Journal of

Applied
Mechanics

Stresses and Displacements on the Boundaries of

Circular Rings Diametrically Loaded

papers mentioned is limited to the maximum and minimum

A. J. Durelli' 2 and Y. H. Lin2 stress on the inside boundary of the ring when the ring is
loaded by a pair of opposite forces. There are other ap-
The paper deals with stresses and displacements in circular plications, however, like the use of rings as dynamometers for
rings of rectangular cross-section, loaded in the plane and the simultaneous measurements of several pairs of opposite
perpendicular to the boundary. Values are given for all points loads, which require the knowledge of stresses at all points of
at the inside and outside boundaries, are presented the inside boundary, and the possession of this knowledge
parametrically for rings for which the ratio of diameters parametrically for many ratios ID/OD of the inside to the
ID/OD varies from 0 to very close to 1, and have been ob- outside boundary.
tained from several sources, mainly Nelson's equations. The authors are proposing in another publication the use of
References to some previous contributions are included. The coefficients of influence to evaluate the multiple loads applied
information presented in the paper was not available in a to the rings. The object of this note is to present
complete manner and will be useful in numerous structural parametrically in a manner that permits a direct use of the
applications. The analysis corresponding to loads applied data the values of stresses and displacements on the inside and
tangentially to the boundary could be approached in a similar outside boundaries for ratios ID/OD from 0 to 0.92.
The results presented are drawn from both theoretical and
experimental contributions. Advantage has been gained by
Introduction the cross plotting of curves to increase precision. Advantage
has also been gained by the use of the two limiting cases, the
The circular ring of rectangular cross-section with a con- small circular hole in an infinite plate (Kirsch solution) and
centric hole is probably the most commonly treated geometry the curved beam formulae for the very thin ring. Both give
in the stress analysis literature, and the most commonly highly accurate results. It is believed that this is the first time
considered loading condition of that geometry is the pair of parametrical information has been presented covering
loads diametrically applied to the outside boundary. Ap- practically the whole field. The scope of the paper is limited
plications are numerous because this type of ring is the however to the elastic behavior of materials, and small
transverse cross-section of tubes widely used in many kinds of deformations of the rings. Considerable information for the
construction. Many contibutions to the solution of this case of finite deformations can be found in another
problem can be found in the literature. Several of these are publication [12].
referred to in treatises like the ones by Timoshenko [1], Roark
[2], and Peterson [3], and they include some basic theoretical Stresses on the Inside and Outside Boundaries
work like Filon's [4] as well as experimental results [5].
Among other important contributions the work of Billevicz Only the stresses at four points of the boundaries for some
[6], Horger [7], Bell [8], and Ripperger and David [9] may be typical a = ID/OD were calculated by Nelson [10]. The
mentioned. Probably the most thorough treatment of the complete analysis was conducted here using his equations:
subject has been conducted by Nelson [10] in his thesis. Some P P
of the other contributions, by one of the authors, to this ("»)/ -M„ + ( -My cos2d*+MA cos40*
subject can be found in [11]. 0
-wRj irR0t
For many applications, in particular the use of rings as -M0 cos60* + . . .)
dynamometers, the necessary information from the many and

("«)„ = ^ -M0' - £ - • + - £ - (M2'cos20'-M4'cos0*

wR0t TrR0t itR0t
'Fellow ASME.
2
University of Maryland, College Park, Md. 20742. +M 6 'cos60* . . .)
Contributed by the Applied Mechanics Division for publication in the
3TT
JOURNAL OF APPLIED MECHANICS.
where M' = 1 when 6* = w/2 or —
Discussion on this paper should be addressed to the Editorial Department,
ASME, United Engineering Center, 345 East 47th Street, New York, N.Y.
10017, and will be accepted until two months after final publication of the paper •K 3ir
itself in the JOURNAL OF APPLIED MECHANICS. Manuscript received by ASME M'=Owhen0*;* — o r y
Applied Mechanics Division, July, 1984; final revision, April, 1985.

Journal of Applied Mechanics MARCH 1986, Vol. 53/213

Copyright © 1986 by ASME
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 M-71
Fig. 1 Geometry and loading of the rings

Fig. 3 Stress factors at the inner boundary of circular rings

diametrically loaded (0.7 < a < 0.91; a as parameter)

Fig. 2 Stress factors at the inner boundary of circular rings

diametrically loaded (0 < a < 0.7; a as parameter)

2a 2
M„ M' =
(1-a2)' '"" (1-a2)
4na"-2(l-a2)(l-a2n)
M„ = for n = 2,4,6,
On
4(1-a2)2 n2a2n
M' = for « = 2,4,6, Fig. 4 Stress factors along the inner boundary of circular rings
Qn diametrically loaded (0 < a < 0.7; - 40 deg < 6 < 90 deg; 6 as
and parameter)

e„=(l-a2")2- -«2a2"-2(l-a2)2 computations reported here, sixty terms were used in the
The meaning of other symbols is explained in Fig. 1. series. A larger number of terms may decrease the amount of
There is good agreement between the more extensive the jump (see for instance Fig. 9). It was also observed that
computations conducted here (Figs. 2-11), and those shown Nelson's values for the inside boundary at the vertical axis are
by Nelson. It should be pointed out, however, that as a slightly higher than some of the ones reported here.
consequence of the series nature of the solution, a jump was
found for the values of the stresses in the neighborhood of the Displacements on the Inside and Outside Boundaries
point of load application for the low values of a. For the Nelson also gives the displacements for the four

214/Vol. 53, MARCH 1986 Transactions of the ASME

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 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
1 1 1 i i T r"
a = 0.76
i

-10

iP
-20

30 riDj^
v»-"
-pO°
^
\ \ e=zo

40
*P

50 \ e=io°

60
8=0°
Kl M-75
Fig. 5 Stress factors along the inner boundary of circular rings
diametrically loaded (0 < a < 0.7; 0 deg < B < - 4 0 deg; 0 as
parameter)
Fig. 8 Stress factors at the outer boundary of circular rings
diametrically loaded (0 < a < 0.76 as parameter)

a = 0.92

0.925

0.75 0.85 -*C a

0.90 M-76
Fig. 6 Stress factors along the inner boundary of circular rings
diametrically loaded (~ 40 < 0 < 90 deg; 0.7; < a < 0.923; 0 as
parameter)

0.7 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90

Fig. 9 Stress factors at the outer boundary of circular rings

diametrically loaded (0.76 < a < 0.92 as parameter)

aforementioned points (Fig. 1). The values for all points on

the boundries, given in Figs. 12-21, were calculated using the
following equations for (ur), and (ur) 0 10 .
P' P'
(ue)o = (u)R.=0,Ro-Nl -=,+ — (N2'cos2fl*
•KE irE
-N4'cos46*+N0'cos66* )
where
r0=2a/l-a2
An
rf = a"' ' [ « ( ! - -a 2 )(l
rr - 11
2
M-77
Fig. 7 Stress factors along the inner boundary of circular rings + a 2 ") + ( l + a 2 ) ( l -a2")VQ„
diametrically loaded (0 deg < 0 < - 4 0 deg; 0.7; < a < 0.923; 0 as
parameter) for n = 2,4,6 .

Journal of Applied Mechanics MARCH 1986, Vol. 53/215

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 a = 0.86

a = 0.84

UJI.

Fig. 10 Stress factors at the outer boundary of circular rings

diametrically loaded (0.0 < a < 0.76; 0 as parameter)
Fig. 12 Radial displacements at the inner boundary of circular rings
diametrically loaded (0.0 < a < 0.7 as parameter)

a = o.7o

a = o.5o
a = o.40
a =0.20
UJ -

E = Modulus of Elasticity

900 -80 "-

Fig. 11 Stress factors at the outer boundary of circular rings Fig. 13 Radial displacements at the inner boundary of circular rings
diametrically loaded (0.76 < a < 0.92; d as parameter) diametrically loaded (0.7 < a < 0.86 as parameter)

216/Vol. 53, MARCH 1986 Transactions of the ASME

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 5000
e = 90°
a = 0.92 4000 r

4000 -

0 = 0°

Fig. 16 Radial displacements at the inner boundary of circular rings

-4000 -
diametrically loaded (0.7 < a < 0.92; 0 as parameter)

u
-5000
Fig. 14 Radial displacements at the inner boundary of circular rings
diametrically loaded (0.86 < a < 0.92 as parameter)

a = 0.7

Fig. 15 Radial displacements at the inner boundary of circular rings Fig. 17 Radial displacements at the outer boundary of circular rings
diametrically loaded (0 < a < 0.7; e as parameter) diametrically loaded (0.0 < a < 0.7 as parameter)

Journal of Applied Mechanics MARCH 1986, Vol. 53/217

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 a =0.86

a = 0.84

Fig. 18 Radial displacements at the outer boundary of circular rings Fig. 20 Radial displacements at the outer boundary of circular rings
diametrically loaded (0.7 < a < 0.86 as parameter) diametrically loaded (0.0 < a < 0.7 0 as parameter)

a = 0.92

4000

3000 -

a = 0.9
2000 -

a = 0.88
1000
a = 0.86

lul-

-IOOO

-2000 -

-3000 -

-4000

Fig. 19 Radial displacements at the outer boundary of circular rings Fig. 21 Radial displacements at the outer boundary of circular rings
diametrically loaded (0.86 < a < 0.92 as parameter) diametrically loaded (0.7 < a < 0.92; 6 as parameter)

218/Vol. 53, MARCH 1986 Transactions of the AS ME

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 N0< = 2a2/l-a2 acknowledges the financial support of the Minta Martin Fund
An
4n n ([l-a4"]+na2"-2(l~a4)] at the Unversity of Maryland.
N,
n2 - 1 I Qn References
for ft = 2,4,6 . . I Timoshenko, S., "On the Distribution of Stress in a Circular Ring Com-
pressed by Two Forces Along a Diameter," Philosophical Magazine, Vol. 44,
Q„ = (1 - a2")2 - n2a2"-2(l - a2)2 1922, p. 1014.
IP' P' . (1 -sin©*) 2 Roark, R., Formulas for Stress and Strain (3rd ed., McGraw Hill, 1954, p.
(«)«: = + 156.
^ ^ ^sinei0g(i+Sinn 3 Peterson, R. E., Stress Concentration Factors, Wiley, 1974, p. 263.
4 Coker, E. G., and Filon, L. N. G., A Treatise on Photo-Elasticity, Cam-
(l-p)P' bridge University, Press, 1931, p. 373.
COS0* 5 Frocht, M., Photoelasticity, Vol. I, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1941.
IE 6 Billevicz, V., "Analysis of Stress in Circular Rings," Ph.D. thesis,
for -7r/2<0*<7r/2 University of Michigan, 1931.
7 Horger, O. J., and Buckwalter, T. V., "Photoelasticity as Applied to
d* = ir/2-6 Design Problems," Jrn. Age, Vol. 145, Pt. II. No. 21, 1940, p. 42.
8 Bell, G., "Theorie and Versuche ueber einige Faelle von Span-
nungsverteilung in ringfoermigen Koerperen," Zeitshcrift fuer angew. Math.
andMech., Band 10, Heft 1, Feb. 1930, pp. 52-73.
Acknowledgment 9 Ripperger, E. A., and David N., "Critical Stresses in a Circular Ring,"
Proc. ASCE, Feb. 1946.
Professor Durelli is grateful to the chairman of the 10 Nelson, C. W., "Stresses and Displacements in a Hollow Circular
Mechanical Engineering Department, Prof. W. Fourney, for Cylinder," Ph.D. thesis, University of Michigan, 1939.
the opportunity of conducting this study, part of a series of II Durelli, A. J., and Parks, V. J., Moire Analysis of Strain, Prentice-Hall,
New York, 1970.
studies on the analysis of stress and displacement. Credit 12 Durelli, A. J., "Stress Concentrations," in Experimental Evaluation of
should be given to Steve Thorssell for the drawings and to Stress Concentration and Intensity Factors, G. C. Sih, ed., Martenus Nijhoff,
Thelma Miller for reproducing the manuscript. Y. H. Lin 1981, p. 50-55.

CONFERENCE LISTING
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(continued from p. 145)

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Journal of Applied Mechanics MARCH 1986, Vol. 53/219

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