Fundamentals of Particle Technology: January 2002

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Fundamentals of Particle Technology

Book · January 2002

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Richard Holdich
Loughborough University
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Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Prerequisites and objectives 2
1.2 The micron 2
1.3 Sampling 2

2 Particle characterisation 5
2.1 Particle size functions 7
2.2 Algebraic representation of size functions 9
2.3 Specific surface area per unit volume 12
2.4 Distributions: moments and conversions 13
2.5 Means of a distribution 15
2.6 Image analysis and particle shape 15
2.7 Example interpretation of distribution data 16
2.8 Summary 17
2.9 Problems 17

3 Fluid flow through porous media 21


3.1 Definitions 21
3.2 Flow regimes 22
3.3 Darcy’s law and Kozeny-Carman 23
3.4 Friction factor 24
3.5 Carman and Ergun correlations 25
3.6 Concentrations by mass and volume 26
3.7 Summary 26
3.8 Problems 27

4 Filtration of liquids 29
4.1 Deep bed and clarifying filtration 29
4.2 Cake filtration 31
4.3 Specific resistance and dry cake mass
per unit volume filtrate 32
4.4 Compressible cake filtration 33
4.5 Filtration modes of operation 35
4.6 Membrane filtration 38
4.7 Filter media 40
4.8 Filter aids 42
4.9 Summary 42
4.10 Problems 43

5 Dilute systems 45
5.1 Weight, drag and Particle Reynolds number 45
5.2 Other forces on particles 48
5.3 Particle acceleration in streamline flow 49
5.4 Settling basin design (Camp-Hazen) 50
5.5 Laboratory tests 51
5.6 Summary 52
5.7 Problems 52

6 Hindered systems and rheology 55


6.1 Hindered settling and zone theory 55
6.2 Batch settling flux 57
6.3 Thickener design 58
6.4 Kynch analysis 60
6.5 Compressible sediments 60
6.6 Homogeneous systems 61
6.7 non-Newtonian rheology 62
6.8 Summary 63
6.9 Problems 63

7 Fluidisation 67
7.1 Minimum fluidising velocity 68
7.2 Types of fluidisation 69
7.3 Bed design and bubbling behaviour 70
7.4 Gas flow patterns around bubble and stability 70
7.5 Davidson and Harrison model 71
7.6 Discrete element analysis 73
7.7 Summary 74
7.8 Problems 75

8 Centrifugal separation 77
8.1 Sedimenting centrifuges 78
8.2 Hydrocyclones 80
8.3 Filtering centrifuges 83
8.4 Washing and dewatering 85
8.5 Summary 88
8.6 Problems 88

9 Conveying 91
9.1 Heterogeneous flow in liquids 91
9.2 Dilute phase pneumatic conveying 92
9.3 Dense phase pneumatic conveying 94
9.4 Other conveying equipment 94
9.5 Summary 96
9.6 Problems 96

10 Powder flow and storage 99


10.1 Powder properties 99
10.2 Flow patterns and stress in a hopper and silo 101
10.3 Hopper opening and angle 102
10.4 The powder flow function 103
10.5 The hopper flow factor and hopper design 108
10.6 Measurement techniques and conditions 109
10.7 Summary 110
10.8 Problems 111

11 Crushing and classification 113


11.1 Energy utilisation 114
11.2 Crushing laws 115
11.3 Breakage and selection functions 116
11.4 Milling circuit matrix 117
11.5 Population balances 119
11.6 Summary 120
11.7 Problems 121

12 Solid/solid mixing 123


12.1 Binary component mixing 124
12.2 Specification and confidence 127
12.3 Equipment 128
12.4 Cohesive powder mixing 129
12.5 Summary 129
12.6 Problems 130

13 Colloids and agglomeration 131


13.1 Forces on small particles – in liquid medium 131
13.2 DLVO and applications 133
13.3 Coagulation 135
13.4 Flocculation 136
13.5 Forces on particles – gaseous medium 137
13.6 Agglomeration and granulation equipment 139
13.7 Summary 140
13.8 Problems 140

14 Gas cleaning 141


14.1 Target; grade and overall efficiencies 141
14.2 Collection mechanism 142
14.3 Dust collection material balance 145
14.4 Equipment types 146
14.5 Summary 148
14.6 Problems 149

15 Powder hazards 155


15.1 Explosion hazards 155
15.2 Physiological hazards 156
15.3 Summary 158

16 Case study 159

Nomenclature 164
Further reading 166
Appendix – Heywood Tables 168
Index 170

V i e w p u b l i c a t i o n s t a t s

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