l y

O n
s e
p o
AND OPEN u r
FILE TYPES, OPERATING SYSTEMS
P SOURCE PLATFORM
n g
d i
e a
r R
F o
 l y
O n
s e
po
u r
P
n g
d i
e a FILE FORMATS

r R
F o
 l y
Introduction to the File System
O n
s e
po
u r
P
n g
d i
e a
r R
F o
 l y
Introduction to the File System
O n
s e
p o
A file system (sometimes written filesystem) is the way in which files are

r
named and where they are placed logically for storage and retrieval.

P u
The logical unit within a file system is the file

n g
d i
logical files are mapped into physical entities by the OS

e a
r RIn users view, file is the smallest unit that can be saved to disk

F o
 l y
n
Introduction to the File System
O
s e
File System o
p
u r
P
A file system defines the structure
and the n g
rules used to read, write,
i
anddmaintain information stored
a
eon a disk
r R
F o
 l y
File Attributes
O n
s e
o
1) Name and 2) Extension Type

r p
u
Name : provides handle for reference

P
n g
i
DOS (8 chars + 3 char extension)

a d
e
Windows (unlimited length + extension)

r RExtension Type : indicates how the file should be treated • DOS/Windows rely on

o
extension, can map extensions to programs

F
 l y
File Protection and Access Control
O n
s e
o
Protection : permissions, access control
information
r p
Pu
g
UNIX utilizes permission string: chmod 644
i n
foo.txt-rw-r--r—owner & group: chown, chgrp

a d
ReWindows utilizes file properties/attributes
or
F
 l y
FAT
O n
FAT File allocation tableo s e
r p
u
P how the disk space is
used ng
where the OS records

d i
e a
R beginning of the volume
Locates the file allocation table near the

o r
F
 l y
NTFS
O n
s e
o
NTFS - New technology file system

p
u r
P
Better file security (Encrypting File System)

n g
d i
Disk compression- can compress a file/folder, any Windows app

a
will automatically expand as needed

e
RDisk Quota features- Can enforce quotas on disk usage
o r
F
 l y
EXT3
O n
s e
p
Third extended filesystem o
u r
P used filesystem on
Linux ng
Is the most commonly

d i
e a
R a journaling capability has been added.
It is basically an extension of ext2 to which

o r
F
 l y
WHAT ARE FILE FORMATS?
O n
s e
po
u r
P
n g
d i
e a
r R
F o
 l y
O n
s e
o
A file format is a standard way that information
p
r
is encoded for storage in a computer file.
u
P
g
It specifies how bits are used to encode
i n
information in a digital storage medium.

a d
Re File formats may be either proprietary or free

r
and may be either unpublished or open.

F o
 l y
n
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF

O
FILE FORMATS?
Come Common File Formats are :
s e
p o
r
JPEG

EXE

P u
g
PDF

i n
d
RAR

e a
GIF

R
DOC

or PPT

F
 l y
File Formats Categories
O n
Image File Formatsse
p o
r
Text File Formats
u
P File Formats
Presentation
g
din
Spreadsheet File Formats
ea
r R
Fo
Image File formats
l y
O n
There are many
s e
different types of
po
formats for storing u r
P
image files.
n g
These are:
d i
e a
r R
F o
Image File formats (Contd.)
l y
O n
Tagged Image File
s e
(TIFF)
po
u r
File extension *.tif
P
g
The tiff file format is a
n
d i
very good format for
scanners to acquire

e a
image data and so

R
most scanners obtain

r
images as tiff files.

F o
Image File formats (Contd.)
l y
O n
 Compuserve Graphics
s e
Interface Format (GIF)
po
File extension *.gif
u r
GIF images are non-
P
lossy ie when

n g
i
converting to gif, no

d
information regarding

a
pixel intensity values is

e
lost. However, gif

R
images are limited to

r
indexed-color graphics.

F o
Image File formats (Contd.)
l y
O n
 Joint Photographics Expert
s e
o
Group (JPEG)

r p
u
 File extension *.jpg
 The jpeg format is
P
g
commonly used to display

n
continuous tone images

i
(such as photographs) on

d
the internet. The important

a
difference with the

e
compusserve graphics

R
interface (gif) format is
that jpeg retains all colour

o r in the RGB colour format.

F
Image File formats (Contd.)
l y
O n
 PC Paintbrush Format
s e
(PCX)
po
u r
File extension *.pcx
P
g
PCX is one of the oldest
n
d i
raster formats available
on PC's and was

e a
originally established by

r R Z-soft for its PC based

Paintbrush software.

F o
Image File formats (Contd.)
l y
O n
Standard Windows
s e
Bitmap BMP)
po
u r
P
File extension *.bmp

n g
i
Standard Windows

a d
bitmap is the image
format designed for

R e
DOS and Windows

o r compatible computers.

F
Image File formats (Contd.)
l y
O n
Portable Network
s e
Graphics (PNG)
po
u r
P
File extension *.png

g
The PNG format was
n
d i
designed to be an
alternative to the gif

e a
format, and is also

R
used to display images

r
on the Web.

F o
Image File formats (Contd.)
l y
O n
PhotoShop images
s e
(PSD)
po
u r
P
File extension *.psd

g
Photoshop image file
n
d i
formats are useful
because of the

e a
preservation of

R
image layers, channels

r
and paths.

F o
Image File formats (Contd.)
l y
O n
 Macintosh format (PICT)
s e
po
 File extension *.pic or *.
pct
u r
P
 The PICT format is widely

g
used in Macintosh graphics

n
i
and page-layout programs

d
and is particularly useful as

a
an intermediary file format

e
when transferring an

R
image file between

r
different MAC

o
applications.

F
Image File formats (Contd.)
l y
O n
Pixar Image
s e
Computers (PIXAR)
po
u r
P
File extension *.pxr,

g
The pixar format is
n
i
compatible with PIXAR

a d
computers which are
designed to be high-

R e
end graphics

r
workstations.

F o
Image File formats (Contd.)
l y
O n
Scitech continuous
s e
tone ( SCITEX CT)
po
u r
P
File extension *.pxr,

g
The Scitech file format
n
i
is used with with

a d
Scitech computers
which are used for

R e
high-end image

r
processing.

F o
Image File formats (Contd.)
l y
O n
Truevision video
s e
board (TARGA)
po
u r
P
File extension *.png,

g
 The TARGA file format
n
i
is supported by DOS

a d
applications and is
used with computers

R e
that have a TrueVision

r
video digitising board.

F o
Image File formats (Contd.)
l y
O n
 Raw format (RAW)
s e
po
r
 File extension *.raw

u
 The RAW format is a

P
flexible format able to be
used between applications

g
and between computer

n
i
platforms (eg PCs and

d
Macintosh).

Ref:
e a
r R
http://www.iaaf.uwa.edu.au/imag
etype.html

F o
Image File formats (Contd.)
l y
O n
 SVG format (SVG)

s e
 File extension *.svg

po
r
 Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) is

u
an XML-based vector image format
for two-dimensional graphics with

P
support for interactivity and
animation. The SVG specification is

g
an open standard developed by

n
the World Wide Web Consortium

i
(W3C) since 1999. SVG images and

d
their behaviors are defined in XML

a
text files.

Ref:

R e
http://www.iaaf.uwa.edu.au/imagetype.html

o r
F
 l y
Text File formats
O n
These are the file
s e
formats commonly
po
used for writing, u r
P
editing and
n g
i
formatting the text
d
e a
r R
F o
 l y
Text File formats (Contd.)
O n
 Microsoft Word Document
s e
po
r
 File extension .DOC

u
 A DOC file is a word

P
processing document
created by Microsoft Word,
or another word

n g
i
processing program, such

d
as OpenOffice Writer or

a
Apple Pages. It may

e
contain formatted text,
images, tables, graphs,

r R charts, page formatting,

and print settings.

F o
 l y
Text File formats (Contd.)
O n
 Microsoft Word Open XML
s e
o
Document

 File extension .DOCX

r p
 A DOCX file is a document

P
created by Microsoft Word or
another word processing u
g
program, such as OpenOffice

n
Writer or Apple Pages. It

i
contains formatted text but may

d
also include images, drawn

a
objects, and other document
elements. DOCX files are widely

R e
used in home, academic, and
business environments for

r
drafting letters, resumes,
invitations, newsletters, and

o
other documents.

F
 l y
Text File formats (Contd.)
O n
 OpenDocument Text
s e
o
Document

r p
u
 File extension .ODT

P
 An ODT file is a text
document created with

g
Writer, the Apache

n
OpenOffice word processor.

d i
It contains different
elements such as text,

a
images, drawn objects, and

e
styles. ODT files are

R
formatted using the OASIS
OpenDocument XML-based

or standard.

F
 l y
Text File formats (Contd.)
O n
 Pages Document
s e
po
r
 File extension .PAGES

u
 A PAGES files is a document

P
created by Apple Pages, a
word processor and page

g
layout program. It may be a

n
basic text document or a

i
complex multi-page

d
brochure. PAGES files can

a
include text, pictures, tables,

e
graphs, and charts and may

R
be created from a blank
page or built from a

or template.

F
 l y
Text File formats (Contd.)
O n
 Rich Text Format File
s e
po
r
 File extension .RTF

u
 An RTF file is a common

P
text file format that
supports "rich text." It

g
includes several types of

n
i
text formatting, such as

d
bold type, italics, different

a
fonts and font sizes, and

e
custom tab settings. RTF
files can also support

r R images such as .JPG and

.PNG files saved within the

o
text file.

F
 l y
Text File formats (Contd.)
O n
 LaTeX Source Document
s e
 File extension .TEX

po
 A TEX file is a source document
prepared by LaTeX, a high-
u r
P
quality typesetting system. It can
include text, symbols,

g
mathematical expressions, and

n
graphics. TEX files are commonly

i
used in computer science,

d
electrical engineering, statistics,

a
economics, and physics for
typesetting articles, books, and

e
other publications.

r R
F o
 l y
Text File formats (Contd.)
O n
 Plain Text File
s e
po
r
File extension .TXT

text document that

P u
A TXT file is a standard

g
contains unformatted

n
text. It is recognized by
i
any text editing or word
d
a
processing program and

e
can also be processed

R
by most other software
programs.

or
F
 l y
Text File formats (Contd.)
O n
 WordPerfect Document
s e
po
r
 File extension .WPD

u
 A WPD file is a text

P
document created by Corel
WordPerfect, a popular

g
word processor. It may

n
i
contain formatted text,

d
tables, drawn objects, and

a
images. WPD files are

e
stored in a proprietary
Corel format, but can be

r R exported to other formats

from within WordPerfect.

F o
 l y
Text File formats (Contd.)
O n
 Microsoft Works Word Processor

s e
o
Document

 File extension .WPS

r p
u
 A WPS file is a word processing

P
document created by Kingsoft
Writer, a word processor that is

g
part of the Kingsoft WPS Office
suite. It contains text, images, and

n
page formatting. WPS files are

i
similar to Microsoft Word

d
documents (.DOC or .DOCX files).

 Ref:
e a
R
https://fileinfo.com/filetypes/comm
on

or
F
 l y
Presentation File formats
O n
These are the file
s e
formats commonly
po
used for writing, u r
P
editing and
n g
i
formatting the slides
d
a
for presentation
e
r R
F o
 l y
Presentation File formats (Contd.)
O n
 Microsoft PowerPoint
s e
o
Presentation

r p
u
 File extension .PPT

P
 PPT is a file extension for a
presentation file format used

g
by Microsoft PowerPoint, the

n
popular presentation

d i
software commonly used for
office and educational slide

a
shows. All text images,

e
sound and video used in the

R
presentation are contained
in the PPT file.

or
F
 l y
Presentation File formats (Contd.)
O n
 PowerPoint Open XML
s e
o
Presentation

 File extension .PPTX

r p
P
created by Microsoft PowerPoint
or another presentation u
 A PPTX file is a presentation file

g
program, such as OpenOffice

n
i
Impress or Apple Keynote. It
contains a collection of slides,

d
including their text, images,

a
formatting, animations, drawn

e
objects, and other media. PPTX
files are commonly used in

R
business meetings, marketing

r
applications, and academic

o
classroom settings.

F
 l y
Presentation File formats (Contd.)
O n
 OpenDocument Presentation
s e
 File extension .ODP

po
 An ODP file is a presentation
created by Impress, a
u r
P
presentation editing application
included with Apache

g
OpenOffice. It contains a

n
presentation, which generally

i
includes a title slide followed by

d
content slides with text, images,

a
multimedia content, and
transition effects. ODP files are

e
formatted using the OASIS XML-

R
based OpenDocument standard.

or
F
 l y
Presentation File formats (Contd.)
O n
 Google Drive Presentation
s e
 File extension .GSLIDES
po
 A GSLIDES file is a
presentation created by
u r
P
Google Slides, an online

g
presentation editor included

n
with Google Drive. It

i
contains a URL reference to

d
a Google Slides presentation

a
stored in Google Drive.

e
GSLIDES presentations store
text, images, shapes, charts,

r R tables, animations, and video

similarly to a .PPTX file.

F o
 l y
Presentation File formats (Contd.)
O n
Keynote Presentation
s e
po
File extension
u r
.KEYNOTE
P
Keynote is a
n g
i
presentation software
d
a
application developed

R e
as a part of the iWork
productivity suite by

or Apple Inc.

F
 l y
Spreadsheet File formats
O n
These are the file
s e
formats commonly
po
used for storing data u r
P
in a grid of
n g
i
horizontal rows and
d
a
vertical columns.
e
r R
F o
 l y
Spreadsheet File formats
O n
 Excel Spreadsheet
s e
 File extension .XLS

p o
 An XLS file is a spreadsheet file
created by Microsoft Excel or
u r
P
another spreadsheet program,
such as OpenOffice Calc or

g
Apple Numbers. It stores data in

n
worksheets, charts, and macros.

i
XLS files are saved in the Excel

d
Binary File Format, which was

a
the primary format until the
Office Open XML format (.XLSX

e
file extension) replaced it in Excel

R
2007.

or
F
 l y
Spreadsheet File formats (Contd.)
O n
 Excel Open XML Spreadsheet
s e
po
r
 File extension .XLSX

u
 An XLSX file is an Excel
spreadsheet created by Microsoft

P
Excel or another spreadsheet
program, such as OpenOffice

g
Calc or Apple Numbers. It stores

n
data in worksheets, which

i
contain cells arranged in a grid

d
of rows and columns, and may

a
also contain charts,

e
mathematical functions, styles,
and formatting. XLSX files are

R
commonly used to store financial

r
data and to create simple or
complex mathematical models.

F o
 l y
Spreadsheet File formats (Contd.)
O n
 OpenDocument
s e
o
Spreadsheet

r p
u
 File extension .ODS

P
 An ODS file is
a spreadsheet created by the

g
Calc program included with

n
the Apache OpenOffice

d i
suite. It stores data in cells
that are organized into rows

a
and columns. ODS files are

e
formatted using the OASIS

R
OpenDocument XML-based
standard.

or
F
 l y
Spreadsheet File formats (Contd.)
O n
 Google Drive Spreadsheet
s e
 File extension .GSHEET
po
 A GSHEET file is a
spreadsheet created by
u r
P
Google Sheets, an online

g
spreadsheet program

n
included with Google Drive.

i
It contains a URL reference

d
to a Google Sheets

a
spreadsheet in Google Drive.

e
GSHEET spreadsheets store
data in cells arranged in a

r R grid of rows and columns

similarly to an .XLSX file.

F o
 l y
Spreadsheet File formats (Contd.)
O n
 Numbers Spreadsheet File
s e
 File extension .NUMBERS
po
 A NUMBERS file is
a spreadsheet created by
u r
Apple Numbers, a
P
g
spreadsheet program

n
bundled with macOS. It

i
contains a spreadsheet with

d
data organized into rows

a
and columns. It may also

e
include tables, graphs,
images, formulas, and other

r R types of data. NUMBERS

files can be created from

o
scratch or from a template.

F
 l y
O n
s e
o
rp - Introduction
Operating System
u
P
n g
An operating system (OS) is a collection of software that manages computer

i
hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs.

a d
e
The operating system is a vital component of the system software in a computer

R
system.

o r
Application programs usually require an operating system to function.

F
 l y
Major Operating Systems
O n
s e
po
u r
P
n g
d i
e a
r R
F o
 l y
Functions of an OS
O n
s e
po
Controlling Computer Hardware
u r
P
g
Managing Computer Resources

i n
d
Providing the User Interface

e a
Running Applications

r R
F o
 l y
Components of an OS
O n
s e
o
Memory Input-Output Device

p
Process Management

r
Management Management

P u
g
Network

i n
File System Protection Management and

d
Network Services

e a
r R User Interface

F o
 l y
Types of OS
O n
s e
po
u r
PUser,
Single Single Multi
Real Time
g
User, User,
n
Operating

d i
Systems
Single Multi- Multi-

a
Task Tasking Tasking

Re
or
F
 l y
MAC OS Interface
O n
1 Apple menu

s e
o
2 Application menu

p
3 Menu bar
4
5
Status menu
Spotlight icon
u r
6 Notification Center icon
P
7 Desktop

n g
i
8 The Dock

a d
R e
o r
F
 l y
Ubuntu OS Interface
O n
s e
po
u r
P
n g
d i
e a
r R
F o
GAD-TLC : FIP
 l y
Windows 10 OS Interface
O n
s e
po
u r
P
n g
d i
e a
r R
F o
GAD-TLC : FIP
 l y
Windows 10 Tablet Mode OS Interface
O n
s e
po
u r
P
n g
d i
e a
r R
F o
GAD-TLC : FIP
 l y
OS Processes
O n
s e
p o
A process invokes or initiates a program.

u r
Pof a program that can be
g running the same application
It is an instance
multiplen
d i and

e a
R
Example : MS Word is one program and can be

or opened multiple times.

F
 l y
Computing Devices using the OS
O n
s e
Computers
p o
Ticket Mobile
u r
P
Wending phones

g
Machines

i n
ATMs
a d 3d

e
televisions

r R Video

o
games

F
 l y
O n
s e
po
u r
P
n g
d i
e a
INTRODUCTION TO OPEN SOURCE

r R
F o
 l y
Open Source Definition
O n
s e
po
u r
Why is it called Open Source Software?
P
gn
Open: collaboration is open to all
d i
a source code is freely shared
e
Source:
r R
Fo
 l y
Ideals of Open Source
O n
s e
the same need and agreep
o
Share the goal: a broad group of contributors recognize

u r on how to meet

P are broken into smaller tasks,

and a reviewg
Share the work: projects

i n process screens the best contributions

a d
Re
Share the result: code should be available to all and
improvements should be shared to all

or
F
 l y
O n
s e
po
u r
P
n g
d i
e
WHYa OPEN SOURCE PLATFORM ?

r R
F o
 l y
n
Open Source Software: Features
O
Free of cost s e
p o
r
Scope of innovation
u
Our role: P
both user and developer
Helpin
g
& support through
a d
R e
developers and forums

o r
F
 l y
Utility of OSS
O n
All office productsse
p o
Photo editingrtools
Web design
u
P tools, templates
g
in
available
d
ea
r R
Fo
 l y
Benefit of OSS
O n
 For individuals
s e
o
 Cost comprising of downloading software

p
r
 After product setup maintenance and up gradation is free

u
 Choice to switch to another product

P
g
 For institutes
n
d i
 Self funded organizations can save to create IT infrastructure
i.e. spend on hardware instead of software

e a
r R
F o
 l y
E-learning skills and tools
O n
secontent
Multimedia enriched
o
r p
What if you are not a good multimedia
person?
P u
g
Internet is solution
n
d i
Lot of pictures, animations, videos available free

e a for education purpose

Youtube is an example.

r R
F o
 l y
Blog email forums
O n
 What are their role?
s e
p o
u r
 Blogging: A platform to share your ideas and

P
knowledge

g
nfield of work & interest
i
 Email: to connect to your students and others in

d
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Fo
 l y
Social Networking
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Facebook s e
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Twitter
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a Education and corporate world is taking aid of
e these social networking sites for establishing
r R contacts amongst professionals.

F o
 l y
Internet: A composite platform
O n
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What Google offers
O n
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What Google offers
O n
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Blogger
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Blogger
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Google Search
O n
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Google Images
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Google Maps
O n
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 l y
Google Maps (Navigator)
O n
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Youtube (Videos)
O n
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Google News
O n
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Gmail
O n
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Google Docs
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Google Docs
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Google Docs (Forms)
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Google Docs (Forms)
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Google Calendar
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Google books
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Google Scholar
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Google Scholar
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 l y
E-learning skills and tools
O n
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Self designed multimedia enriched content
License Software
s
Open Source Software
o
rp
 MS Office  Open Office
 Word  Writer


Powerpoint
Excel
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Impress
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 Picture Manager  Draw

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 Frontpage  Adobe Reader

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 Adobe Suite  PDF Creator

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 Acrobat Professional  PDF Arcitect

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 Photoshop
 Photoscape

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 Dreamviewer

F
 l y
Other open source softwares
O n
For disc burning s e
p o
r
Free burner: can burn CD, DVD, create ISO
u
P
files
Why discg burning ?
nhave ISO file, then why to waste
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If we
e a media?

r R Daemon tools is a disc image mounter.

Fo
 l y
Open Source and software
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Linux, 18 million users

po
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Google uses Linux (1000 queries per

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i n
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Amazon, Yahoo!, CNN, Google run

a
on servers based on Linux

The Humane
r R Genome Project was

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F
 l y
Open Source and software
O n
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Apache, OS webserver
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Used in 69% of
e a
webservers, 15 million

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servers!

F o
 l y
Open Source and software
O n
s e
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Open Office, a complete office suite

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of programs, compatible with
Microsoft’s Office
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P
n g
Available in 21 different languages

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http://www.openoffice.org

r
F o
 l y
Open Source and software
O n
s e
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r
http://www.sourceforge.net

Pu
g
95000 collaborative software
projects
i n
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R e
1000000 registered users!

or
F
 l y
Open Source and software
O n
s e
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Publishing: Wikipedia
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http://www.wikipedia.com

i n
d
133,854 active contributors

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5,853,727 articles in 50 languages

r R
F o
 l y
Open Source and software
O n
s e
o
The Creative Commons license is

p
adopted by many writers, musicians,
and film-makers
u r
P
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http://www.creativecommons.org

d i
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An example is

r
http://www.magnatune.com

F o
 l y
What we have Learned so Far?
O n
s e
po
u r
Open Open
Open
P Source is Source is
n
Source isg
i
notdnew!
not just based on
e a software! sharing!
r R
F o
 l y
O n
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