POWER SERIES ( I – PART)

∞ ∞
DEF: ∑ an (t-t0)n is power series, if we put t-t0 = x, we have
n =0
∑a
n =0
n xn =a0+a1x+…+anxn+…
n ∞
Partial sum is Sn(x)= ∑ a k x k ; n-th rest is Rn(x)= ∑a n+k x n+k
k =0 k =0

If there is an R so that x <R then the series converges , and for x >R diverges.
Interval (-R,R) is the interval of convergence converges

diverges -R R diverges

For x=R and x=-R, working separately, using the criteria for the convergence of number series.

The number R is called the RADIUS OF CONVERGENCE of the power series.

an
Cauchy formula: lim =R
n→∞ a n +1
1 1
Root formula : =R or = lim n an
lim n an R n→∞
n →∞
∞
Apply the following theorem: Let S(x)= ∑a
n =0
n xn

∞ ∞
1) lim S(x)= lim
x→ x0 x→ x0
∑a
n =0
n xn = ∑ ( lim anxn)=S(x0)
n =0
x→ x0

b ∞ ∞ b

∫ (∑a ∑( ∫
n
2) n x )dx = anxndx)
a n =0 n =0 a

3) Power series in the interval of convergence can be differentiated by the member

DEVELOPMENT

∞
xn ∞
x 2 n +1
ex = ∑ where is (- ∞ <x< ∞ ) sinx = ∑ (-1)n , (- ∞ <x< ∞ )
n =0 n! n =0 (2n + 1)!

∞ x 2n ∞
cosx = ∑
n =0
(-1) (2n)! ,
n
(- ∞ <x< ∞ ) (1+x)m = ∑
n =0
( mn )xn , -1<x<1

∞ xn ∞ xn
ln(1+x) = ∑
n =1
(-1)n-1
n
,
-1<x<1 ln(1-x)=- ∑ n =1
n
,
-1<x<1

∞ ∞
1 x
1− x
= ∑
n =0
xn -1<x<1
1− x
= ∑
n =1
xn

1
Example 1.

Determine the radius of convergence and examine the convergence of the ends of the interval of convergence for the
following power series:

∞
a) ∑ (n + 1) x
n =0
n

∞
xn
b) ∑
n =0 n

∞
2n x n
c) ∑n
n =0
2
+1

Solutions:

a)

∑ (n + 1) x
n =0
n

an
Here is an = n + 1 and we will use : lim =R
n →∞ a n +1

an n +1 1
lim = lim = =1
n →∞ an +1 n →∞ n+2 1

We got that series converges in the interval (−1,1) . Now we must examine for x = -1 and x = 1

For x = -1

∞ ∞
Substituting this value in the given series : ∑ (n + 1) x n → ∑ (n + 1)(−1)n
n =0 n =0

We have obtained an alternative series . As is lim(n + 1) = ∞ we conclude here that the series diverges.
n →∞

For x = 1

∞ ∞ ∞

∑ (n + 1) x n → ∑ (n + 1)(1)n = ∑ (n + 1)
n =0 n =0 n =0

The number series also diverges, because: lim(n + 1) = ∞

2
 ∞
xn
b) ∑
n =0 n

1
Here is an = so it is convenient to again use the Cauchy formula:
n

1
an n +1 1
lim = lim n = lim = =1
n →∞ a
n +1
n →∞ 1 n →∞ n 1
n +1

R=1 , and for now we have that series converges on the interval (- 1,1 )

For x = -1

∞
xn ∞
(−1)n
∑
n =0 n
→ ∑
n=0 n

1
We have obtained an alternative series where is an =
n
1 1 1
Series is decreasing because n < n + 1 → > → an > an +1 and lim = 0 . Leibniz criterion : converge here!
n n +1 n →∞ n

For x = 1

∞ ∞ ∞
xn 1n 1
∑n
n =0
→∑
n=0 n
=∑
n=0 n

For this series since before we know that diverges (see previous files on a number series)

Conclusion:
∞
xn
Series ∑ is convergent on the interval [ -1,1 )
n =0 n

3
 ∞
2n x n
c) ∑
n =0 n + 1
2

2n
As is an = It is convenient to try Cauchy formula:
n2 + 1

2n
a 2n (n + 1) 2 + 1 2n n 2 + 2n + 2 1
lim n = lim n n++11 = lim n +1 ⋅
2
= lim ⋅ =
n →∞ a
n +1
n →∞ 2 n →∞ 2 n2 + 1 n →∞
2n ⋅ 2 n2 + 1 2
This is 1
(n + 1) + 1
2

1 1
This means that order converges, for now, in the interval (− , )
2 2

1
For x = -
2

n ( −1)
n
1
2n (− ) n ∞ 2
∞
2n =
∞
(−1) n
∑
n =0
2 =
n2 + 1
∑
n=0 n + 1
2 ∑
n=0 n + 1
2

1
Here is an = .
n +1
2

1
lim = 0 Leibniz criterion : this series converges.
n →∞ n + 12

1
For x =
2

1 n 1
∞ 2n ( ) n ∞ 2 ∞
2n = 1
∑ 2
2 =
n =0 n + 1
∑
n =0 n + 1
2 ∑
n=0 n + 1
2

The number series is also convergent!

∞
2n x n 1 1
Conclusion: Series is convergent on the interval ∑
n =0 n + 1
2
[− , ]
2 2

4
Example 2.

Determine the radius of convergence and examine the convergence of the ends of the interval of convergence for the
following power series:

n2
∞
 n +1  n
a) ∑   x
n =0  n 

∑ ( −2 ) x
n 2n
b)
n =0

Rešenje:

1
Here we use another formula to find radius of convergence: = lim n an
R n→∞

n2
∞
 n +1  n
a) ∑ 
n =0  n 
 x

n2 n n
1  n +1   n +1  1
= lim n an = lim n   = lim   = lim 1 +  = e
R n →∞ n →∞
 n  n →∞
 n  n →∞
 n
1 1
=e→ R=
R e

1 1
So now we know that this series converges in the interval (− , ) .
e e

1
For x=
e

n2 n2
∞
 n +1  1 n ∞  n +1  1
∑ 
n =0  n 
 ( ) = ∑
e
 n
n=0  n  e

Check first whether the general approaches zero:

n2 n⋅ n
 n +1 1  1 1 1
lim   n
= lim 1 +  n
= lim e n n = 1 From this we conclude that the series diverges.
n →∞
 n  e n →∞
 n e n →∞ e

5
 1
For x=-
e

Here is a alternative series , but similar ways of thinking come to the conclusion that the series diverges here.
n2
 n +1  n
∞
1 1
Conclusion: ∑   x converges in the interval (− , ) .
n =0  n  e e

∑ ( −2 ) x
n 2n
b)
n =0

We will use same criteria:

1
= lim n an = lim n 2n = lim2 = 2
R n →∞ n →∞ n →∞

1 1
=2→ R=
R 2

We went to watch:
∞ ∞

∑ ( −2 ) x 2 n = ∑ ( −2 ) ( x 2 )
n n n
Let's look at a given series
n =0 n =0

This means that this refers to the radius of convergence x 2 and for x will be :

1 1 1
R= is for x 2 → R = = is for x
2 2 2

 1 1 
Series therefore converges in the interval  − , 
 2 2

1 1
For x = − and x= Series will be divergent because obviously the general not approaches zero.
2 2

∞
 1 1 
∑ ( −2 ) x
n
−
2n
Conclusion: Series converges in the interval , .
n =0  2 2