use the following code in the relevant view:
@if(User.IsInRole("admin"))
{
@Html.ActionLink("AdminHome","AdminHome")
}
The preceding code snippet displays the AdminHome link only when the user logs in with an account that has the
admin role.
Configuring Roles
To configure a Web application to use SimpleRoleProvider , you need to add the following code snippet
between the <system.web> and </system.web> tags in the Web.config file:
<roleManager enabled="true" defaultProvider="SimpleRoleProvider">

<providers>
<clear/>
<add name="SimpleRoleProvider"
type="WebMatrix.Webdata.SimpleRoleProvider,WebMatrix.WebData" />
</providers>
</roleManager>
Building a Custom Role Provider
ASP.NET MVC also enables you to create custom role providers. By using custom role providers, you can
implement role management that uses your own database schema and logic. To build a custom role provider, you
need to create a class that inherits the RoleProvider class, as shown in the following code snippet:
public class CustomRoleProvider :

RoleProvider
{
}
In the RoleProvider class, you need to implement the GetRolesForUser() function, as shown in the following
snippet:
public override string[] GetRolesForUser(string username)

{
//code to return a list of roles for users
}
In the preceding code snippet, the GetRolesForUser() function takes the user name as the input. This function
returns a list of roles to which the user belongs.
Once you have implemented the GetRolesForUser() function, you need to apply the custom role provider to the
application by modifying the Web.config file, as shown in the following code snippet:
<roleManager defaultProvider="CustomRoleProvider" enabled="true"

cacheRolesInCookie="false">
<providers>
<clear />
<add name="CustomRoleProvider" type="CustomRoleProvider" />
</providers>
</roleManager>
Activity 10.2: Implementing Authorization
Summary
Authentication is the process of identifying an individual, usually based on the username and password
provided by the user.
MVC allows you to implement authentication by using any of the following authentication modes:
OpenID/OAuth
Forms authentication is the default authentication type enabled for MVC applications created using the
Internet Application template.
Windows authentication is typically used for intranet applications that run across a company’s firewall.
Action filters are attributes that let you add behavior that can be executed either before an action method
is called or after an action method is executed.
The Authorize attribute is the default authorization filter provided with ASP.NET MVC.
You can use the Authorize attribute to:
Secure a controller action.
Secure a controller.
Secure an entire application.
The SimpleMembershipProvider class works with the SQL server and handles membership tasks, such
as creating and deleting user accounts.
Some membership providers provided by ASP.NET MVC are:
ActiveDirectoryMembershipProvider
SqlMembershipProvider
SimpleMembershipProvider
UniversalProviders
Authorization is a mechanism that determines the rights given to the users for accessing the available
resources.
Roles help you to assign specific rights to users.
Some role providers provided by ASP.NET MVC are:
ActiveDirectoryRoleProvider
SqlRoleProvider
SimpleRoleProvider
UniversalProviders
Chapter 11
Deploying a Web Application
Once a Web application is developed, you need to make it accessible to the users over the Internet. In order to let
the users access the application through the Internet, you need to deploy it on a Web server.
This chapter explains how to prepare a Web application for deployment. In addition, it discusses how to host a
Web application on IIS.
Objectives
Prepare a Web application for deployment

Host a website on IIS
Preparing a Web Application for Deployment

In today’s scenario, the Internet is the most used medium for getting information on any topic. The information
available on the Internet is contained in different Web applications. To enable users to access the information
contained in Web applications, these applications need to be installed on a Web server. The process of installing
a Web application on a Web server is known as deployment.
While developing a Web application by using Visual Studio, when you execute the application, the application is
automatically deployed on Internet Information Server (IIS) Express. IIS Express makes deployment simple
because it runs with our identity, and allows us to start and stop the Web server whenever required.
However, to make the Web application accessible over the Internet or an intranet, you need to host it on a full
version of IIS or any other Web server.
Before deploying a Web application on a Web server, you need to prepare the application for deployment. This
involves certain activities, such as:
Identifying the files and folders to be copied to the destination server

Configuring the Web.config transformations
Precompiling the Web application
Testing the application in an environment similar to production
Identifying the Files and Folders to be Copied to the Destination Server
During the development phase, a Web application is saved in a folder on the computer on which it is developed.
However, once the application is developed, it needs to be deployed on a Web server. When you deploy the
application on a Web server, such as IIS, you need to identify the files and folders to be copied to the destination
server.
By default, Visual Studio deploys only the files that are required to run the application. However, in some
scenarios, you might have special requirements. For example, some of the database files present in the App_Data
folder are only required while developing a Web application. In such a case, you can identify these database files
and exclude them at the time of deployment. For this, you need to configure the deployment settings in the
Project properties.
Configuring Web.config Transformations
When an ASP.NET application is deployed on a Web server, there are some settings in the deployed
application’s Web.config file, which need to be different from the Web.config file in the development
environment. For example, you might want to disable debug options and change connection strings so that they
point to different databases. These groups of settings need to be set up in the Web.config transformation file.
A transformation file refers to an XML file that allows you to specify how the Web.config file should be
changed when it is deployed. The transformation actions can be specified in the Web.config file by using XML
attributes.
A transform file is associated with a build configuration. By default, Visual Studio creates the Debug and Release
build configurations by the names, Web.Debug.config and Web.Release.config . However, you can also create
custom build configurations.
The Web.release.config file stores the changes that Microsoft Visual Studio applies to the Web.config file,
when you compile the application in the Release mode.
The Web.debug.config file stores changes that Microsoft Visual Studio applies to the Web.config file, when you
compile the application in the Debug mode.
Before you publish the application by using the release configuration, you need to remove the debug attribute
from the <compilation> element in the Web.config file. For this, the following markup is included in the
Web.release.config file:
<system.web>
<compilation xdt:Transform=“RemoveAttributes(debug)” />
</system.web>
In the preceding markup, the xdt:Transform attribute is used to remove the debug attribute from the Web.config
file.
You can also add additional elements to the transformed Web.config file. For example, the following code
shows how to insert a new connection string setting in the transformed Web.config file.
<connectionStrings>
<add name=“DemoConnStr” connectionString=“Data
Source=|DataDirectory|demo.mdf“
providerName=“System.Data.SqlServerCe.4.0” xdt:Transform=“Insert”/>
</connectionStrings>
In the preceding code snippet, the value, Insert, has been used for the xdt:Transform attribute to insert a new
connection string in the transformed Web.config file.
Precompiling the Web Application
The most basic technique for deployment is to copy the application components to the hard drive of a Web
server. In this technique, the various application components are deployed to the Web server in the uncompiled
form. This type of deployment has the following issues:
The application is deployed even if it contains compilation errors.

The source code of the application is exposed.
The application loads slowly initially because it is compiled when it is accessed for the first time.
These problems can be resolved by precompiling an application before deploying it to a Web server.
Precompiling a Web application involves compilation of the source code into DLL assemblies before
deployment. Precompiling a Web application provides the following advantages:
It provides faster response time because the Web application need not be compiled the first time it is
accessed.
It helps in identifying the bugs that can occur when a Web page is requested. These bugs are removed
at the time of compiling the Web application. Then, the compiled and error-free Web application is
deployed on to the server and is rendered to a user.
It hides and secures the source code of a Web application from malicious users.
Testing the Website in an Environment Similar to Production
Before you deploy a Web application, you need to make sure that it is running properly. The errors occurring
while the application is running need to be diagnosed and fixed. You also need to ensure that there are no
performance-related issues with your Web application. As a developer, you are focused on creating a Web
application that runs smoothly after its deployment. Once an application is deployed, you need to ensure that the
application is working properly and is not giving unexpected results. For this, you need to keep track of the
execution of your Web application. This will enable you to track any error or performance-related issue in your
application.
ASP.NET provides you with the tracing feature that enables you to track the program execution, thereby ensuring
that your Web application runs properly. You can use this feature to view the diagnostic information about a
particular Web page. This information includes the execution time of page methods, the time spent rendering
page controls, and the content of various collections, such as the query string, HTTP header, and session state.
In addition to the standard diagnostic information, tracing can also be used to display the custom tracing
information about the execution of an application. Tracing information can also be written to an event log or a
text file by using trace listeners.
After deploying a Web application, you, as a system administrator, need to constantly monitor it for its proper
functioning. Many unexpected problems, such as website experiencing heavy load, may occur while the
application is running in the real-world environment. By monitoring a Web application, you can detect the
problems occurring in the application and troubleshoot them.
Hosting a Web Application on IIS

Consider the scenario where you have developed a Web application and it is ready to be made available to the
users. To enable the users to access the application, the Web application needs to be deployed on a Web server,
such as Internet Information Services (IIS).
IIS is a Web server that provides a comprehensive platform, which helps you develop, host, and manage Web
applications. IIS is proprietary of Microsoft and is packaged along with the Windows operating system. By
default, IIS is turned off when Windows is installed. Therefore, before deploying an application on IIS, you need
to configure IIS on the Windows operating system.
Task 11.1: Configure IIS on Windows
Deploying a Web Application to an IIS Server
Instead of using a deployment package, you can directly deploy a website to a target server, such as:
The IIS server on your development computer

An IIS server on your network
A server owned by a service provider
Windows Azure
For deploying a Web application on any of the preceding target servers, you can use the Publish Web wizard.
While using the Publish Web wizard, you need to perform the following tasks:
1. Create a publish profile.

2. Configure the connection settings.
3. Configure the publish and database settings.
4. Publish the project.
Creating a Publish Profile

The first step to deploy a Web application is to configure a publish profile. A publish profile represents the
various deployment options, such as:
The target server to be used for deployment

The credentials needed to log on to the server
The databases to be deployed
If you are deploying your Web application to Windows Azure or a target server owned by a service provider, the
service provider will provide you a .publishsettings file. You can automatically create the publish profile by
importing this .publishsettings file while using the Publish Web wizard.
Configuring the Connection Settings

After creating a publish profile, you need to configure the connection settings. The first step for this is to select a
publish method. Some publish methods that can be used are:
File System: This method publishes the Web application in a folder that you specify. This option can be
used for servers to which you have direct network access. You can also use this option to first publish a
Web application to a local folder, and then copy the files to the target server.
Web Deploy: This method allows you to specify database settings, such as connection strings. These
settings will override the settings in the Web.config file of the application, and a new version of the
Web.config file will be created for the target environment. Web Deploy also helps you to automatically
update the schema of the database.
Once you have selected a publish method, you need to specify the connection details of the target server.
Configuring the Publish and Database Settings

After specifying the connection settings, you need to specify the publish and database settings. For example, you
can specify whether to use the release or debug build configuration. While deploying a Web application, you
normally use a release build. The debug build is not efficient and is used only when you are deploying to a test
environment, where debugging may be required.
In addition to specifying the build configuration, you can also specify the various file publish options such as:
Whether to remove files on the destination server that have no matching files in the Web application on
your development computer.
Whether to precompile the project before publishing.
Whether to prevent the files in the App_Data folder from being deployed on the target server.
Further, you need to specify the connection strings to the target database servers that your application needs to
use after deployment. In addition, you can specify whether to run code first migrations on application start.
Publishing the Project

Once all the settings are done, you can use an option available in the Publish Web wizard to preview the files that
will be copied to the target server. After ensuring that the correct files are being copied, you can publish the
project.
Activity 11.1: Deploying a Web Application
Creating and Installing a Deployment Package
To deploy a Web application on a Web server, you can create a deployment package. You can use the Publish
Web wizard to configure one or more publish profiles for creating a deployment package. A publish profile
represents the deployment options, such as the server on which you want to deploy a Web application and the
databases that are required to be deployed.
Once you have created a deployment package, you can install the package on the destination server by using the
<projectname>.deploy.cmd file that Visual Studio creates with the package.
Task 11.2: Creating a Deployment Package
Summary
While developing a Web application using Visual Studio, when you execute the application, the
application is automatically deployed on Internet Information Server (IIS) Express.
Before deploying a Web application on a Web server, you need to prepare the application for
deployment. This involves certain activities, such as:
Identifying the files and folders to be copied to the destination server
Configuring Web.config transformations
Precompiling the Web application
Testing the application in an environment similar to production
A transformation file refers to an XML file that allows you to specify how the Web.config file should
be changed when it is deployed.
IIS is a Web server that provides a comprehensive platform, which helps you develop, host, and manage
Web applications.
While using the Publish Web wizards, you need to perform the following tasks:
1. Create a publish profile
2. Configure the connection settings
3. Configure the publish and database settings
4. Publish the project
Glossary
B
Bundling
Bundling is a technique provided by ASP.NET MVC that allows you to combine multiple files, such as CSS and
JavaScript, into a single file.
Business logic layer
Consists of the components of the application that control the flow of execution and communication between the
presentation and data layers.
C
Client-side scripting enables you to develop Web pages that can dynamically respond to user input without
having to interact with a Web server.
Controller
Refers to a set of classes that handle communication from the user and the overall application flow.
Cookies
Cookies are small pieces of information that are stored on the client’s computer.
D
Data layer
Consists of components that expose the application data stored in databases to the business logic layer
Dynamic Web page
A Web page whose content is generated dynamically by a Web application or that responds to user input and
provides interactivity is called a dynamic Web page.
F
Fat client and thin server
The architecture in which the business logic layer resides on the client tier is referred to as the fat client and thin
server architecture. In this architecture, the client accepts user requests and processes these requests on its own.
Fat server and thin client
The architecture in which the business logic layer resides on the server is referred to as the fat server and thin
client architecture. In this architecture, the client accepts requests from the users and forwards the same to the
server.
J
JavaScript library
AJavaScript library is a set of prewritten JavaScript code, which helps in developing a JavaScript-based
application easily.
jQuery
jQuery is a cross-browser JavaScript library that helps you easily perform various tasks, such as DOM traversal,
event handling, and animating elements.
jQuery UI
jQuery UI is an organised set of user interface interactions, effects, widgets, and themes built on top of the
jQuery JavaScript library.
L
LINQ
LINQ offers a consistent programming model to query data from different data sources.
M
Model
Refers to a set of classes that describes the data that the application works with.
N
Nested layout
A nested layout page refers to a layout that is derived from a parent layout.
P
Presentation layer
Consists of the interface through which the users interact with the application.
R
Razor
Razor is a markup syntax that allows you to embed server-side code (written in C# or VB) in an HTML markup.
Routing
Routing is a feature that enables you to develop applications with comprehensible and searchable URLs.
S
Scaffolding
MVC provides a scaffolding feature that provides a quick way to generate the code for commonly used
operations in a standardized way.
Server-side scripting provides users dynamic content that is based on the information stored at a remote location,
such as a back-end database.
Static Web Page
A Web page that contains only static content and is delivered to the user as it is stored is called a static Web
page.
U
Unobtrusive JavaScript
Unobtrusive JavaScript is a general approach to implement JavaScript in Web pages. In this approach, the
JavaScript code is separated from the HTML markup.
V
View
Refers to the components that define an application's user interface.
ViewBag
ViewBag is a dynamic object that allows passing data between a controller and a view.
ViewData
ViewData is a dictionary of objects derived from the ViewDataDictionary class.

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Chapter 1

Introduction to Web Application Development using ASP.NET MVC

In this chapter, you will learn to:

Identify the basics of Web application development

Introduction to Web Application Development

Defining Web Applications

The following figure shows the working of a Web application.

The Three Layers of a Web Application

The Layers of a Web Application

Architecture of a Web Application

An application can have one of the following types of architectures:

The Single-tier Architecture

The Fat Client and Thin Server Architecture

The Thin Client and Fat Server Architecture

Creating a Dynamic Web Page

The following figure displays the working of client-side scripts.

The Working of Client-side Scripts

The following figure displays the working of server-side scripts.

ASP.NET in the .NET Framework

ASP.NET offers various Web application development models. These are:

Server controls are those which are processed at the server.

Introduction to the MVC Development Platform

The ASP.NET Implementation of MVC

Features of ASP.NET MVC

Key Benefits Provided by ASP.NET MVC

Project Folders Description

App_Data It is the location for storing data files.

Content It is the recommended location for adding content

Controllers It is the recommended location to add controllers.

Models It is the recommended location for adding classes

Scripts It is the recommended location for adding script

The Project Folders

File Name Description

Web.config This is an XML-based configuration file for

Ends with .cs These files contain C# code.

The Files Used in the MVC Application

A configuration file provides the following benefits:

Machine config Machine.config Controls

Machine Web.config Web.config Controls

Root Web.Config Web.config Controls

Application Web.config Web.config Contains

Task 1.1: Exploring an ASP.NET MVC Project

In this chapter, you will learn to:

Work with controllers

Working with Controllers

public class HomeController : Controller

Creating Action Methods

public class HomeController : Controller

public class HomeController : Controller

The Response of the Index() action Method in a Browser

Invoking Controller Actions

Task 2.1: Creating a Controller

Passing Parameters in Controller Actions

ParameterName: Is the name of the variable, such as Category .

public string browse(string Category)

Category is: Soap

public string browse(int id)

Working with Views