1. EUROCODE column design considers first order effects like loads and geometry but not deformation, and second order effects include structural deformation.
2. Punching shear reinforcement is provided at 0.5d, d, 1.5d and 2d from the column face. Average punching shear reinforcement per floor is about 7% of total reinforcement.
3. For value engineering initially check slabs, raft and retaining walls, then vertical elements like columns where savings are more limited.
1. EUROCODE column design considers first order effects like loads and geometry but not deformation, and second order effects include structural deformation.
2. Punching shear reinforcement is provided at 0.5d, d, 1.5d and 2d from the column face. Average punching shear reinforcement per floor is about 7% of total reinforcement.
3. For value engineering initially check slabs, raft and retaining walls, then vertical elements like columns where savings are more limited.
1. EUROCODE column design considers first order effects like loads and geometry but not deformation, and second order effects include structural deformation.
2. Punching shear reinforcement is provided at 0.5d, d, 1.5d and 2d from the column face. Average punching shear reinforcement per floor is about 7% of total reinforcement.
3. For value engineering initially check slabs, raft and retaining walls, then vertical elements like columns where savings are more limited.
1. EUROCODE column design considers first order effects like loads and geometry but not deformation, and second order effects include structural deformation.
2. Punching shear reinforcement is provided at 0.5d, d, 1.5d and 2d from the column face. Average punching shear reinforcement per floor is about 7% of total reinforcement.
3. For value engineering initially check slabs, raft and retaining walls, then vertical elements like columns where savings are more limited.
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1.
EUROCODE 1.0 Column design First order effects – action effects accounted but without effect of structural deformation, but including geometrical imperfections.
Second order effects –effect of structural deformation accounted.
2. GENERAL
2.0 Punching Shear
Reinforcement provided at 0.5d, d, 1.5d and 2d from the face of column. Punching shear reinforcement calculation for interior, corner and edge column varies varies based on a coefficient only.
Average punching shear rfn per floor will be approx.. 7% of totxal rfn
2.1 Value Engineering
For value engineering initially check slabs, raft and retaining walls for maximum saving. Later on only check for vertical elements, savings for vertical elements will be limited.
2.2 Structural Analysis
For determinate structures like beam, moment (calculated from structural analysis) is independent on the beam dimensions/stiffness.
For indeterminate structures like frames, moment (calculated from structural analysis) is dependent on the beam and column dimensions/stiffness.
2.3 Modulus of rupture
About 10% of compressive strength could be assumed for modulus of rupture. If less value assumed then deflection will be more. (M of rupture =0.7√compressive strength)
From April 2015, all buildings in Dubai should use green concrete. Eg: - Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) and fly ash. One tonne of normal OPC emits one tonne of carbon dioxide. Making the switch to green concrete, in addition to cutting down pollution, will also ensure buildings last longer, through enhanced resistances to salts and better thermal insulation of concrete, making them more suited to the extreme temperatures in the country. This will also amount to long term cost savings. 4. GEOTECHNICAL/FOUNDATION 4.0 SBC If acting pressure is slightly more than SBC, only problem will be slight settlement
SBC should be checked for unfactored load only.
4.1 Retaining wall design
Prokon – Design input should be based on this
Excel
1. Even () – to roundoff to the next even number
2. To hide page breaks
4.2 Grade beam design ACI
Per ACI 318-08 section 21.12.3.2 – “Grade beams designed to act as horizontal ties between pile caps or footings shall be proportioned such that the smallest cross-sectional dimension shall be equal to or greater than the clear spacing between connected columns divided by 20 but need not be greater than 18 inches. Closed ties shall be provided at a spacing not to exceed the lesser of one half the smallest orthogonal cross-sectional dimension and 12 inches.”
But ACI is not telling us that what force these tie beams should be designed for, so here is the IBC 2009 section to tell us that:
IBC2009 section 1809.13 for shallow foundations and 1810.3.13 for deep foundations:
for SDC C, D, E or F, ties shall be capable of carrying, in tension or compression, a force
equal to the lesser of the product of the larger pile cap or column design gravity load times the seismic coefficient, Sds,divided by 10, and 25 percent of the smaller pile or column design gravity load. (there is more in this section so please read the code before applying this to your case)
In simple words Tie beam force; FT = Larger of ( Pu_large x Sds /10 , Pu_small x 25%) 4.3 Beam depth and width
4.4 Beam effective depth= Span/12 (or anything between span/15 to
span/10 is good to start with)
Beam width= C/C distance between adjacent slabs (perpendicular
to the span direction)/12. Generally architect will ask to restrict width to 250 mm (little more than width of wall). Suppose you got the width of the beam as 350mm by using the above stated thumb rule and the effective depth of the beam was 700 mm (as per the effective depth thumb rule). Then, use the following equation to determine the increased effective depth. 350 x 700^2=250 x d^2.
Beam depth and width
Use equivalent pattern load. This step would give you axial load. Depending upon column position in plan, add 20% to 30% extra to take care of moments. Use minimum eccentricity equation of designing columns to freeze column size assuming 2% steel. This is not std practice but adopted by professionals.
1. Beam sections should be designed for:
a. Moment values at the column face (not the value at centre
line as per analysis) b. Shear values at distance of 'd' from the column face. (not the value at centre line as per analysis) c. Moment redistribution is allowed for static loads only. d. For beams spanning between the columns about the weak axis, the moments at the end support shall be reduced more and distributed and the span moments shall be increased accordingly to account for the above reduction. e. Moment distribution shall be done in such a way that 15% of the support moments shall be added to the span moment without the support moments getting reduced. f. The section within the span shall be designed for the increased span moment which will account for the concentrated & isolated loading that may act within one span. g. Moment redistribution is not allowed if 1. moment co-efficient taken from code table 2. designed for earthquake forces and for lateral loads.
2. At least 1/3 of the +ve moment reinforcement in SIMPLE SUPPORTS & ¼ the +ve moment reinforcement in CONTINUOUS MEMBERS shall extend along the same face of the member into the support, to a length equal to Ld/3. (Ld-development length) 3. Use higher grade of concrete if most of the beams are doubly reinforced. Also when Mu/bd^2 goes above 6.0. 4. Try to design a minimum width for beams so that the all beam reinforcement passes through the columns. This is for the reason that any reinforcement outside the column will be ineffective in resisting compression. 5. Restrict the spacing of stirrups to 8″(200mm) or ¾ of effective depth whichever is less.(for static loads) 6. Whenever possible try to use T-beam or L-beam concept so as to avoid compression reinforcement. 7. Use a min. of 0.2% for compression reinforcement to aid in controlling the deflection, creep and other long term deflections. 8. Bars of Secondary beam shall rest on the bars of the Primary beam if the beams are of the same depth. The kinking of bars shall be shown clearly on the drawing. 9. Length of curtailment shall be checked with the required development length. 10. Keep the higher diameter bars away from the N.A(i.e. layer nearest to the tension face) so that max. lever arm will be available. 11. Hanger bars shall be provided on the main beam whenever heavy secondary beam rests on the main beam.(Try to avoid the hanger bar if secondary beam has less depth than the main beam, as there are enough cushions available). 12. The detailing for the secondary beam shall be done so that it does not induce any TORSION on the main beam. 13. For cantilever beams reinforcement at the support shall be given a little more and the development length shall be given 25% more. 14. As a short cut, bending moment for a beam (partially continuous or fully continuous) can be assumed as wl^2/10 and the same reinforcement can be detailed at span and support. This thumb rule should not be applied for simply supported beams.
