Common Vocabulary in Urdu and Turkish

Language: A Case of Historical

Onomasiology

María Isabel Maldonado García

Mustafa Yapici

The current study must be framed within the discipline of

applied and historical linguistics and historical onomasiology.
One hundred and fifty apparent cognates in Turkish and Urdu
languages will be analyzed in order to confirm their origin as well
as lexical similarity through their distance. This research work has
the purpose of discovering whether the similar terms analyzed in
this study are cognates or rather loanwords that Turkish and Urdu
have borrowed from different languages. In addition, the level of
similarity through etymological, lexical and semantic comparative
analysis will be revealed with the same purpose.

Turkish Language
Turkish is a member of the Altaic family of languages.
According to Ethnologue its classification is Altaic, Turkic,
Southern, Turkish and it is spoken by approximately 50 million
people, not only in Turkey, where it is the national language, but
also in Greece and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.1
194 Pakistan Vision Vol. 15 No.1

Table 1
Altaic Languages- Turkish2

During the Ottoman Empire which lasted more than 600

years, the Turkish language flourished as the language of the
administration, receiving loanwords from Arabic and Persian.
The language was then named Ottoman Turkish, actually a formal
version of the everyday spoken Turkish of the time. Some of
Ataturk’s reforms included a new Turkish alphabet. However,
“the aim of the Turkish language reform was to eliminate the Arabic and
Persiangrammatical features and the many thousands of Arabic and
Persian borrowings that had long been a part of the language.” (1999,
2)3. The borrowing of Persian words was without any doubt of a
considerable importance. Arabic on the other hand had a larger
infiltration, due to two main factors; a religious factor since it is
the language of the Quran and the other because Persian language
had itself borrowed innumerable terms from Arabic and when an
Arabic term was borrowed it brought with it the complete family
of that very term (1999, 6)4. The new Turkish as proposed by
Atatürk, aimed to eliminate the Persian and Arabic borrowings
Common Vocabulary in Urdu and Turkish Language 195

from the Turkish language. In this manner, Suleyman Pasha was

the first to publish a grammar of the new Turkish language which
was titled Ilm-I Sarf-i Türki in 1874. Turkish language also
stopped being called Ottoman by virtue of the Constitution of
1876 and retained its official status as Turkish language. The first
dictionary of Turkish Language Kamus-i-Türki (1900) of two
volumes was written by Şemseddin Sami which was an attempt to
rid Turkish language of its Arabic and Persian elements.

Turkish had utilized a Perso-Arabic script for thousands of

years. Şemseddin Sami with Abdul Bey, his brother, created an
alphabet composed by 36 letters from Latin and Greek. After this
move, an Alphabet Commission was created which took several
steps for ridding all remains of Persian and Arabic from the
Turkish language by changing the pronunciation of the Arabic
sounds. Another step taken by Atatürkwas to propose Turkish
substitutes for the Arabic and Persian terms on the newspapers
and let the public comment on them. A Language Society was
created in 1931 as well, following the wishes of Atatürk, and its
purpose was not only ridding the Turkish language from the
Persian and Arabic influence it had enjoyed until then. The
aftermath of this linguistic reform was a modernization effort.
The aim of this effort included the thought that at some point in
the future, when the new generations would learn the new script
they would be unable to read the old script and the works in the
new script would be controlled by the government. At the same
time, since the old script would not be read, the old Islamic works
in Arabic and Persian would progressively lose their influence,
achieving the modernization Atatürk so much craved. The
Language Society was to exist even after Ataturk’s government
and for this reason, it was made a non-governmental entity.

As the language reform achieved a substantial amount of

objectives in a short span of time, it cannot be said that it was not
a successful attempt. However, a large number of terms from
Arabic and Persian still remain an essential part of the Turkish
196 Pakistan Vision Vol. 15 No.1

language through a considerable part of the rich Ottoman

linguistic heritage has forever been lost. It is perhaps due to this
contradiction that Geoffrey termed the reform a catastrophic success
(1999).

Urdu Language
Urdu is a South Asian language from the Indo-European
family, and within the central zone’s Indo-Iranian branch.
Ethnologue classifies it as Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-
Aryan, Central zone, Western Hindi, Hindustani5. It has 193,
238, 868 speakers in Pakistan where it is the official language
along with English, although other languages and dialects are
spoken in the country such as Punjabi, Sindhi, Saraiki, Pashto,
Balochi, etc.6 Because of the neighborhood relationship in these
geographies, Turkish has lots of similar words with Urdu,
Chinese, Persian, Arabic, and other languages.

In fact, the evolution of Urdu language started with contact

with Persian and Arabic due to the invasions on India by Persian
and Turkic armies in the 11th century and afterwards. It continued
from the Delhi Sultanate (1206 to 1526) and later on during the
Mughal Empire (1526 to 1858). Already in 1908 Dowson said
“Urdu abounds with Arabic derivatives which have brought with them the
grammatical powers of their original language” (1908, 18)7.

Interestingly enough, the word Urdu, derives from the

Turkish ordu, which means army. Urdu language is written in
utilizing the Persian alphabet to, Nastaliq style. Both languages
have received Persian loanwords due to the closeness among the
countries. Iran shares borders with Pakistan as well as Turkey
which facilitated the expansion of the Farsi terminology.
Common Vocabulary in Urdu and Turkish Language 197

Table 2
Indoeuropean Languages -Urdu8

The expansion of Islam and Saudi Arabia’s proximity to both

countries facilitated the spread of Arabic as the language of Quran
and a new form of life which included innumerable words for the
new realities which could only be named using the original terms
in Arabic.

Like in Turkish, there have been purists attempts which tried

to rid Urdu of Persian and Sanskrit loanwords. According to
Maldonado (2013)9, the new vocabulary of Urdu is derived mainly
from Persian, Arabic and Sanskrit, although also from Prakrit with
a minimum influence from other languages.
198 Pakistan Vision Vol. 15 No.1

This map illustrates the closeness

among Pakistan, Iran, Turkey and Saudi Arabia.

Cognates or loanwords?
The main purpose of this study is to figure out whether the
sets which will be analyzed in this study are cognates or
loanwords. For Whitley, “a given word W from Language X and a
word W from Language Y are termed cognates if and only if they have
been inherited from the same ancestor language of X and Y”, and if their
similarity is a coincidence they are not considered true cognates
(2002, 305)10.Holmes & Ramos define cognates as “ítems of
vocabulary in two languages which have the same roots and can be
recognized as such” (1993, 88)11.

On the other hand, “The best-known generalization about lexical

borrowing is the constraint that core vocabulary is very rarely (or never)
borrowed”. (2009, 36)12 Of the same opinion are Hock & Joseph
(1996)13 as well as Thomason (2001)14. Loanwords can be
recognized if their form and meanings have considerable
similarities with the form and meanings of a word in another
language from which it could have been received due to a possible
historical event and scenario having in consideration the exclusion
Common Vocabulary in Urdu and Turkish Language 199

the chance for descent from a common ancestor and if there is a

source word to which it can be traced orlinked. (Haspelmath &
Tadmor, 2009)15. Thurgood (1999)16 adds to the equation the
similarity of the phonemes through which they can be recognized.
Language contact does not require complete bilingualism, or
multilingualism either, rather, the utilization or presence of two
languages in one location, at the same time. For Maldonado
(2013)17 one of the relevant aspects of semantic relations or lexical
solidarities apart from etymology is synonymy. Synonymy will
play a vital role in the identification process. In this case we will
have to reveal whether the sets have a common origin or not and
if they do, whether they actually belong to the language itself or
are in fact borrowings from the same language. At this point we
will proceed to the analysis of the Turkish-Urdu sets, of term.

1. Methodology
The sample of our investigation consists of 150 sets of Turkish
and Urdu terms. The degree of similarity with reference to
different aspects of linguistics will be assessed. These aspects
include:

1. Identification of the Turkish-Urdu Sets.

2. Etymological Aspects. The etymology of each word
in Turkish language will be extracted and compared
with its counterpart in Urdu language in order to
contrast the origins of both terms and verify whether,
in fact, they are loanwords received from the same
language directly, they have been received through
another language or rather, the terms are cognates.
3. Interlingual Synonymy Related Aspects.
3.1 Semantic analysis. Definitions will be compared in
order to find out if the loanwords are synonymic or
not.
200 Pakistan Vision Vol. 15 No.1

3.2 Phonetic analysis. The phonetics of the word pairs

will be compared under the following parameters:
a. There is no difference in phonetics.
b. The difference is one or two sounds, usually at the
end.
c. The difference is found in two or more different
sounds, sometimes at the initial position.
d. The difference is more than half of sounds.
e. The difference is based on that most of the sounds are
different and have an uneven layout.
f. The Levenshtein distance will also be used as a factor
to determine the level of phonetic similarity among
the loanwords.

2. Results

1. Identification of the Turkish-Urdu Sets.

The identification of the 150 sets of terms was performed
during our interaction with Pakistani individuals as well as
students of Turkish language. One hundred and fifty pairs of
terms were identified and selected due to the fact thay they
presented similarity in terms of semantics and phonetics in both
languages.

The list of terms is as follows:

Table 3
List of Terms with Phonetic Equivalence
Turkish Urdu Turkish Phonetics Urdu Phonetics
1 aciz ‫ﻋﺎﺟﺰ‬ [ɑ:dʒɪz] [ɑ:dʒɪz]
2 adi ‫یﻋﺎد‬ [ɑ:dɪ] [ɑ:dɪ]
3 adil ‫ﻋﺪل‬ [ɑ:dɪl] [ɑ:dəl]
4 afiyet ‫تیﻋﺎف‬ [ɑ:fɪyɛt] [ɑ:fɪyət]
5 afitap ‫آﻓﺘﺎب‬ [ɑ:fɪtʌp] [ɑ:ftʌb]
6 agah ‫آﮔﺎﮦ‬ [ɑ:gɒh] [ɑ:gɑ:h]
Common Vocabulary in Urdu and Turkish Language 201

7 ahir ‫آﺧﺮ‬ [ɑ:hɪr] [ɑ:khɪr]

8 ahval ‫اﺣﻮال‬ [ahvɑ:l] [ahvɑ:l]
9 akibet ‫ﻋﺎﻗﺒـــﺖ‬ [ɑ:qɪbɛt] [ɑ:qɪbʌt]
10 alem ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻢ‬ [ɑ:lɛm] [ɑ:lɛm]
11 alev ‫اﻻؤ‬ [ʌlɛv] [ʌloʊ]
12 amel ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ [ʌmɛl] [ʌmʌl]
13 amele ‫ﻋﻤﻠــہ‬ [ʌmɛlɛ] [ʌmlɑ:]
14 arif ‫ﻋﺎرف‬ [ɑ:rɪf] [ɑ:rɪf]
15 Arş ‫ارض‬ [ʌrʃ] [arz]
16 asuman ‫آﺳﻤﺎن‬ [ɑ:sʊmʌn] [ɑ:smɑ:n]
17 azap ‫ﻋﺬاب‬ [ʌzɑ:p] [ʌzʌb]
18 baki ‫یﺑــﺎق‬ [bɑ:ki:] [bɑ:ki:]
19 bazı ‫ﺑﻌـــﺾ‬ [bɑ:zə] [bɑ:z]
20 belki ‫ﺑﻠﮑــــــہ‬ [bɛlkɪ] [bɛlkɪ]
21 birader ‫ﺑـــﺮادر‬ [bɪra:dɛr] [bɪra:dɛr]
22 bohça ‫ﺑﻘﭽــــہ‬ [bɒhtʃʌ] [bʊktʃʌ]
23 bülbül ‫ﺑُﻠﺒﻞ‬ [bʊlbʊl] [bʊlbʊl]
24 cellat ‫ﺟﻼد‬ [dʒɛllʌt] [dʒɛllʌd]
25 cemaat ‫ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺖ‬ [dʒɛmɑ:t] [dʒɛmɑ:t]
26 cemiyet ‫تیﺟﻤﻊ‬ [dʒɛmɪyɛt] [dʒʌmɪyʌt]
27 cennet ‫ﺟﻨﺖ‬ [dʒɛnnɛt] [dʒʌnnʌt]
28 cerrah ‫ﺟﺮاح‬ [dʒɛrrʌh] [dʒɛrrʌh]
29 cumhur ‫ﺟﻤﮩﻮر‬ [dʒʊmhu:r] [dʒʊmhu:r]
30 cümle ‫ﺟﻤﻠـہ‬ [dʒʊmlɛ] [dʒʊmlɛ]
31 çeşme ‫ﭼﺸﻤہ‬ [tʃɛʃmɛ] [tʃʌʃmɛ]
32 çünkü ‫ﭼﻮﻧﮑـــہ‬ [tʃʊnkʊ] [tʃu:nkɪ]
33 delalet ‫دﻻﻟـــﺖ‬ [dɛlɑ:lɛt] [dɛlɑ:lɛt]
34 derece ‫درﺟہ‬ [dɛrɛdʒɛ] [dʌrɛdʒɑ:]
35 ders ‫درس‬ [dɛrs] [dɛrs]
36 destan ‫داﺳـــﺘﺎن‬ [dɛstɑ:n] [dɛstɑ:n]
37 diğer ‫ﮔــﺮید‬ [di: ɛr] [di:gɛr]
38 ehemniyet ‫تیاﮨﻢ‬ [ɛhɛmnɪyɛt] [ɑ:hmɪyʌt]
39 emir ‫اﻣﺮ‬ [ɛmɪr] [ʌmr]
40 emir ‫ریام‬ [ɛmi: r] [ɛmi: r]
41 emlak ‫اﻣــﻼک‬ [ɛmlʌk] [ɛmlʌk]
42 eşref ‫اﺷﺮف‬ [ɛʃrɛf] [ɛʃrɛf]
43 evvel ‫اول‬ [ɛvvɛl] [ɛvvɛl]
44 evveliyat ‫تیاول‬ [ɛvvɛlɪyɑ:t] [ɛvvɛlɪyɑ:t]
45 fani ‫یﻓــﺎن‬ [fɑ:ni:] [fɑ:ni:]
46 Fayda ‫ﻓﺎﻋــﺪﮦ‬ [fʌydʌ] [fʌydʌ]
47 felsefe ‫ﻓﻠﺴــــــﻔہ‬ [fɛlsɛfɛ] [fɛlsɛfɛ]
48 fena ‫ﻓﻨـــﺎ‬ [fɛnɑ:] [fɛnɑ:]
49 ferah ‫ﻓــﺮاخ‬ [fɛrɛh] [fɛrʌkh]
50 ferman ‫ﻓﺮﻣــﺎن‬ [fɛrmʌn] [fʌrmʌn]
51 fert ‫ﻓــﺮد‬ [fɛrt] [fɛrd]
52 fesad ‫ﻓﺴـــﺎد‬ [fɛsɑ:d] [fɛsɑ:d]
202 Pakistan Vision Vol. 15 No.1

53 fitne ‫ﻓﺘﻨـــــہ‬ [fɪtnɛ] [fɪtnʌ]

54 gaflet ‫ﻏﻔﻠـــﺖ‬ [gʌflɛt] ghaflat
55 gaip ‫ﻏﺎﺋــﺐ‬ [gɑ:ɪp] gayb
56 haber ‫ﺧــﺒﺮ‬ [hʌbɛr] khabar
57 halife ‫ﻓــہیﺧﻞ‬ [hʌli:fɛ] khaliifaa
58 han ‫ﺧﺎن‬ [hʌn] [khʌn]
59 hayrat ‫راتیخ‬ [hʌyrɑ:t] [Kkhʌyrɑ:t]
60 hoş ‫ﺧﻮش‬ [houʃ] [khʊʃ]
61 hurma ‫ﺧﺮﻣﺎ‬ [hʊrmʌ] [khʊrmʌ]
62 hüda ‫ﺧﺪا‬ [hʊdɑ:] [khʊdɑ:]
63 ısrar ‫اِﺻﺮار‬ [əsrʌr] [əsrʌr]
64 icat ‫ﺟﺎدیا‬ [i:jʌt] [i:jʌd]
65 ihsan ‫اِﺣﺴﺎن‬ [ɪhsʌn] [ɪhsɑ:n]
66 imdat ‫اِﻣﺪاد‬ [ɪmdʌt] [ɪmdʌd]
67 imkan ‫اﻣﮑــﺎن‬ [ɪmkɑ:n] [ɪmkɑ:n]
68 imtihan ‫اﻣﺘﺤــﺎن‬ [ɪmtɪhɑ:n] [ɪmtɪhɑ:n]
69 inayet ‫تیﻋﻨـﺎ‬ [ɪnɑ:yɛt] [ɪnɑ:yɛt]
70 köşe ‫ﮔﻮﺷـــہ‬ [kɜ:ʃɛ] [gɒshʌ]
71 lakin ‫ﮐــﻦیل‬ [lɑ:kɪn] [lɛkɪn]
72 Lanet ‫ﻟﻌﻨـــﺖ‬ [lɑ:nɛt] [lɑ:nɛt]
73 Lazim ‫ی ﻻزم‬ [lɑ:zəm] [lɑ:zmɪ]
74 leziz ‫ذیﻟــﺬ‬ [lɛzi:z] [lɛzi:z]
75 Lutuf ‫ﻟﻄــﻒ‬ [lʊtu:f] [lʊtf]
macburi ‫یﻣﺠﺒــﻮر‬ [mɛdʒbu:rɪ] [mɛdʒbu:rɪ]
76
77 magrip ‫ﻣﻐﺮب‬ [mʌgrɪb] [mʌgrɪb]
78 mahluk ‫ﻣﺨﻠــﻮق‬ [mʌhlu:k] [mʌkhlu:k]
79 mahmur ‫ﻣﺨﻤﻮر‬ [mʌhmu:r] [mʌhmu:r]
80 mahrumiyet ‫ﻣﺤﺮ و تی‬ [mʌhru:mɪyɛt] [mʌhru:mɪyɛt]
81 mahşer ‫ﻣﺤﺸﺮ‬ [mʌhʃɛr] [mʌhʃɛr]
82 mahsul ‫ﻣﺤﺼــﻮل‬ [mʌhsu:l] [mʌhsu:l]
83 mahsus ‫ﻣﺤﺴﻮس‬ [mʌhsu:s] [mʌhsu:s]
84 mahzen ‫ﻣﺤﺰن‬ [mʌhzɛn] [mʌhzʌn]
85 makam ‫ﻣﻘــﺎم‬ [mʌkɑ:m] [mʌkɑ:m]
86 malum ‫ﻣﻌﻠــﻮم‬ [mɑ:lu:m] [mɑ:lu:m]
87 masum ‫ﻣﻌﺼـــﻮم‬ [mɑ:su:m] [mɑ:su:m]
88 mecbur ‫ﻣﺠﺒــﻮر‬ [mɛdʒbu:r] [mɛdʒbu:r]
89 medet ‫ﻣﺪد‬ [mɛdɛt] [mɛdɛd]
90 mektup ‫ﻣﮑﺘــــﻮب‬ [mɛktʊp] [mɛktʊb]
91 minnet ‫ﻣﻨــﺖ‬ [mɪnnɛt] [mənnʌt]
92 mucize ‫ﻣﻌﺠﺰﮦ‬ [mu:jɪzɛ] [mu:jzʌ]
93 müşkül ‫ﻣﺸـــﮑﻞ‬ [muʃkul] [muʃkɪl]
94 Nabiz ‫ﻧﺒــــﺾ‬ [nʌbəz] [nʌbz]
95 Nakil ‫ﻧﻘـــﻞ‬ [nʌkɪl] [nʌkəl]
96 nakliye ‫ﮦیﻧــﮏ‬ [nʌklɪyɛ] [nʌklɪyɑ:]
97 Nazar ‫ﻧﻈــﺮ‬ [nʌzɑ:r] [nʌzɑ:r]
98 Nefis ‫ﻧﻔـــﺲ‬ [nɛfɪs] [nʌfs]
Common Vocabulary in Urdu and Turkish Language 203

99 Nehir ‫ﻧﮩــﺮ‬ [nɛhi:r] [nʌhr]

100 Nesil ‫ﻧﺴــﻞ‬ [nɛsɪl] [nʌsəl]
101 nezaket ‫ﻧﺰاﮐـــﺖ‬ [nɛzɑ:kɛt] [nɛzɑ:kɛt]
102 Nezle ‫ﻧﺰﻟـــہ‬ [nɛzlɛ] [nɛzlɛ]
103 Nikah ‫ﻧﮑـــﺎح‬ [nɪkɑ:h] [nɪkɑ:h]
104 nisbet ‫ﻧﺴــــﺒﺖ‬ [nɪsbɛt] [nɪsbɛt]
105 Niyaz ‫ازین‬ [nɪyɑ:z] [nɪyɑ:z]
106 Niyet ‫تین‬ [nɪyɛt] [nɪyɛt]
107 numune ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧــــہ‬ [ nʊmu:ne] [ nʊmu:ne]
108 Pak ‫ﭘـــﺎک‬ [pʌk] [pʌk]
109 pazar ‫ﺑــﺎزار‬ [pʌzɑ:r] [bʌzɑ:r]
110 peynir ‫ریﭘــﻦ‬ [peɪni:r] [pʌni:r]
111 razı ‫یراض‬ [rɑ:zə] [rɑ:zə]
112 renk ‫رﻧــﮓ‬ [rɛnk] [rɛng]
113 Risale ‫رﺳـــﺎﻟہ‬ [rɪsɑ:lɛ] [rɪsɑ:lʌ]
114 Ruh ‫روح‬ [rʊh] [rʊh]
115 Saz ‫ﺳﺎز‬ [sʌz] [sʌz]
116 sefer ‫ﺳـــﻔﺮ‬ [sɛfɛr] [sɛfɛr]
117 Ser ‫ﺳﺮ‬ [sɛr] [sɛr]
118 Sine ‫ﻧــہیس‬ [sɪnɛ] [sɪnɛ]
119 Sirke ‫ﺳـــﺮﮐہ‬ [sɪrkɛ] [sɪrkɛ]
120 Söz ‫ﺳﻮز‬ [sɜ:z] [sɜ:z]
121 Sual ‫ﺳـﻮال‬ [sʊɑ:l] [sɒwɑ:l]
122 sürahi ‫یﺻــﺮاح‬ [sʊrɑ:hɪ] [sʊrɑ:hɪ]
123 Şahıs ‫ﺳﺎس‬ [ʃʌhəs] [ʃʌhs]
124 şahsiyet ‫تیﺷﺨﺺ‬ [ʃʌhsɪyɛt] [ʃʌkhsɪyɛt]
125 şebnem ‫ﺷــــﺒﻨﻢ‬ [ʃɛbnɛm] [ʃɛbnɛm]
126 Şehir ‫ﺷـﮩﺮ‬ [ʃɛhi:r] [ʃɛhr]
127 Şehit ‫دیﺷـہ‬ [ʃɛhit] [ʃɛhid]
128 şehzade ‫ﺷــﮩﺰادﮦ‬ [ʃɛhzɑ:dɛ] [ʃɛhzɑ:dʌ]
129 Şeker ‫ﺷـــﮑﺮ‬ [ʃɛkɛr] [ʃʌkkʌr]
130 şikayet ‫تیﺷـــﮑﺎ‬ [ʃɪkɑ:yɛt] [ʃɪkɑ:yɛt]
131 Şişe ‫ﺷــہیش‬ [ʃɪʃɛ] [ʃɪʃɛ]
132 takat ‫ﻃﺎﻗــﺖ‬ [tɑ:kʌt] [tɑ:kʌt]
133 takdir ‫ریﺗﻘــــﺪ‬ [tʌkdɪr] [tʌkdɪr]
134 tamam ‫ﺗﻤــﺎم‬ [tʌmɑ:m] [tʌmɑ:m]
135 taraf ‫ﻃﺮف‬ [tʌrʌf] [tʌrʌf]
136 temenni ‫ﺗﻤﻨــــﺎ‬ [tɛmɛnnɪ] [tɛmʌnnʌ]
137 teselli ‫یﺗﺴـــﻞ‬ [tɛsɛllɪ] [tɛsɛllɪ]
138 ümit ‫دیام‬ [ʊmi:t] [ʊmi:d]
139 üstâd ‫اﺳـــﺘﺎد‬ [ʊstʌd] [ʊstʌd]
140 vaat ‫وﻋﺪﮦ‬ [vʌʌt] [vɑ:dʌ]
141 Vakit ‫وﻗــﺖ‬ [vʌki:t] [wʌkt]
142 Vatan ‫وﻃﻦ‬ [vʌtʌn] [vʌtʌn]
143 Vefa ‫وﻓــﺎ‬ [vɛfʌ] [wɛfʌ]
144 vekil ‫لیوک‬ [vɛkɪl] [wɛkɪl]
 204 Pakistan Vision Vol. 15 No.1

145 yani ‫یﻋﻦی‬ [yɑ:nɪ] [yɑ:nɪ]

146 Yar ‫اری‬ [yɑ:r] [yɑ:r]
147 ziyade ‫ادﮦیز‬ [zɪyɑ:dɛ] [zɪyɑ:dɛ]
148 zamane ‫زﻣﺎﻧــہ‬ [zʌmanɛ] [zʌmanʌ]
149 zemin ‫نیزم‬ [zɛmɪn] [zʌmɪn]
150 zor ‫زور‬ [zɒr] [zɒr]

2. Etymological Aspects:
The origin of the termswill be a determining factor in
revealing whether the terms are cognates or loanwords. For this
purpose an etymological analysis18 has been performed.
Theresults are as follows:

Table 4
Terms with Etymology in Arabic Language
Etymology Etymology
Turkish Urdu Turkish Phonetics Urdu Phonetics
of Turkish of Urdu

1 aciz ‫ﻋﺎﺟﺰ‬ [ɑ:dʒɪz] [ɑ:dʒɪz] Arabic Arabic

2 adi ‫یﻋﺎد‬ [ɑ:dɪ] [ɑ:dɪ] Arabic Arabic
3 adil ‫ﻋﺪل‬ [ɑ:dɪl] [ɑ:dəl] Arabic Arabic
4 afiyet ‫تیﻋﺎف‬ [ɑ:fɪyɛt] [ɑ:fɪyət] Arabic Arabic
5 ahir ‫آﺧﺮ‬ [ɑ:hɪr] [ɑ:khɪr] Arabic Arabic
6 ahval ‫اﺣﻮال‬ [ahvɑ:l] [ahvɑ:l] Arabic Arabic
7 akibet ‫ﻋﺎﻗﺒـــﺖ‬ [ɑ:qɪbɛt] [ɑ:qɪbʌt] Arabic Arabic
8 alem ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻢ‬ [ɑ:lɛm] [ɑ:lɛm] Arabic Arabic
9 amel ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ [ʌmɛl] [ʌmʌl] Arabic Arabic
10 amele ‫ﻋﻤﻠــہ‬ [ʌmɛlɛ] [ʌmlɑ:] Arabic Arabic
11 arif ‫ﻋﺎرف‬ [ɑ:rɪf] [ɑ:rɪf] Arabic Arabic
12 Arş ‫ارض‬ [ʌrʃ] [arz] Arabic Arabic
13 azap ‫ﻋﺬاب‬ [ʌzɑ:p] [ʌzʌb] Arabic Arabic
14 baki ‫یﺑــﺎق‬ [bɑ:ki:] [bɑ:ki:] Arabic Arabic
15 bazı ‫ﺑﻌـــﺾ‬ [bɑ:zə] [bɑ:z] Arabic Arabic
16 cellat ‫ﺟﻼد‬ [dʒɛllʌt] [dʒɛllʌd] Arabic Arabic
17 cemaat ‫ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺖ‬ [dʒɛmɑ:t] [dʒɛmɑ:t] Arabic Arabic
18 cemiyet ‫تیﺟﻤﻊ‬ [dʒɛmɪyɛt] [dʒʌmɪyʌt] Arabic Arabic

19 Cennet ‫ﺟﻨﺖ‬ [dʒɛnnɛt] [dʒʌnnʌt] Arabic Arabic

20 cerrah ‫ﺟﺮاح‬ [dʒɛrrʌh] [dʒɛrrʌh] Arabic Arabic

21 cumhur ‫ﺟﻤﮩﻮر‬ [dʒʊmhu:r] [dʒʊmhu:r] Arabic Arabic
 Common Vocabulary in Urdu and Turkish Language 205

22 cümle ‫ﺟﻤﻠـہ‬ [dʒʊmlɛ] [dʒʊmlɛ] Arabic Arabic

23 delalet ‫دﻻﻟـــﺖ‬ [dɛlɑ:lɛt] [dɛlɑ:lɛt] Arabic Arabic
24 derece ‫درﺟہ‬ [dɛrɛdʒɛ] [dʌrɛdʒɑ:] Arabic Arabic
25 ders ‫درس‬ [dɛrs] [dɛrs] Arabic Arabic
26 ehemniyet ‫تیاﮨﻢ‬ [ɛhɛmnɪyɛt] [ɑ:hmɪyʌt] Arabic Arabic
27 emir ‫ریام‬ [ɛmi: r] [ɛmi: r] Arabic Arabic
28 emlak ‫اﻣــﻼک‬ [ɛmlʌk] [ɛmlʌk] Arabic Arabic
29 eşref ‫اﺷﺮف‬ [ɛʃrɛf] [ɛʃrɛf] Arabic Arabic
30 evvel ‫اول‬ [ɛvvɛl] [ɛvvɛl] Arabic Arabic
31 evveliyat ‫تیاول‬ [ɛvvɛlɪyɑ:t] [ɛvvɛlɪyɑ:t] Arabic Arabic
32 fani ‫یﻓــﺎن‬ [fɑ:ni:] [fɑ:ni:] Arabic Arabic
33 Fayda ‫ﻓﺎﻋــﺪﮦ‬ [fʌydʌ] [fʌydʌ] Arabic Arabic
‫ﻓﻠﺴــــﻒ‬
34 felsefe [fɛlsɛfɛ] [fɛlsɛfɛ] Arabic Arabic
‫ﮦ‬
35 fena ‫ﻓﻨـــﺎ‬ [fɛnɑ:] [fɛnɑ:] Arabic Arabic
36 fert ‫ﻓــﺮد‬ [fɛrt] [fɛrd] Arabic Arabic
37 fesad ‫ﻓﺴـــﺎد‬ [fɛsɑ:d] [fɛsɑ:d] Arabic Arabic
38 fitne ‫ﻓﺘﻨـــــہ‬ [fɪtnɛ] [fɪtnʌ] Arabic Arabic
39 gaflet ‫ﻏﻔﻠـــﺖ‬ [gʌflɛt] Ghaflat Arabic Arabic
40 gaip ‫ﻏﺎﺋــﺐ‬ [gɑ:ɪp] Gayb Arabic Arabic
41 haber ‫ﺧــﺒﺮ‬ [hʌbɛr] Khabar Arabic Arabic
42 halife ‫ﻓــہیﺧﻞ‬ [hʌli:fɛ] Khaliifaa Arabic Arabic
43 hayrat ‫راتیخ‬ [hʌyrɑ:t] [Kkhʌyrɑ:t] Arabic Arabic
44 ısrar ‫اِﺻﺮار‬ [əsrʌr] [əsrʌr] Arabic Arabic
45 icat ‫ﺟﺎدیا‬ [i:jʌt] [i:jʌd] Arabic Arabic
46 ihsan ‫اِﺣﺴﺎن‬ [ɪhsʌn] [ɪhsɑ:n] Arabic Arabic
47 imdat ‫اِﻣﺪاد‬ [ɪmdʌt] [ɪmdʌd] Arabic Arabic
48 imkan ‫اﻣﮑــﺎن‬ [ɪmkɑ:n] [ɪmkɑ:n] Arabic Arabic
49 Imtihan ‫اﻣﺘﺤــﺎن‬ [ɪmtɪhɑ:n] [ɪmtɪhɑ:n] Arabic Arabic
50 inayet ‫تیﻋﻨـﺎ‬ [ɪnɑ:yɛt] [ɪnɑ:yɛt] Arabic Arabic
51 Lanet ‫ﻟﻌﻨـــﺖ‬ [lɑ:nɛt] [lɑ:nɛt] Arabic Arabic
52 Lazim ‫ی ﻻزم‬ [lɑ:zəm] [lɑ:zmɪ] Arabic Arabic
53 leziz ‫ذیﻟــﺬ‬ [lɛzi:z] [lɛzi:z] Arabic Arabic
 206 Pakistan Vision Vol. 15 No.1

54 Lutuf ‫ﻟﻄــﻒ‬ [lʊtu:f] [lʊtf] Arabic Arabic

55 Macburi ‫یﻣﺠﺒــﻮر‬ [mɛdʒbu:rɪ] [mɛdʒbu:rɪ] Arabic Arabic
56 Magrip ‫ﻣﻐﺮب‬ [mʌgrɪb] [mʌgrɪb] Arabic Arabic
57 Mahluk ‫ﻣﺨﻠــﻮق‬ [mʌhlu:k] [mʌkhlu:k] Arabic Arabic
58 Mahmur ‫ﻣﺨﻤﻮر‬ [mʌhmu:r] [mʌhmu:r] Arabic Arabic

59 Mahrumiyet ‫تیﻣﺤﺮ و م‬ [mʌhru:mɪyɛt] [mʌhru:mɪyɛt] Arabic Arabic

60 Mahşer ‫ﻣﺤﺸﺮ‬ [mʌhʃɛr] [mʌhʃɛr] Arabic Arabic

61 Mahsul ‫ﻣﺤﺼــﻮل‬ [mʌhsu:l] [mʌhsu:l] Arabic Arabic
62 Mahsus ‫ﻣﺤﺴﻮس‬ [mʌhsu:s] [mʌhsu:s] Arabic Arabic
63 Mahzen ‫ﻣﺤﺰن‬ [mʌhzɛn] [mʌhzʌn] Arabic Arabic
64 Makam ‫ﻣﻘــﺎم‬ [mʌkɑ:m] [mʌkɑ:m] Arabic Arabic
65 Malum ‫ﻣﻌﻠــﻮم‬ [mɑ:lu:m] [mɑ:lu:m] Arabic Arabic
66 Masum ‫ﻣﻌﺼـــﻮم‬ [mɑ:su:m] [mɑ:su:m] Arabic Arabic
67 Mecbur ‫ﻣﺠﺒــﻮر‬ [mɛdʒbu:r] [mɛdʒbu:r] Arabic Arabic
68 Medet ‫ﻣﺪد‬ [mɛdɛt] [mɛdɛd] Arabic Arabic
69 Mektup ‫ﻣﮑﺘــــﻮب‬ [mɛktʊp] [mɛktʊb] Arabic Arabic
70 Mucize ‫ﻣﻌﺠﺰﮦ‬ [mu:jɪzɛ] [mu:jzʌ] Arabic Arabic
71 Müşkül ‫ﻣﺸـــﮑﻞ‬ [muʃkul] [muʃkɪl] Arabic Arabic
72 Nabiz ‫ﻧﺒــــﺾ‬ [nʌbəz] [nʌbz] Arabic Arabic
73 Nakil ‫ﻧﻘـــﻞ‬ [nʌkɪl] [nʌkəl] Arabic Arabic
74 Nakliye ‫ﮦیﻧــﮏ‬ [nʌklɪyɛ] [nʌklɪyɑ:] Arabic Arabic
75 Nazar ‫ﻧﻈــﺮ‬ [nʌzɑ:r] [nʌzɑ:r] Arabic Arabic
76 Nefis ‫ﻧﻔـــﺲ‬ [nɛfɪs] [nʌfs] Arabic Arabic
77 Nehir ‫ﻧﮩــﺮ‬ [nɛhi:r] [nʌhr] Arabic Arabic
78 Nesil ‫ﻧﺴــﻞ‬ [nɛsɪl] [nʌsəl] Arabic Arabic
79 Nezle ‫ﻧﺰﻟـــہ‬ [nɛzlɛ] [nɛzlɛ] Arabic Arabic
80 Nikah ‫ﻧﮑـــﺎح‬ [nɪkɑ:h] [nɪkɑ:h] Arabic Arabic
81 Nisbet ‫ﻧﺴــــﺒﺖ‬ [nɪsbɛt] [nɪsbɛt] Arabic Arabic
82 Niyet ‫تین‬ [nɪyɛt] [nɪyɛt] Arabic Arabic
83 razı ‫یراض‬ [rɑ:zə] [rɑ:zə] Arabic Arabic
84 Risale ‫رﺳـــﺎﻟہ‬ [rɪsɑ:lɛ] [rɪsɑ:lʌ] Arabic Arabic
85 Ruh ‫روح‬ [rʊh] [rʊh] Arabic Arabic
 Common Vocabulary in Urdu and Turkish Language 207

86 sefer ‫ﺳـــﻔﺮ‬ [sɛfɛr] [sɛfɛr] Arabic Arabic

87 Sual ‫ﺳـﻮال‬ [sʊɑ:l] [sɒwɑ:l] Arabic Arabic
88 Sürahi ‫یﺻــﺮاح‬ [sʊrɑ:hɪ] [sʊrɑ:hɪ] Arabic Arabic
‫ﺷﺨﺺ‬
89 Şahsiyet [ʃʌhsɪyɛt] [ʃʌkhsɪyɛt] Arabic Arabic
‫تی‬
90 Şehit ‫دیﺷـہ‬ [ʃɛhit] [ʃɛhid] Arabic Arabic
‫یﺷـــﮑﺎ‬
91 Şikayet [ʃɪkɑ:yɛt] [ʃɪkɑ:yɛt] Arabic Arabic
‫ت‬
92 takat ‫ﻃﺎﻗــﺖ‬ [tɑ:kʌt] [tɑ:kʌt] Arabic Arabic
93 takdir ‫ریﺗﻘــــﺪ‬ [tʌkdɪr] [tʌkdɪr] Arabic Arabic
94 tamam ‫ﺗﻤــﺎم‬ [tʌmɑ:m] [tʌmɑ:m] Arabic Arabic
95 taraf ‫ﻃﺮف‬ [tʌrʌf] [tʌrʌf] Arabic Arabic
96 temenni ‫ﺗﻤﻨــــﺎ‬ [tɛmɛnnɪ] [tɛmʌnnʌ] Arabic Arabic
97 teselli ‫یﺗﺴـــﻞ‬ [tɛsɛllɪ] [tɛsɛllɪ] Arabic Arabic
98 vaat ‫وﻋﺪﮦ‬ [vʌʌt] [vɑ:dʌ] Arabic Arabic
99 Vakit ‫وﻗــﺖ‬ [vʌki:t] [wʌkt] Arabic Arabic
100 Vatan ‫وﻃﻦ‬ [vʌtʌn] [vʌtʌn] Arabic Arabic
101 Vefa ‫وﻓــﺎ‬ [vɛfʌ] [wɛfʌ] Arabic Arabic
102 vekil ‫لیوک‬ [vɛkɪl] [wɛkɪl] Arabic Arabic
103 yani ‫یﻋﻦی‬ [yɑ:nɪ] [yɑ:nɪ] Arabic Arabic
104 ziyade ‫ادﮦیز‬ [zɪyɑ:dɛ] [zɪyɑ:dɛ] Arabic Arabic
105 zamane ‫زﻣﺎﻧــہ‬ [zʌmanɛ] [zʌmanʌ] Arabic Arabic

Table 5
Terms with Etymology in Persian Language
Etymology
Etymology
of Urdu
Turkish Urdu Turkish Phonetics Urdu Phonetics of Turkish
words
1 afitap ‫آﻓﺘﺎب‬ [ɑ:fɪtʌp] [ɑ:ftʌb] Persian Persian

2 agah ‫آﮔﺎﮦ‬ [ɑ:gɒh] [ɑ:gɑ:h] Persian Persian

3 asuman ‫آﺳﻤﺎن‬ [ɑ:sʊmʌn] [ɑ:smɑ:n] Persian Persian

4 birader ‫ﺑـــﺮادر‬ [bɪra:dɛr] [bɪra:dɛr] Persian Persian

5 bülbül ‫ﺑُﻠﺒﻞ‬ [bʊlbʊl] [bʊlbʊl] Persian Persian

6 çeşme ‫ﭼﺸﻤہ‬ [tʃɛʃmɛ] [tʃʌʃmɛ] Persian Persian

208 Pakistan Vision Vol. 15 No.1

7 çünkü ‫ﭼﻮﻧﮑـــہ‬ [tʃʊnkʊ] [tʃu:nkɪ] Persian Persian

8 destan ‫داﺳـــﺘﺎن‬ [dɛstɑ:n] [dɛstɑ:n] Persian Persian

9 diğer ‫ﮔــﺮید‬ [di: ɛr] [di:gɛr] Persian Persian

10 ferman ‫ﻓﺮﻣــﺎن‬ [fɛrmʌn] [fʌrmʌn] Persian Persian

11 hoş ‫ﺧﻮش‬ [houʃ] [khʊʃ] Persian Persian

12 hurma ‫ﺧﺮﻣﺎ‬ [hʊrmʌ] [khʊrmʌ] Persian Persian

13 hüda ‫ﺧﺪا‬ [hʊdɑ:] [khʊdɑ:] Persian Persian

14 köşe ‫ﮔﻮﺷـــہ‬ [kɜ:ʃɛ] [gɒshʌ] Persian Persian

15 lakin ‫ﮐــﻦیل‬ [lɑ:kɪn] [lɛkɪn] Persian Persian

16 nezaket ‫ﻧﺰاﮐـــﺖ‬ [nɛzɑ:kɛt] [nɛzɑ:kɛt] Persian Persian

17 niyaz ‫ازین‬ [nɪyɑ:z] [nɪyɑ:z] Persian Persian

18 numune ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧــــہ‬ [ nʊmu:ne] [ nʊmu:ne] Persian Persian

19 pak ‫ﭘـــﺎک‬ [pʌk] [pʌk] Persian Persian

20 pazar ‫ﺑــﺎزار‬ [pʌzɑ:r] [bʌzɑ:r] Persian Persian

21 peynir ‫ریﭘــﻦ‬ [peɪni:r] [pʌni:r] Persian Persian

22 renk ‫رﻧــﮓ‬ [rɛnk] [rɛng] Persian Persian

23 saz ‫ﺳﺎز‬ [sʌz] [sʌz] Persian Persian

24 ser ‫ﺳﺮ‬ [sɛr] [sɛr] Persian Persian

25 sine ‫ﻧــہیس‬ [sɪnɛ] [sɪnɛ] Persian Persian

26 sirke ‫ﺳـــﺮﮐہ‬ [sɪrkɛ] [sɪrkɛ] Persian Persian

27 söz ‫ﺳﻮز‬ [sɜ:z] [sɜ:z] Persian Persian

28 şebnem ‫ﺷــــﺒﻨﻢ‬ [ʃɛbnɛm] [ʃɛbnɛm] Persian Persian

29 şehir ‫ﺷـﮩﺮ‬ [ʃɛhi:r] [ʃɛhr] Persian Persian

30 şehzade ‫ﺷـﮩﺰادﮦ‬ [ʃɛhzɑ:dɛ] [ʃɛhzɑ:dʌ] Persian Persian

31 şeker ‫ﺷـــﮑﺮ‬ [ʃɛkɛr] [ʃʌkkʌr] Persian Persian

‫یش‬
32 şişe [ʃɪʃɛ] [ʃɪʃɛ] Persian Persian
‫ﺷــہ‬
33 ümit ‫دیام‬ [ʊmi:t] [ʊmi:d] Persian Persian

34 üstâd ‫اﺳـــﺘﺎد‬ [ʊstʌd] [ʊstʌd] Persian Persian

35 yar ‫اری‬ [yɑ:r] [yɑ:r] Persian Persian

Common Vocabulary in Urdu and Turkish Language 209

36 zemin ‫نیزم‬ [zɛmɪn] [zʌmɪn] Persian Persian

37 zor ‫زور‬ [zɒr] [zɒr] Persian Persian

Table 6
Terms with Etymology in Turkish Language
Turkish Urdu Turkish Urdu Etymology of Etymology
Phonetics Phonetics Turkish terms of Urdu
terms
1 alev ‫اﻻؤ‬ [ʌlɛv] [ʌloʊ] Turkish Turkish

2 bohça ‫ﺑﻘﭽــــہ‬ [bɒhtʃʌ] [bʊktʃʌ] Turkish Turkish

3 han ‫ﺧﺎن‬ [hʌn] [khʌn] Turkish Turkish

Table 7
Terms with Etymology in Arabic Loaned From Persian Language
Turkish Urdu Etymology of Etymology of
Urdu
Turkish Phonetics Phonetics Turkish Urdu words
Persian-
1 belki ‫ﺑﻠﮑــــــہ‬ [bɛlkɪ] [bɛlkɪ] Persian-Arabic
Arabic

Table 8
Terms with Differing Etymology
Turkish Urdu Turkish Urdu Etymology of Etymology of
Phonetics Phonetics Turkish terms Urdu terms

1 emir ‫اﻣﺮ‬ [ɛmɪr] [ʌmr] Arabic Sanskrit

2 Minnet ‫ﻣﻨــﺖ‬ [mɪnnɛt] [mənnʌt] Arabic Sanskrit
‫ﺳﺎ‬
Şahıs [ʃʌhəs] [ʃʌhs] Arabic
3 ‫س‬ Sanskrit

Turkish Urdu Etymology Etymology of Urdu

Turkish Urdu
Phonetics Phonetics of Turkish words

1 ferah ‫ﻓــﺮاخ‬ [fɛrɛh] [fɛrʌkh] Arabic Persian

3. Interlingual Synonymy Related Aspects

2.1 Semantic analysis: At this point the synonymy of the terms
will be verified:
210 Pakistan Vision Vol. 15 No.1

Table 9
Semantic Comparisons
Common
Turkish Urdu Turkish Phonetics Urdu Phonetics
meaning
helpless,
1 aciz ‫ﻋﺎﺟﺰ‬ [ɑ:dʒɪz] [ɑ:dʒɪz]
powerless
customary,
2 adi ‫یﻋﺎد‬ [ɑ:dɪ] [ɑ:dɪ]
accustom
just, fair,
3 adil ‫ﻋﺪل‬ [ɑ:dɪl] [ɑ:dəl]
impartial
4 afiyet ‫تیﻋﺎف‬ [ɑ:fɪyɛt] [ɑ:fɪyət] well being
5 afitap ‫آﻓﺘﺎب‬ [ɑ:fɪtʌp] [ɑ:ftʌb] Sun
aware,
6 agah ‫آﮔﺎﮦ‬ [ɑ:gɒh] [ɑ:gɑ:h]
knowing
last, coming at
7 ahir ‫آﺧﺮ‬ [ɑ:hɪr] [ɑ:khɪr]
the end, final
conditions,
8 ahval ‫اﺣﻮال‬ [ahvɑ:l] [ahvɑ:l] circumstances,
consequences
9 akibet ‫ﻋﺎﻗﺒــــﺖ‬ [ɑ:qɪbɛt] [ɑ:qɪbʌt] Aftermath
world,
10 alem ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻢ‬ [ɑ:lɛm] [ɑ:lɛm]
universe
11 alev ‫اﻻؤ‬ [ʌlɛv] [ʌloʊ] blaze, flame
action,
12 amel ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ [ʌmɛl] [ʌmʌl]
process
13 amele ‫ﻋﻤﻠــہ‬ [ʌmɛlɛ] [ʌmlɑ:] staff, workman
14 arif ‫ﻋﺎرف‬ [ɑ:rɪf] [ɑ:rɪf] Mystic
15 Arş ‫ارض‬ [ʌrʃ] [arz] Earth
16 asuman ‫آﺳﻤﺎن‬ [ɑ:sʊmʌn] [ɑ:smɑ:n] Sky
torment,
17 azap ‫ﻋﺬاب‬ [ʌzɑ:p] [ʌzʌb] anguish, torture

18 baki ‫یﺑــﺎق‬ [bɑ:ki:] [bɑ:ki:] Remaining

19 bazı ‫ﺑﻌـــﺾ‬ [bɑ:zə] [bɑ:z] some, certain
20 belki ‫ﺑﻠﮑــــــہ‬ [bɛlkɪ] [bɛlkɪ] rather, but
21 birader ‫ﺑـــﺮادر‬ [bɪra:dɛr] [bɪra:dɛr] Brother
2 bohça ‫ﺑﻘﭽــــہ‬ [bɒhtʃʌ] [bʊktʃʌ] pack, bundle
23 bülbül ‫ﺑُﻠﺒﻞ‬ [bʊlbʊl] [bʊlbʊl] Nightingale
24 cellat ‫ﺟﻼد‬ [dʒɛllʌt] [dʒɛllʌd] Executioner
group, class,
25 cemaat ‫ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺖ‬ [dʒɛmɑ:t] [dʒɛmɑ:t]
society
26 cemiyet ‫تیﺟﻤﻊ‬ [dʒɛmɪyɛt] [dʒʌmɪyʌt] Congregation
Common Vocabulary in Urdu and Turkish Language 211

heaven,
27 cennet ‫ﺟﻨﺖ‬ [dʒɛnnɛt] [dʒʌnnʌt]
paradise
28 cerrah ‫ﺟﺮاح‬ [dʒɛrrʌh] [dʒɛrrʌh] Surgeon
demos,
29 cumhur ‫ﺟﻤﮩﻮر‬ [dʒʊmhu:r] [dʒʊmhu:r]
populace
sentence,
30 cümle ‫ﺟﻤﻠـہ‬ [dʒʊmlɛ] [dʒʊmlɛ]
clause
spring,
31 çeşme ‫ﭼﺸﻤہ‬ [tʃɛʃmɛ] [tʃʌʃmɛ]
fountain
32 çünkü ‫ﭼﻮﻧﮑـــہ‬ [tʃʊnkʊ] [tʃu:nkɪ] Because
mediate,
33 delalet ‫دﻻﻟـــﺖ‬ [dɛlɑ:lɛt] [dɛlɑ:lɛt]
portend
34 derece ‫درﺟہ‬ [dɛrɛdʒɛ] [dʌrɛdʒɑ:] rank, degree
35 ders ‫درس‬ [dɛrs] [dɛrs] lesson, lecture
36 destan ‫داﺳـــﺘﺎن‬ [dɛstɑ:n] [dɛstɑ:n] fable, legend
37 diğer ‫ﮔــﺮید‬ [di: ɛr] [di:gɛr] Other
38 ehemniyet ‫تیاﮨﻢ‬ [ɛhɛmnɪyɛt] [ɑ:hmɪyʌt] importance
39 emir ‫اﻣﺮ‬ [ɛmɪr] [ʌmr] immortal
40 emir ‫ریام‬ [ɛmi: r] [ɛmi: r] commander
property,
41 emlak ‫اﻣــﻼک‬ [ɛmlʌk] [ɛmlʌk]
estate
42 eşref ‫اﺷﺮف‬ [ɛʃrɛf] [ɛʃrɛf] pre-eminent
first, earliest in
43 evvel ‫اول‬ [ɛvvɛl] [ɛvvɛl]
time and order
priority,
44 evveliyat ‫تیاول‬ [ɛvvɛlɪyɑ:t] [ɛvvɛlɪyɑ:t]
antecedence
mortal,
45 fani ‫یﻓــﺎن‬ [fɑ:ni:] [fɑ:ni:]
transitory
46 fayda ‫ﻓﺎﻋــﺪﮦ‬ [fʌydʌ] [fʌydʌ] benefit, use
47 felsefe ‫ﻓﻠﺴــــــﻔہ‬ [fɛlsɛfɛ] [fɛlsɛfɛ] philosophy
48 fena ‫ﻓﻨـــﺎ‬ [fɛnɑ:] [fɛnɑ:] perish
spacious,
49 ferah ‫ﻓــﺮاخ‬ [fɛrɛh] [fɛrʌkh]
richness
edict, order,
50 ferman ‫ﻓﺮﻣــﺎن‬ [fɛrmʌn] [fʌrmʌn]
command
person,
51 fert ‫ﻓــﺮد‬ [fɛrt] [fɛrd]
individual
mischief,
52 fesad ‫ﻓﺴـــﺎد‬ [fɛsɑ:d] [fɛsɑ:d]
instigate
53 fitne ‫ﻓﺘﻨـــــہ‬ [fɪtnɛ] [fɪtnʌ] sedition, strife
heedlessness,
54 gaflet ‫ﻏﻔﻠـــﺖ‬ [gʌflɛt] ghaflat inattentiveness
disappear,
55 gaip ‫ﻏﺎﺋــﺐ‬ [gɑ:ɪp] gayb
vanish
212 Pakistan Vision Vol. 15 No.1

news,
56 haber ‫ﺧــﺒﺮ‬ [hʌbɛr] khabar
information
57 halife ‫ﻓــہیﺧﻞ‬ [hʌli:fɛ] khaliifaa Caliph
title of rulers
58 han ‫ﺧﺎن‬ [hʌn] [khʌn] and officers in
central Asia
59 hayrat ‫راتیخ‬ [hʌyrɑ:t] [Kkhʌyrɑ:t] Charity
60 hoş ‫ﺧﻮش‬ [houʃ] [khʊʃ] please, delight
61 hurma ‫ﺧﺮﻣﺎ‬ [hʊrmʌ] [khʊrmʌ] Date
62 hüda ‫ﺧﺪا‬ [hʊdɑ:] [khʊdɑ:] Almighty, God
insistence,
63 ısrar ‫اِﺻﺮار‬ [əsrʌr] [əsrʌr]
persistence
invention,
64 icat ‫ﺟﺎدیا‬ [i:jʌt] [i:jʌd]
innovation
65 ihsan ‫اِﺣﺴﺎن‬ [ɪhsʌn] [ɪhsɑ:n] Beneficence
66 imdat ‫اِﻣﺪاد‬ [ɪmdʌt] [ɪmdʌd] help, aid
possibility,
67 imkan ‫اﻣﮑــﺎن‬ [ɪmkɑ:n] [ɪmkɑ:n]
chance
test,
68 imtihan ‫اﻣﺘﺤــﺎن‬ [ɪmtɪhɑ:n] [ɪmtɪhɑ:n]
examination
grace,
69 inayet ‫تیﻋﻨــﺎ‬ [ɪnɑ:yɛt] [ɪnɑ:yɛt]
kindness
70 köşe ‫ﮔﻮﺷـــہ‬ [kɜ:ʃɛ] [gɒshʌ] corner, angle
however, but,
71 lakin ‫ﮐــﻦیل‬ [lɑ:kɪn] [lɛkɪn]
yet
72 Lanet ‫ﻟﻌﻨـــﺖ‬ [lɑ:nɛt] [lɑ:nɛt] Curse
necessary,
73 Lazim ‫ی ﻻزم‬ [lɑ:zəm] [lɑ:zmɪ] compulsory,
essential
74 leziz ‫ذیﻟــﺬ‬ [lɛzi:z] [lɛzi:z] tasty, delicious
75 Lutuf ‫ﻟﻄــﻒ‬ [lʊtu:f] [lʊtf] Enjoy
compulsory,
76 macburi ‫یﻣﺠﺒــﻮر‬ [mɛdʒbu:rɪ] [mɛdʒbu:rɪ]
obligatory,
77 magrip ‫ﻣﻐﺮب‬ [mʌgrɪb] [mʌgrɪb] West
78 mahluk ‫ﻣﺨﻠــﻮق‬ [mʌhlu:k] [mʌkhlu:k] Creature
sleepy,
79 mahmur ‫ﻣﺨﻤﻮر‬ [mʌhmu:r] [mʌhmu:r]
drowsy
80 mahrumiyet ‫تیﻣﺤﺮ و م‬ [mʌhru:mɪyɛt] [mʌhru:mɪyɛt] Deprivation
the last
81 mahşer ‫ﻣﺤﺸﺮ‬ [mʌhʃɛr] [mʌhʃɛr] judgement,
huge crowd
82 mahsul ‫ﻣﺤﺼــﻮل‬ [mʌhsu:l] [mʌhsu:l] result, product
especial,
83 mahsus ‫ﻣﺤﺴﻮس‬ [mʌhsu:s] [mʌhsu:s]
reserved for,
Common Vocabulary in Urdu and Turkish Language 213

especially

84 mahzen ‫ﻣﺤﺰن‬ [mʌhzɛn] [mʌhzʌn] celler, granary

85 makam ‫ﻣﻘــﺎم‬ [mʌkɑ:m] [mʌkɑ:m] position, rank
86 malum ‫ﻣﻌﻠــﻮم‬ [mɑ:lu:m] [mɑ:lu:m] Know
87 masum ‫ﻣﻌﺼـــﻮم‬ [mɑ:su:m] [mɑ:su:m] Innocent
compelled,
88 mecbur ‫ﻣﺠﺒــﻮر‬ [mɛdʒbu:r] [mɛdʒbu:r]
helpless,
help—
89 medet ‫ﻣﺪد‬ [mɛdɛt] [mɛdɛd]
assistance
90 mektup ‫ﻣﮑﺘــــﻮب‬ [mɛktʊp] [mɛktʊb] Letter
a vow, a
2 minnet ‫ﻣﻨــﺖ‬ [mɪnnɛt] [mənnʌt]
promise
92 mucize ‫ﻣﻌﺠﺰﮦ‬ [mu:jɪzɛ] [mu:jzʌ] Miracle
93 müşkül ‫ﻣﺸـــﮑﻞ‬ [muʃkul] [muʃkɪl] Difficult
94 Nabiz ‫ﻧﺒــــﺾ‬ [nʌbəz] [nʌbz] Pulse
cheating,
95 Nakil ‫ﻧﻘـــﻞ‬ [nʌkɪl] [nʌkəl] copying,
transfer
transport,
96 nakliye ‫ﮦیﻧــﮏ‬ [nʌklɪyɛ] [nʌklɪyɑ:] means of
transport
97 Nazar ‫ﻧﻈــﺮ‬ [nʌzɑ:r] [nʌzɑ:r] look, glance
self, essence,
98 Nefis ‫ﻧﻔـــﺲ‬ [nɛfɪs] [nʌfs]
one desire
99 Nehir ‫ﻧﮩــﺮ‬ [nɛhi:r] [nʌhr] Canal
100 Nesil ‫ﻧﺴــﻞ‬ [nɛsɪl] [nʌsəl] Generation
101 nezaket ‫ﻧﺰاﮐـــﺖ‬ [nɛzɑ:kɛt] [nɛzɑ:kɛt] Politeness
102 Nezle ‫ﻧﺰﻟـــہ‬ [nɛzlɛ] [nɛzlɛ] Flu
civil wedding,
103 Nikah ‫ﻧﮑـــﺎح‬ [nɪkɑ:h] [nɪkɑ:h]
marriage
104 Nisbet ‫ﻧﺴــــﺒﺖ‬ [nɪsbɛt] [nɪsbɛt] Proportion
supplication,
105 Niyaz ‫ازین‬ [nɪyɑ:z] [nɪyɑ:z]
entreaty
intention,
106 Niyet ‫تین‬ [nɪyɛt] [nɪyɛt]
purpose, aim
107 numune ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧــــہ‬ [ nʊmu:ne] [ nʊmu:ne] model, sample
108 pak ‫ﭘـــﺎک‬ [pʌk] [pʌk] Pure
109 pazar ‫ﺑــﺎزار‬ [pʌzɑ:r] [bʌzɑ:r] Market
110 peynir ‫ریﭘــﻦ‬ [peɪni:r] [pʌni:r] Cheese
agree /
111 razı ‫یراض‬ [rɑ:zə] [rɑ:zə]
accede
214 Pakistan Vision Vol. 15 No.1

color,
112 renk ‫رﻧــﮓ‬ [rɛnk] [rɛng]
complexion
a squadron--a
113 risale ‫رﺳـــﺎﻟہ‬ [rɪsɑ:lɛ] [rɪsɑ:lʌ]
magazine
114 ruh ‫روح‬ [rʊh] [rʊh] Soul
a musical
115 saz ‫ﺳﺎز‬ [sʌz] [sʌz]
instrument
journey,
116 sefer ‫ﺳـــﻔﺮ‬ [sɛfɛr] [sɛfɛr]
voyage
head (body
117 ser ‫ﺳﺮ‬ [sɛr] [sɛr]
part)
118 sine ‫ﻧــہیس‬ [sɪnɛ] [sɪnɛ] chest, breast
119 sirke ‫ﺳـــﺮﮐہ‬ [sɪrkɛ] [sɪrkɛ] Vinegar
burning, heat,
120 söz ‫ﺳﻮز‬ [sɜ:z] [sɜ:z]
passion
121 sual ‫ﺳـﻮال‬ [sʊɑ:l] [sɒwɑ:l] Question
a goblet, long
122 sürahi ‫یﺻــﺮاح‬ [sʊrɑ:hɪ] [sʊrɑ:hɪ]
neck flask
123 şahıs ‫ﺳﺎس‬ [ʃʌhəs] [ʃʌhs] mother-in-law
‫ﺷﺨﺺ‬
124 şahsiyet [ʃʌhsɪyɛt] [ʃʌkhsɪyɛt] Personality
‫تی‬
125 şebnem ‫ﺷــــﺒﻨﻢ‬ [ʃɛbnɛm] [ʃɛbnɛm] Dew
126 şehir ‫ﺷـﮩﺮ‬ [ʃɛhi:r] [ʃɛhr] City
127 şehit ‫دیﺷـہ‬ [ʃɛhit] [ʃɛhid] martyr
128 şehzade ‫ﺷــﮩﺰادﮦ‬ [ʃɛhzɑ:dɛ] [ʃɛhzɑ:dʌ] prince
129 şeker ‫ﺷـــﮑﺮ‬ [ʃɛkɛr] [ʃʌkkʌr] sweet
130 şikayet ‫تیﺷـــﮑﺎ‬ [ʃɪkɑ:yɛt] [ʃɪkɑ:yɛt] complain
131 Şişe ‫ﺷہیش‬ [ʃɪʃɛ] [ʃɪʃɛ] Glass
132 takat ‫ﻃﺎﻗــﺖ‬ [tɑ:kʌt] [tɑ:kʌt] strength
133 takdir ‫ریﺗﻘــــﺪ‬ [tʌkdɪr] [tʌkdɪr] destiny
ready;
134 tamam ‫ﺗﻤــﺎم‬ [tʌmɑ:m] [tʌmɑ:m] complete;
finished
135 taraf ‫ﻃﺮف‬ [tʌrʌf] [tʌrʌf] side, direction
heartfelt wish,
136 temenni ‫ﺗﻤﻨــــﺎ‬ [tɛmɛnnɪ] [tɛmʌnnʌ]
earnest desire
consolation,
‫یﺗﺴـــﻞ‬
137 teselli [tɛsɛllɪ] [tɛsɛllɪ] comfort,
solace
hope,
138 ümit ‫دیام‬ [ʊmi:t] [ʊmi:d]
expectation
Teacher,
139 üstâd ‫اﺳـــﺘﺎد‬ [ʊstʌd] [ʊstʌd]
master
Common Vocabulary in Urdu and Turkish Language 215

140 vaat ‫وﻋﺪﮦ‬ [vʌʌt] [vɑ:dʌ] promise

141 vakit ‫وﻗــﺖ‬ [vʌki:t] [wʌkt] Time
142 vatan ‫وﻃﻦ‬ [vʌtʌn] [vʌtʌn] native country
sincerity,
143 Vefa ‫وﻓــﺎ‬ [vɛfʌ] [wɛfʌ] fulfilling a
promise
144 vekil ‫لیوک‬ [vɛkɪl] [wɛkɪl] lawyer
I mean, in
145 yani ‫یﻋﻦی‬ [yɑ:nɪ] [yɑ:nɪ]
other words
146 Yar ‫اری‬ [yɑ:r] [yɑ:r] Friend
147 ziyade ‫ادﮦیز‬ [zɪyɑ:dɛ] [zɪyɑ:dɛ] Much
148 zamane ‫زﻣﺎﻧــہ‬ [zʌmanɛ] [zʌmanʌ] Today
149 zemin ‫نیزم‬ [zɛmɪn] [zʌmɪn] land, floor
pressure,
150 zor ‫زور‬ [zɒr] [zɒr]
force

a. Phonetic Analysis.
The phonetic analysis will be performed through the
Levenshtein algorithm which indicates the difference between two
strings. The following diagram illustrates the algorithm:

Table 10
Levenshtein Algorithm19

Table 11
Terms with 0 Levenshtein Distance
Turkish Urdu Turkish Phonetics Urdu Phonetics Distance
1 aciz ‫ﻋﺎﺟﺰ‬ [ɑ:dʒɪz] [ɑ:dʒɪz] 0
2 adi ‫یﻋﺎد‬ [ɑ:dɪ] [ɑ:dɪ] 0
3 ahval ‫اﺣﻮال‬ [ahvɑ:l] [ahvɑ:l] 0
4 alem ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻢ‬ [ɑ:lɛm] [ɑ:lɛm] 0
5 arif ‫ﻋﺎرف‬ [ɑ:rɪf] [ɑ:rɪf] 0
6 baki ‫یﺑــﺎق‬ [bɑ:ki:] [bɑ:ki:] 0
216 Pakistan Vision Vol. 15 No.1

7 belki ‫ﺑﻠﮑــــــہ‬ [bɛlkɪ] [bɛlkɪ] 0

8 birader ‫ﺑـــﺮادر‬ [bɪra:dɛr] [bɪra:dɛr] 0

9 bülbül ‫ﺑُﻠﺒﻞ‬ [bʊlbʊl] [bʊlbʊl] 0
10 cemaat ‫ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺖ‬ [dʒɛmɑ:t] [dʒɛmɑ:t] 0
11 cerrah ‫ﺟﺮاح‬ [dʒɛrrʌh] [dʒɛrrʌh] 0
12 cumhur ‫ﺟﻤﮩﻮر‬ [dʒʊmhu:r] [dʒʊmhu:r] 0
13 cümle ‫ﺟﻤﻠـہ‬ [dʒʊmlɛ] [dʒʊmlɛ] 0
14 delalet ‫دﻻﻟـــﺖ‬ [dɛlɑ:lɛt] [dɛlɑ:lɛt] 0
15 ders ‫درس‬ [dɛrs] [dɛrs] 0
16 destan ‫داﺳـــﺘﺎن‬ [dɛstɑ:n] [dɛstɑ:n] 0
17 emir ‫ریام‬ [ɛmi: r] [ɛmi: r] 0
18 emlak ‫اﻣــﻼک‬ [ɛmlʌk] [ɛmlʌk] 0
19 eşref ‫اﺷﺮف‬ [ɛʃrɛf] [ɛʃrɛf] 0
20 evvel ‫اول‬ [ɛvvɛl] [ɛvvɛl] 0
21 evveliyat ‫تیاول‬ [ɛvvɛlɪyɑ:t] [ɛvvɛlɪyɑ:t] 0
22 fani ‫یﻓــﺎن‬ [fɑ:ni:] [fɑ:ni:] 0
23 Fayda ‫ﻓﺎﻋــﺪﮦ‬ [fʌydʌ] [fʌydʌ] 0
24 felsefe ‫ﻓﻠﺴــــــﻔہ‬ [fɛlsɛfɛ] [fɛlsɛfɛ] 0
25 fena ‫ﻓﻨـــﺎ‬ [fɛnɑ:] [fɛnɑ:] 0
26 fesad ‫ﻓﺴـــﺎد‬ [fɛsɑ:d] [fɛsɑ:d] 0
27 gaflet ‫ﻏﻔﻠـــﺖ‬ [gʌflɛt] ghaflat 0
28 ısrar ‫اِﺻﺮار‬ [əsrʌr] [əsrʌr] 0
29 imkan ‫اﻣﮑــﺎن‬ [ɪmkɑ:n] [ɪmkɑ:n] 0
30 imtihan ‫اﻣﺘﺤــﺎن‬ [ɪmtɪhɑ:n] [ɪmtɪhɑ:n] 0
31 inayet ‫تیﻋﻨـﺎ‬ [ɪnɑ:yɛt] [ɪnɑ:yɛt] 0
32 lanet ‫ﻟﻌﻨـــﺖ‬ [lɑ:nɛt] [lɑ:nɛt] 0
33 leziz ‫ذیﻟــﺬ‬ [lɛzi:z] [lɛzi:z] 0
34 macburi ‫یﻣﺠﺒــﻮر‬ [mɛdʒbu:rɪ] [mɛdʒbu:rɪ] 0
35 magrip ‫ﻣﻐﺮب‬ [mʌgrɪb] [mʌgrɪb] 0
36 mahmur ‫ﻣﺨﻤﻮر‬ [mʌhmu:r] [mʌhmu:r] 0
37 mahrumiyet ‫تیم ﻣﺤﺮ و‬ [mʌhru:mɪyɛt] [mʌhru:mɪyɛt] 0
38 mahşer ‫ﻣﺤﺸﺮ‬ [mʌhʃɛr] [mʌhʃɛr] 0
Common Vocabulary in Urdu and Turkish Language 217

39 mahsul ‫ﻣﺤﺼــﻮل‬ [mʌhsu:l] [mʌhsu:l] 0

40 mahsus ‫ﻣﺤﺴﻮس‬ [mʌhsu:s] [mʌhsu:s] 0
41 makam ‫ﻣﻘــﺎم‬ [mʌkɑ:m] [mʌkɑ:m] 0
42 malum ‫ﻣﻌﻠــﻮم‬ [mɑ:lu:m] [mɑ:lu:m] 0
43 masum ‫ﻣﻌﺼـــﻮم‬ [mɑ:su:m] [mɑ:su:m] 0
44 mecbur ‫ﻣﺠﺒــﻮر‬ [mɛdʒbu:r] [mɛdʒbu:r] 0
45 Nazar ‫ﻧﻈــﺮ‬ [nʌzɑ:r] [nʌzɑ:r] 0
46 Nezaket ‫ﻧﺰاﮐـــﺖ‬ [nɛzɑ:kɛt] [nɛzɑ:kɛt] 0
47 Nezle ‫ﻧﺰﻟـــہ‬ [nɛzlɛ] [nɛzlɛ] 0
48 Nikah ‫ﻧﮑـــﺎح‬ [nɪkɑ:h] [nɪkɑ:h] 0
49 Nisbet ‫ﻧﺴــــﺒﺖ‬ [nɪsbɛt] [nɪsbɛt] 0
50 Niyaz ‫ازین‬ [nɪyɑ:z] [nɪyɑ:z] 0
51 Niyet ‫تین‬ [nɪyɛt] [nɪyɛt] 0
52 Numune ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧــــہ‬ [ nʊmu:ne] [ nʊmu:ne] 0
53 Pak ‫ﭘـــﺎک‬ [pʌk] [pʌk] 0
54 razı ‫یراض‬ [rɑ:zə] [rɑ:zə] 0
55 Ruh ‫روح‬ [rʊh] [rʊh] 0
56 Saz ‫ﺳﺎز‬ [sʌz] [sʌz] 0
57 sefer ‫ﺳـــﻔﺮ‬ [sɛfɛr] [sɛfɛr] 0
58 Ser ‫ﺳﺮ‬ [sɛr] [sɛr] 0
59 Sine ‫ﻧــہیس‬ [sɪnɛ] [sɪnɛ] 0
60 Sirke ‫ﺳـــﺮﮐہ‬ [sɪrkɛ] [sɪrkɛ] 0
61 Söz ‫ﺳﻮز‬ [sɜ:z] [sɜ:z] 0
62 Sürahi ‫یﺻــﺮاح‬ [sʊrɑ:hɪ] [sʊrɑ:hɪ] 0
63 Şebnem ‫ﺷــــﺒﻨﻢ‬ [ʃɛbnɛm] [ʃɛbnɛm] 0
64 Şikayet ‫تیﺷـــﮑﺎ‬ [ʃɪkɑ:yɛt] [ʃɪkɑ:yɛt] 0
65 Şişe ‫ﺷــہیش‬ [ʃɪʃɛ] [ʃɪʃɛ] 0
66 takat ‫ﻃﺎﻗــﺖ‬ [tɑ:kʌt] [tɑ:kʌt] 0
67 takdir ‫ریﺗﻘــــﺪ‬ [tʌkdɪr] [tʌkdɪr] 0
68 tamam ‫ﺗﻤــﺎم‬ [tʌmɑ:m] [tʌmɑ:m] 0
69 taraf ‫ﻃﺮف‬ [tʌrʌf] [tʌrʌf] 0
70 teselli ‫یﺗﺴـــﻞ‬ [tɛsɛllɪ] [tɛsɛllɪ] 0
218 Pakistan Vision Vol. 15 No.1

71 üstâd ‫اﺳـــﺘﺎد‬ [ʊstʌd] [ʊstʌd] 0

72 Vatan ‫وﻃﻦ‬ [vʌtʌn] [vʌtʌn] 0
73 yani ‫یﻋﻦی‬ [yɑ:nɪ] [yɑ:nɪ] 0
74 Yar ‫اری‬ [yɑ:r] [yɑ:r] 0
75 ziyade ‫ادﮦیز‬ [zɪyɑ:dɛ] [zɪyɑ:dɛ] 0
76 zor ‫زور‬ [zɒr] [zɒr] 0

Table 12
Terms with Levenshtein Distance 1
Turkish Urdu
Urdu Distance
Turkish Phonetics Phonetics
1 adil ‫ﻋﺪل‬ [ɑ:dɪl] [ɑ:dəl] 1
2 afiyet ‫تیﻋﺎف‬ [ɑ:fɪyɛt] [ɑ:fɪyət] 1
3 agah ‫آﮔﺎﮦ‬ [ɑ:gɒh] [ɑ:gɑ:h] 1
4 ahir ‫آﺧﺮ‬ [ɑ:hɪr] [ɑ:khɪr] 1
5 akibet ‫ﻋﺎﻗﺒـــﺖ‬ [ɑ:qɪbɛt] [ɑ:qɪbʌt] 1
6 amel ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ [ʌmɛl] [ʌmʌl] 1
7 Arş ‫ارض‬ [ʌrʃ] [arz] 1
8 cellat ‫ﺟﻼد‬ [dʒɛllʌt] [dʒɛllʌd] 1
9 çeşme ‫ﭼﺸﻤہ‬ [tʃɛʃmɛ] [tʃʌʃmɛ] 1
10 diğer ‫ﮔــﺮید‬ [di: ɛr] [di:gɛr] 1
11 ferah ‫ﻓــﺮاخ‬ [fɛrɛh] [fɛrʌkh] 1
12 ferman ‫ﻓﺮﻣــﺎن‬ [fɛrmʌn] [fʌrmʌn] 1
13 fert ‫ﻓــﺮد‬ [fɛrt] [fɛrd] 1
14 fitne ‫ﻓﺘﻨـــــہ‬ [fɪtnɛ] [fɪtnʌ] 1
15 haber ‫ﺧــﺒﺮ‬ [hʌbɛr] [khʌbɛr] 1
16 han ‫ﺧﺎن‬ [hʌn] [khʌn] 1
17 hayrat ‫راتیخ‬ [hʌyrɑ:t] [Kkhʌyrɑ:t] 1
18 hurma ‫ﺧﺮﻣﺎ‬ [hʊrmʌ] [khʊrmʌ] 1
19 hüda ‫ﺧﺪا‬ [hʊdɑ:] [khʊdɑ:] 1
20 icat ‫ﺟﺎدیا‬ [i:jʌt] [i:jʌd] 1
21 ihsan ‫اِﺣﺴﺎن‬ [ɪhsʌn] [ɪhsɑ:n] 1
22 imdat ‫اِﻣﺪاد‬ [ɪmdʌt] [ɪmdʌd] 1
Common Vocabulary in Urdu and Turkish Language 219

23 lakin ‫ﮐــﻦیل‬ [lɑ:kɪn] [lɛkɪn] 1

24 Lutuf ‫ﻟﻄــﻒ‬ [lʊtu:f] [lʊtf] 1
25 mahluk ‫ﻣﺨﻠــﻮق‬ [mʌhlu:k] [mʌkhlu:k] 1
26 mahzen ‫ﻣﺤﺰن‬ [mʌhzɛn] [mʌhzʌn] 1
27 medet ‫ﻣﺪد‬ [mɛdɛt] [mɛdɛd] 1
28 mektup ‫ﻣﮑﺘــــﻮب‬ [mɛktʊp] [mɛktʊb] 1
29 müşkül ‫ﻣﺸـــﮑﻞ‬ [muʃkul] [muʃkɪl] 1
30 Nabiz ‫ﻧﺒــــﺾ‬ [nʌbəz] [nʌbz] 1
31 Nakil ‫ﻧﻘـــﻞ‬ [nʌkɪl] [nʌkəl] 1
32 nakliye ‫ﮦیﻧــﮏ‬ [nʌklɪyɛ] [nʌklɪyɑ:] 1
33 pazar ‫ﺑــﺎزار‬ [pʌzɑ:r] [bʌzɑ:r] 1
34 peynir ‫ریﭘــﻦ‬ [peɪni:r] [pʌni:r] 1
35 renk ‫رﻧــﮓ‬ [rɛnk] [rɛng] 1
36 Risale ‫رﺳـــﺎﻟہ‬ [rɪsɑ:lɛ] [rɪsɑ:lʌ] 1
37 Şahıs ‫ﺳﺎس‬ [ʃʌhəs] [ʃʌhs] 1
38 şahsiyet ‫تیﺷﺨﺺ‬ [ʃʌhsɪyɛt] [ʃʌkhsɪyɛt] 1
39 Şehir ‫ﺷـﮩﺮ‬ [ʃɛhi:r] [ʃɛhr] 1
40 Şehit ‫دیﺷـہ‬ [ʃɛhit] [ʃɛhid] 1
41 şehzade ‫ﺷــﮩﺰادﮦ‬ [ʃɛhzɑ:dɛ] [ʃɛhzɑ:dʌ] 1
42 ümit ‫دیام‬ [ʊmi:t] [ʊmi:d] 1
43 Vefa ‫وﻓــﺎ‬ [vɛfʌ] [wɛfʌ] 1
44 vekil ‫لیوک‬ [vɛkɪl] [wɛkɪl] 1
45 zamane ‫زﻣﺎﻧــہ‬ [zʌmanɛ] [zʌmanʌ] 1
46 zemin ‫نیزم‬ [zɛmɪn] [zʌmɪn] 1

Table 13
Terms with distance 2
Turkish Urdu
Turkish Urdu Distance
Phonetics Phonetics

1 alev ‫اﻻؤ‬ [ʌlɛv] [ʌloʊ] 2

2 amele ‫ﻋﻤﻠــہ‬ [ʌmɛlɛ] [ʌmlɑ:] 2
3 asuman ‫آﺳﻤﺎن‬ [ɑ:sʊmʌn] [ɑ:smɑ:n] 2
4 azap ‫ﻋﺬاب‬ [ʌzɑ:p] [ʌzʌb] 2
220 Pakistan Vision Vol. 15 No.1

5 bazı ‫ﺑﻌـــﺾ‬ [bɑ:zə] [bɑ:z] 2

6 bohça ‫ﺑﻘﭽــــہ‬ [bɒhtʃʌ] [bʊktʃʌ] 2
7 cemiyet ‫تیﺟﻤﻊ‬ [dʒɛmɪyɛt] [dʒʌmɪyʌt] 2

8 cennet ‫ﺟﻨﺖ‬ [dʒɛnnɛt] [dʒʌnnʌt] 2

9 çünkü ‫ﭼﻮﻧﮑـــہ‬ [tʃʊnkʊ] [tʃu:nkɪ] 2
10 derece ‫درﺟہ‬ [dɛrɛdʒɛ] [dʌrɛdʒɑ:] 2
11 emir ‫اﻣﺮ‬ [ɛmɪr] [ʌmr] 2
12 gaip ‫ﻏﺎﺋــﺐ‬ [gɑ:ɪp] Gayb 2
13 halife ‫ﻓــہیﺧﻞ‬ [hʌli:fɛ] Khaliifaa 2
14 hoş ‫ﺧﻮش‬ [houʃ] [khʊʃ] 2
15 Lazim ‫ی ﻻزم‬ [lɑ:zəm] [lɑ:zmɪ] 2
16 minnet ‫ﻣﻨــﺖ‬ [mɪnnɛt] [mənnʌt] 2
17 mucize ‫ﻣﻌﺠﺰﮦ‬ [mu:jɪzɛ] [mu:jzʌ] 2
18 Nefis ‫ﻧﻔـــﺲ‬ [nɛfɪs] [nʌfs] 2
19 Nehir ‫ﻧﮩــﺮ‬ [nɛhi:r] [nʌhr] 2
20 Nesil ‫ﻧﺴــﻞ‬ [nɛsɪl] [nʌsəl] 2
21 Sual ‫ﺳـﻮال‬ [sʊɑ:l] [sɒwɑ:l] 2
22 şeker ‫ﺷـــﮑﺮ‬ [ʃɛkɛr] [ʃʌkkʌr] 2
23 temenni ‫ﺗﻤﻨــــﺎ‬ [tɛmɛnnɪ] [tɛmʌnnʌ] 2
24 Vakit ‫وﻗــﺖ‬ [vʌki:t] [wʌkt] 2

Table 14
Terms with distance 3
Turkish Urdu
Urdu Distance
Turkish Phonetics Phonetics
1 afitap ‫آﻓﺘﺎب‬ [ɑ:fɪtʌp] [ɑ:ftʌb] 3
2 köşe ‫ﮔﻮﺷـــہ‬ [kɜ:ʃɛ] [gɒshʌ] 3
3 vaat ‫وﻋﺪﮦ‬ [vʌʌt] [vɑ:dʌ] 3

Table 15
Terms with Distance 4
Turkish Urdu Turkish Phonetics Urdu Phonetics Distance
1 ehemniyet ‫تیاﮨﻢ‬ [ɛhɛmnɪyɛt] [ɑ:hmɪyʌt] 4
Common Vocabulary in Urdu and Turkish Language 221

4. Analysis of the Results

1. Etymologycal Aspects.
The etymological analysis of the 150 terms yielded the following
results:

Table 17
Complete Etymology
Sets With Etym. In Arabic 106
Sets With Etym. In Persian 37
Sets With Etym. Turkish 3
Sets With Diff. Etym. 4

Of the 150 sets of terms 106sets present etymology in Arabic

language, 37 sets present etymology in Persian language, 3 sets
present etymology in Turkish language and 1 set presents
etymology in Arabic language and arrived in Turkish and Urdu
through Persian language (as discussed earliar Persian language
itself had received numerous loanwords from Arabic language) ,
4 sets present differing etymologies.

2. Interlingual Synonymy Related Aspects.

2.1 Semantic analysis. Definitions were compared in order to
find out if the sets are synonymic or not. The analysis
returned synonymy in the 150 sets.
2.2 Phonetic analysis.The forms, in which Turkish and Urdu
are written, without any doubt, are completely different.
While Turkish utilizes Latin script, Urdu utilizes Arabic-
Persian script, Nastaliq style. For this reason the pairs do
not share any orthographic characteristics. The form was
then analyzed through the phonetics of both languages.
The string comparison was performed through the
Levenshtein algorithm, in order to find out how different
the sets are from each other.
222 Pakistan Vision Vol. 15 No.1

Table 18
Complete Levenshtein Distance or String Similarity Analysis
Sets With L.D. 0 76
Sets With L.D. 1 46
Sets With L.D. 2 24
Sets With L.D. 3 3
Sets With L.D. 4 1

Conclusion
Large percentages of vocabulary of Urdu and Turkish
languages derive from Arabic and Persian. A sample of shared
vocabulary was extracted in order to reveal whether the similar
sets were loanwords or rather cognates. The etymological analysis
revealed common etymology of Arabic in 106 of the sets, a
common etymology in Persian in 37 of the sets. The terms in both
languages were borrowed by Turkish and Urdu due tothe
geopolitical situation of the time. Three of the analyzed sets came
directly into Urdu from Turkish. 1 set with etymology in Arabic
was taken by Turkish and Urdu through Persian language. Four
sets present differing etymologies in both languages.

The study has identified the terms as loanwords or

borrowings, due mainly to the fact that Turkish and Urdu do not
belong to the same family of languages. This fact rules out the
possibility of inheritance from an ancestor language from which
Turkish and Urdu could have been derived. The second factor
when considering the identification of language borrowings or
loanwords is the language contact situation present in both
countries in the past.

In terms of semantics, all the sets share common meanings.

This implies that the terms did not adopt other meanings when
they were borrowed and are in fact synonymic.

The string phonetic analysis revealed 76 sets with identical

pronunciation in Turkish and Urdu, 46 sets present only one
difference in the string analysis, that is, a minor phonetic
Common Vocabulary in Urdu and Turkish Language 223

difference. 24 sets present 2 differences in sound in the string

analysis, 3 sets present 3 differences and 1 set 4 differences. This
means 81% of the sets present no difference or a slight difference,
indicating none or slight evolution in both languages after the
term was borrowed.

The fact that the terms have survived in the recipient

languages after so many years and planned linguistic attempts to
rid the languages of these borrowings indicate that the terms have
become an integral part of the recipient languages and are still
utilized to this day. The identified terms will assist Turkish
students of Urdu and Pakistani students of Turkish language with
vocabulary acquisition.

Notes and References

1 Lewis, M. Paul (2009) Ethnologue: Languages of the World.
Seventeenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International.
http://www.ethnologue.com/language/tur
2 Table created with information from: Dryer, Matthew S. &
Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) 2013. The World Atlas of Language
Structures Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for
Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online at
http://wals.info, Accessed on 2014-03-14
3 Lewis, Geoffrey (1999)The Turkish Language Reform. A
Catastrophic Success. New York: Oxford University Press.
4 Lewis, Geoffrey (1999)The Turkish Language Reform. A
Catastrophic Success. New York: Oxford University Press.
5 Lewis, M. Paul (2009)Ethnologue: Languages of the World.
Seventeenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International.
http://www.ethnologue.com/language/urd
6 Cia World Factshttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/
the-worldfactbook/geos/pk.html
7 Dowson, J. (1908): A Grammar of the Urdu or Hindustani
Language. London, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.
224 Pakistan Vision Vol. 15 No.1

8 Maldonado García, María Isabel (2013) Comparación del Léxico

Básico del Español, el Inglés y el Urdu. Doctoral Thesis. Madrid:
UNED.
9 Maldonado García, María Isabel (2013) Comparación del Léxico
Básico del Español, el Inglés y el Urdu. Doctoral Thesis. Madrid:
UNED.
10 Whitley, M.S. (2002)Spanish/English Contrasts: A Course In
Spanish Linguistics. Second Edition. Washington, Dc.
Georgetown University Press.
11 Holmes, J. & Ramos, R. (1993) False Friends and Reckless Guessers:
Observing Cognate Recognition Strategies. T. Huckin, M. Haynes, &
J. Coady. Second Language Reading and Vocabulary Learning.
Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
12 Haspelmath, Martin & Tadmor, Uri (2009)Loanwords in the
World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook. Berlin. Germany: De
Gruyter Mouton.
13 Hock, Hans Henrich & Joseph Brian D. (1996)Language history,
language change, and language relationship. Berlin: Mouton de
Gruyter.
14 Thomason, Sarah Grey(2001)Language Contact. Washington,
D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
15 Haspelmath, Martin & Tadmor, Uri (2009)Loanwords in the
World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook. Berlin. Germany: De
Gruyter Mouton.
16 Thurgood, Graham (1999)From ancient Cham to modern dialects:
two thousand years of language contact and change.Honolulu:
University of Hawai’s press.
17 Maldonado García, María I. (2013)Estudio Etimológico de Cuatro
Pares de Cognados en Español y Urdu. Revista Iberoamericana de
Lingüística. Vol.8. Valladolid.
18 Etymology of Turkish terms www.nisanyansozluk.com.
Nişanyan, Sevan (1995)Türkçe Etimolojik S.
Etymology of Urdu terms http://www.urduencyclopedia.org/
urdudictionary/Urdu Dictionary (2011)Urdu Encyclopedia.
Islamabad, Ministry of Science and Technology.
Common Vocabulary in Urdu and Turkish Language 225

Etymology of Persian terms Nourai,Ali (2013)An Etymological

Dictionary Of Persian , English and other Indo-European Languages.
Exlibris Corporation. USA.
19 LEVENSHTEIN, V. I.(1966) Binary codes capable of correcting
deletions, insertions, and reversals. Akademii Nauk. Moscow, Soviet
Physics Doklady.