The document discusses heat loss from bare and insulated pipes and summarizes the following:
1) An experiment was conducted to determine the convection coefficients and lagging efficiencies of bare pipes, pipes with paint or insulation, and pipes with silver-chrome paint or 85% magnesia insulation.
2) Data collected included surface temperatures, room temperature, steam conditions, and volume of condensed water from each pipe.
3) Calculations determined the convection coefficients, radiation coefficients, and lagging efficiencies for each pipe based on the experimental data.
The document discusses heat loss from bare and insulated pipes and summarizes the following:
1) An experiment was conducted to determine the convection coefficients and lagging efficiencies of bare pipes, pipes with paint or insulation, and pipes with silver-chrome paint or 85% magnesia insulation.
2) Data collected included surface temperatures, room temperature, steam conditions, and volume of condensed water from each pipe.
3) Calculations determined the convection coefficients, radiation coefficients, and lagging efficiencies for each pipe based on the experimental data.
The document discusses heat loss from bare and insulated pipes and summarizes the following:
1) An experiment was conducted to determine the convection coefficients and lagging efficiencies of bare pipes, pipes with paint or insulation, and pipes with silver-chrome paint or 85% magnesia insulation.
2) Data collected included surface temperatures, room temperature, steam conditions, and volume of condensed water from each pipe.
3) Calculations determined the convection coefficients, radiation coefficients, and lagging efficiencies for each pipe based on the experimental data.
The document discusses heat loss from bare and insulated pipes and summarizes the following:
1) An experiment was conducted to determine the convection coefficients and lagging efficiencies of bare pipes, pipes with paint or insulation, and pipes with silver-chrome paint or 85% magnesia insulation.
2) Data collected included surface temperatures, room temperature, steam conditions, and volume of condensed water from each pipe.
3) Calculations determined the convection coefficients, radiation coefficients, and lagging efficiencies for each pipe based on the experimental data.
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1/ 8
Heat Loss in Bare and Lagged Pipes
CEDELYN L. INTANO
BS Chemical Engineering
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Chemical Engineering
Cebu Institute of Technology – University, N. Bacalso Ave. Cebu City, Philippines
ABSTRACT
Heat loss in pipes that are used in the industry cannot be avoided and thus it is
important to determine the convection coefficient at various temperatures from different
surfaces and lagging efficiency of the pipes. These heat losses can be a disadvantage so
determining the coefficients could help on what type of insulation will be used on the bare
pipe depending on the material that it will be used for. Calculating the coefficients can be
difficult but with the given formula and gathered data, it will be calculated easily. I. Introduction
Heat is loss from the pipe or other surfaces to the room through convection, conduction and radiation. On this experiment, the convection coefficient hc at various temperatures from different surfaces: Bare Pipe, Pipe with Paint (Air Cell Asbestos), Pipe with Silver-chrome paint and 85% Magnesia insulation and the lagging efficiency of each pipe is being determined.
Conduction as heat transfer takes place if there is a temperature gradient in a solid
or stationary fluid medium.
With conduction energy transfers from more energetic to less energetic molecules when neighbouring molecules collide. Heat flows in direction of decreasing temperatures since higher temperatures are associated with higher molecular energy.
Conductive heat transfer can be expressed with "Fourier's Law":
q = k A dT / s (1)
where
q = heat transfer (W, J/s, Btu/hr)
A = heat transfer area (m2, ft2)
k = thermal conductivity of the material (W/m K or W/m oC, Btu/(hr oF ft2/ft))
dT = temperature gradient - difference - in the material (K or oC, oF)
s = material thickness (m, ft)
Heat energy transferred between a surface and a moving fluid at different
temperatures is known as convection. In reality this is a combination of diffusion and bulk motion of molecules. Near the surface the fluid velocity is low, and diffusion dominates. Away from the surface, bulk motion increases the influence and dominates.
Convective heat transfer may take the form of either
forced or assisted convection
natural or free convection
Forced or Assisted Convection
Forced convection occurs when a fluid flow is induced by an external force,
such as a pump, fan or a mixer.
Natural or Free Convection
Natural convection is caused by buoyancy forces due to dens ity differences
caused by temperature variations in the fluid. At heating the density change in the boundary layer will cause the fluid to rise and be replaced by cooler fluid that also will heat and rise. This continues phenomena is called free or natural convection.
Boiling or condensing processes are also referred as a convective heat transfer processes.
The heat transfer per unit surface through convection was first described by Newton and the relation is known as the Newton's Law of Cooling.
The equation for convection can be expressed as:
q = hc A dT (1)
where
q = heat transferred per unit time (W)
A = heat transfer area of the surface (m2)
hc= convective heat transfer coefficient of the process (W/(m2K) or W/(m2oC))
dT = temperature difference between the surface and the bulk fluid (K or oC) The rate of Heat Loss from the surface may be expressed as: 𝑄⁄ 𝜃 = (ℎ𝑐 + ℎ𝑟 ) 𝐴∆𝑇 Therefore rearranging terms, 𝑄⁄ (ℎ𝑐 + ℎ𝑟 ) = 𝜃 𝐴∆𝑇 Where;
𝑄⁄ 𝜃 = Heat transferred (Btu/hr)
hc = Film coefficient of Heat Transfer by Convection (Btu/hr.ft2.°F)
hr = Film coefficient of Heat Transfer by Radiation (Btu/hr.ft2.°F)
A = Surface area (ft2)
ΔT = Temperature difference, surface to air (°F)
Also, the Lagging Efficiency (LE) may be expressed differently since the Heat Loss is proportional to the quantity of condensate collected, the equation thus is:
𝑊𝐵 − 𝑊𝐿 𝐿𝐸 = 𝑊𝐵
Where WB and WL are the quantities of condensate from the Bare and Lagged Pipes respectively.
The Convection coefficient hc and the Radiation coefficient hr can be evaluated from the following equations:
∆𝑇 0.25 ℎ𝑐 = 0.42 ( ) 𝐷
Where; D is the outside diameter (ft)
𝑇𝑠 4 𝑇𝑟 4 0.173𝑝 [(100 ) − (100 ) ] ℎ𝑟 = ∆𝑇
Where; p is the emissivity of the material or insulation
II. Materials, Apparatus, and Equipment
Heat Loss Experimental Set-up (refer to Figure I), and 1000-mL Beakers for collection of condensate from pipes.
III. Methodology
Three (3) runs were made with steam at approximately 30psig (2atm). For each run, the drain cock under the header was cracked to remove the water from the steam line and header. After that, the four plug–type valves were opened to blow out any condensate from the pipes and it was closed until only small amount of steam escapes along with the condensate.
When the system has reached the equilibrium, as determined by surface
measurements, condensate were collected and measured from each pipe over a time interval of 15 to 30 minutes, and the following date were collected: Barometric Pressure, Room Temperature, Steam Pressure & Temperature, and Surface Temperature.
Surface temperatures were taken at three or more equally spaced points along each test pipes, and at least three sets of readings were taken during each run. Because steam rising from the condensate valves tends to heat the pipes and insulation, no temperature measurements were made within 20 inches of the exit ends of the pipe. From the experimental data for each run, the convective coefficient, radiation coefficient and the lagging efficiencies were calculated.
IV. Data and Results
Table I. Processed Data for Heat Loss in Bare and Lagged Pipes.
Table III. Raw Data on Surface Temperature and Volume of Condensate.
Pipe No. 1 2 3 4 Trial Point on Pipe Surface Temperature (°C) A 103 90 93 53.5 B 89.5 93 112 55 1st C 102.5 85 112.6 60.7 D 104.3 85.4 110.6 64.1 A 87.7 99.9 91 55.1 2nd B 96.9 105.3 99.4 59.1 C 97.1 94.6 114.8 64.6 D 106 103.3 116.9 63.4 A 102.3 100.5 104.1 62.4 B 99.8 97.1 97.7 63.4 3rd C 101.8 98.8 91.7 48.2 D 99.54 99.0 92.7 54.7 Average Temperature (°C) 99.54 95.99 103.04 58.68 Volume of Condensate (mL) 258.17 286.67 268.67 364
V. Discussion and Conclusion
Bare Pipe had the highest convection coefficient while 85% Magnesia has the lowest value based on the gathered and calculated data. These results are in line with the related literate except with Magnesia, which is higher than expected. This error could be due to different factors that affected the results while collecting the data.
Paint has the lowest lagging efficiency while the 85% Magnesia had the highest lagging efficiency. This could be due to the use of magnesium as the insulation that gave a very low convection coefficient. Because the lower the convection coefficient, the higher the lagging efficiency. Since the volume of the condensate is directly proportional to the weight of condensation and the rate of condensation is directly proportional to the heat loss in the pipe. Then the effectiveness of the insulation can be calculated.
Insulating your pipes stops most of the heat from leaking out as the water travels from the hot water system to your water outlet. Thus it is important to know the lagging efficiency of the insulation material before choosing what kind of material to purchase.
VI. References
Chrombie, M., et al. (January 2006). Calculating Heat Loss. Chromalex, LaVergne Tenn.
Zimmerman, et al. (1995). Chemical Engineering Laboratory Equipment. The
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester. OT., New Hampshire. p. 163 – 173.
APPENDIX Sample Calculations on Determining the Convection coefficient, Radiation coefficient, and Lagging Efficiency:
