DEP6323

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION
LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of the lesson, students should be able :
i. Know wireless communication
ii. Understand Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)
iii. Understand Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
iv. Understand Wireless Metropolitan Area Network
(WMAN)
v. Know Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN)
vi. Know the standard bodies in wireless communication
WHAT IS WIRELESS COMMUNICATION?
• Transmitting and receiving voice and data using electromagnetic
waves in open space.
• The information from sender to receiver is carried defined as
channel.
• Each channel has a fixed frequency bandwidth & capacity (bit
rate).
• Different channels can be used to transmit information in parallel
and independently.
• For new radio data transmission, new protocols are needed

Why Radio Wave is used in WC:

• easy to generate
• can travel long distance
• can penetrate buildings
• can used for indoor and outdoor communication
• can travel in all direction
• can be narrowly focused at high frequency.
 ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

FLEXIBILITY & MOBILITY RADIO SIGNAL INTERFERENCE

Freedom – No wires. Restricted frequency range and potential exist
Spatial flexibility to connect multiple devices in radio interferences of frequencies from two different of signal.
reception range
INCREASED RELIABILITY SECURITY
Network cable failures may be the most common source of It is possible for an intruder to be lurking outdoors with a
network problem. notebook computer and wireless devices.
Easy to maintain the systems because no network can less
failures
EASIER INSTALLATION HEALTHRISKS
Easy to install for any office to be modified. High levels of RF can produce biological damage
Stay connected. through heating effects.
LESS EXPENSIVE INSTALLATION HIGHER STARTING COST
No use of network cabling, reduce cost of installation New equipment technology and starting cost is higher
task.
DISASTER RECOVERY /EMERGENCY ALERTS RELATIVELY LOWER BANDWIDTH SPEED
Robust against disasters like earthquake, fire –wireless Generally very low transmission rates for higher
communication systems is exist and easy to relocate numbers of users compare to Fiber Optics
the systems.
CAPABILITY LIMITED SPECTRUM
Permits many industries to shift toward an increasingly Limited spectrum frequency allocation available for new
mobile workforce. technology telecommunications
Gives team-based workers the ability to access the
network resources.
WPAN : IEEE 802.15 WMAN : IEEE802.16
WLAN : IEEE 802.11 WWAN : ITU
 • Short range area network
• Coverage in small area place and connect two or more device that
can share data and information.
• IEEE 802.15 refer as a standard for Wireless PAN.
• Example for WPAN is Infrared, wireless RF, RFID, Bluetooth,
ZigBee, NFC and etc

1. Infrared Data Association (IrDA)

• IrDA uses infrared light, which has a frequency below the human eye's
sensitivity.
• Infrared in general is used in home appliance remotes such as TVs,
home theatre, air condition and others serial data interfaces.
2. Bluetooth
• A wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short
distances for fixed and mobile devices, creating wireless PAN based
on an IEEE 802.15.1 standard with high levels of security using the
ISM band from 2400-2483.5MHz.
• Cable replacement, voice/data access point and Personal ad-hoc
networks.
• Technology specification characteristics : small form factor, low-cost,
low-power, short range radio links between mobile PCs, mobile
phones and other portable devices embedded with Bluetooth chips
• Created by telecom vendor Ericsson in 1994.
• Uses short-range radio waves over distances up to approximately 1m
–100m (Free-Space Loss 0-20dBm)
• Bluetooth devices : keyboards, pointing devices, audio head sets,
printers and so on, may connect to cell phones or computers
wirelessly.
• A Bluetooth PAN is also called a piconet (combination of the prefix
Pico meaning very small and network).
3. ZigBee

• A suite of high level communication protocols using small, low-cost and

low-power digital radios based on an IEEE 802.15.4 standard for wireless
PAN.
• Reliable wireless performance and long life battery operation. Give the
freedom and flexibility to do more.
• Often used in mesh network form to transmit data over longer distances,
passing data through intermediate devices to reach more distant ones.
• This allows ZigBee networks to be formed AD-HOC, with no centralized
control or high-power transmitter/receiver able to reach all of the
devices.
• Technological standard created for control and sensor networks created
by ZigBee alliance
• Applications
• home entertainment –music and movies
• home control –home automation, smart lighting, advanced temperature
control, safety and security
• industrial control
• embedded sensing, building automation
• medical data collection, smoke and intruder warning
• Wi-Fi or WiFi is a technology that allows many electronic devices
to exchange data or connect to the internet wirelessly using radio
waves.
• Operational frequency : 2.4 GHz (12cm) UHF and 5 GHz (6cm)
SHF for Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM) frequency radio bands.
• Usually password protected, but may be open, which allows any
device within its range to access the resources of the WLAN
network.
• WLAN product based on the Wi-Fi Alliance's certification of
products refer for IEEE802.11 standards
• Wi-Fi systems are NOT designed to support high-speed mobility.
Only, wide availability of terminal devices in support areas.
• A set of specifications for implementing WLAN communication is
Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)
MAC
PHY
• Inefficient for large numbers of users.
• MIMO/multiple antenna techniques
• Flexible & efficient packet aggregation
• Advanced FEC (forward error correction)
• Legacy and channel width coexistence
• 10, 20 & 40Mhz channels widths
• Power saving mechanisms
• Higher order modulation/coding
• Novel data flow techniques
 Wifi Standards
802.11a 802.11b 802.11g 802.11n
Operational 5GHz 2.4GHz 2.4GHz 2.4 GHz and
Frequency 5 GHz bands

Bandwidth 20MHz 20MHz 20MHz 20MHz, 40MHz

BW
Maximum 54Mbps 11Mbps up to 54Mbps up 600 Mbps
Speed Data MAC layer : up to 100Mbps
Rate
Range variable range 500 ft (152m) variable range 100ft MIMO techniques for range
100ft (30.5m) (30.5m) extension and higher bit rates
Special OFDM with Frequency hopped Double Modulation HDTV quality streams and
Characteristics
time division spread spectrum, simultaneous broadband
access;
VoIP over WLAN supporting
Similar to many simultaneous clients
HiperLAN Service providers: microcells,
neighborhood area networks
(NANs), hotspots

Modulation OFDM DSSS OFDM, DSSS OFDM

Year 1999 2000 2003 2009 17
 Wifi Standards
Advantages Disadvantages
802.11a • No Interference conflicts with other • Small effective range.
wireless product that can cause • The signals cannot penetrate very far because they
frequently dropped connections are absorbed more readily by walls and other solid
• Fundamental propagation advantages objects in their path.
when in a high multipath environment,
such as an indoor office, and the higher
frequencies enable the building of
smaller antennas with higher RF system
gain.
802.1b • Extension of the modulation technique • Interference issues with other products operating in
defined from 820.11 the 2.4 GHz band range include microwave ovens,
• Wide range cordless phones, Bluetooth devices and amateur
radio equipment.
 Wifi Standards
Advantages Disadvantages
802.11g • This is the most recent and popular in use, • Uses the 2.4 GHz frequency so it has the same
offering more respectable data transfer speeds of interference problems as 802.11b: Interference
up to 54Mbps. issues with other products operating in the 2.4
• Allows for more simultaneous users GHz band range include microwave ovens,
• Has the best signal range and is not easily cordless phones, Bluetooth devices and amateur
obstructed radio equipment.
• Is completely backward compatible with 802.11b
network adapters, routers, and access points will • An 802.11g signal has a shorter range than an
allow for a smooth transition. 802.11b signal, have to install more access
points to service a building.
802.11n • The 802.11n standard is intended to improve • The cost of each 802.11n access point is two to
wireless data rates and range without requiring three times that of b/g access points.
additional power or radio frequency band • While the operation in 2.4 Ghz, it has only three
allocation. non-overlapping channels and would be highly
• The multiple input/multiple output MIMO used by the other radios and neighboring access
technology splits a high data-rate stream into points.
lower rate streams and broadcasts. This allows • The network planning for 802.11n access points
for a maximum data rate of 248 Mb/s using two is different from the network planning for earlier
streams. standards and for some installations, new
• It provides increased bandwidth per access point. controllers might be required too.
• 802.11n is totally backward compatible
standards.
• Can work both on 2.4 Ghz and 5 Ghz radios. The
specifications: 802.11 a/n and 802.11b/g/n. Dual
radio is supported.
 Wifi vs Bluetooth

Wifi Bluetooth
IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.15
intended as a replacement for high speed a replacement for cabling in a variety of
cabling for general LAN access in work areaspersonally carried applications in any
called WLAN. setting, and also works for fixed location and
for portable equipment applications is called
as the WPAN.
access point-centered, with an asymmetrical symmetrical, between two Bluetooth
client-server connection with all traffic devices or more.
routed through the access point
where some degree of client configuration is serves well in simple applications where two
possible and high speeds are required, devices need to connect with minimal
especially for network access through an configuration like a button press as in
access node headsets and remote controls
Wifi is not simple to access points and ad- Bluetooth access points do exist and ad-hoc
hoc connection connections are possible and simply.
• Wireless MAN is long range area network can be defined as the network that
providing a much larger coverage in wide area place based on IEEE 802.16
standard.
• WiMAX was seen as more of a Wireless MAN radio frequency technology that
provides broadband wireless communications standard for fixed, portable access
and mobile devices.
• WiMAX is the first carrier system to offer a 4G cellular broadband network for
wireless internet access into major cities in 2009/2010, providing faster
downloads with higher data rates.
• for fixed and portable access situations - Speed up to 40Mbps per channel and
cell radius up to 10km
• for mobile situation - speed up to 15Mbps and cell radius of 3 kilometers
• In line-of-sight (LoS) implementation, WiMAX can provide link
transmitting signals distance up to 30-50km
• 802.16d – 2004, referred to as ‘Fixed WiMAX’, has no support for
mobility
• 802.16e – 2005, introduced support for mobility and referred as ‘Mobile
WiMAX’.
• WiMAX technologies have practically have capacities for transmitting
multimedia data with QoS and traffic prioritizing.
• The voice communications in WiMAX is using VoIP. VoIP traffic is much
cheaper than GSM traffic.
• WiMAX supports modern cryptographic algorithms (with a 1024-bit key)
to keep data in secret.
• MIMO (multiple-input-multiple output) system.
• Multiple access technique : OFDMA
• Enhanced WiMAX 2
WORLDWIDE INTEROPERABILITY FOR MICROWAVE ACCESS
Different bands are available for WiMAX applications in different parts of the
world, the use depends upon the countries. The frequencies commonly used are
3.5 GHz and 5.8 GHz for 802.16d; and 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz for 802.16e.
• Cellular Wireless Communication is the fastest growing
sector of communication industry worldwide.
• It is also enhanced from voice and data of wireless systems
to allow access on Web-based internet applications
• Wireless WAN is a wireless communication network that
defined as long range area network covers a wide area
mobile telecommunications network that links across
multiple building, area, district, metropolitan, regional,
national boundaries or a global using network transports
system.
• Network technologies such as NMT, TACS, ETACS, GSM,
GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA, CDMA2000, UMTS, HSDPA, HSPA
and LTE.
 1G 2G 3G 4G 5G
1980-1989 1990-2002 2002-2010 2010 -
Technology NMT GSM WCDMA/UMTS LTE NGN
Standards AMPS HSCSD CDMA2000 LTE-A Next
TACS GPRS HSDPA WIMAX Generation
ETACS EGDE HSPA WIMAX-Advanced Networks

Basic voice Digital voice and High speed voice All IP based (IPV6) ioT
Type of telephony basic data services system integrated More advanced
Services
with low bit data rate with data and multimedia service
multimedia applications
GSM- SMS applications. (such as teleconferencing
GPRS – MMS & etc.
Higher capacity data
rate transfer for User in control and
broadband flexible platform of
complementary access
systems

Systems Analogue Fully Digital Fully Digital & Packet Data &
Packet Data IP address based

DEP6323 : Wireless Communication

 1G 2G 3G 4G 5G
1980-1989 1990-2002 2002-2010 2010 -
Multiple FDMA TDMA CDMA OFDMA
Access

Switching Circuit Circuit switching. Packet switching Packet switching Packet switching
Protocols switching for data and VoLTE for data and voice
Enhance: with very higher
GPRS- packet switching speed
& always on
connectivity.

EDGE- packet switching

&
more high data rates

Operating 450MHz 900MHz 2100MHz 2300MHz – WiMAX

Frequency 1800MHZ (802.16)
1900MHz
2600MHz –LTE (3GPP
ITU)
 1G 2G 3G 4G 5G
1980-1989 1990-2002 2002-2010 2010 -
Speeds synchronous 2G: GSM : Broadband data 4G: LTE: 10 – 50 Mbps Very higher
Transfer speed 2kbps 14.4kbps – 56kbps speed data
(up to 9.6kbps) 3G: 512kpbs LTE-A: Higher speed up to
2.5G : GPRS : up to 2Mbps data up to 100Mbps or 1Gbps
64kbps – 114kbps higher
3.5G: 3.6Mbps
2.75G: EDGE: up to 7.2Mbps
114kbps – 384kbps
3.75G: up to 20Mbps
or higher

Bandwidth 25kHz / 30kHz 200kHz 5MHZ Flexible wide bandwidth

BW Narrowband Wideband 1.2MHz, 3MHz, 5MHz,
10MHz, or 20MHz

Area Limited local Transnational using Global coverage, Global coverage, speed
coverage and regional portable units mobility & roaming roaming & QoS.
coverage (operating across using portable units
national boundaries) with greater Global mobility, service
and subscriber capacity. portability, traffic
DEP6323 : Wireless Communication
global roaming using prioritizing
WC STANDARD IDENTIFY
a. Global System for Mobile is a radio technology for digital voice and basic data applications
cellular networks used by mobile phones developed by ETSI.

b. The GSM standard was developed as a replacement for 1G analog cellular networks, and
originally described a digital, circuit switched network optimized.

c. Designed to use the services of ISDN to provide a WWAN services for full
duplex voice telephony.

d. The available systems that are deployed worldwide are GSM850, GSM900, GSM1800 and
GSM1900

e. Widely used in world’s digital mobile market and world’s wireless market.

f. This system was expanded over time to include data communications, first by circuit
switched transport, then packet data transport via GPRS and EDGE.
a. General Packet Radio Services is a radio technology evolution from GSM networks that add
basic packet switching protocols to increased data transmission capabilities.

b. GPRS enables basis high data speed wireless internet to be carried over the networks with
extends the architecture of the GSM standard to allow packet data transfers with theoretical
data rates up to 114Kbps.

c. Services applications – MMS, email, basic wireless internet

d. Originally standardized
DEP6323by ETSI and
: Wireless now maintained by 3GPP.
Communication
WC STANDARD IDENTIFY
a. Enhance Data Rates for GSM Evolution is considered as a pre-3G technology.

b. An evolution of GSM voice networks and upgrade from GPRS data network.

c. A digital network radio technology that allows current GSM/GPRS networks to offer seen as
3G services within existing frequencies.

d. Improved data transmission rates 3 times than GPRS as a backward compatible extension
with delivers higher bit-rates per radio channel

a. Wideband Code Division Multiple Access is the radio technology of UMTS and a part of the
IMT-2000 family of 3G Standards through 3GPP.

b. Each connection being granted a dedicated frequency wide band (bandwidth 5MHz) for
maximum data rate and share a channels band using spread-spectrum modulation
technique.

c. The available systems that are deployed worldwide are 850, 900, 1900 and 2100

d. Fully Packet data transfer for transceiver.

d. Europe regional and most part of the world.

DEP6323 : Wireless Communication

WC STANDARD IDENTIFY

a. Code Division Multiple Access 2000 is a family of 3G mobile technology standards through
3GPP2, which use CDMA channel access, to delivers high-bandwidth data, voice and
signalling services between mobile equipment and cell sites.

b. Wide bandwidth 1.25MHz.

c. North America (US) and Japan Standard

a. High Speed Downlink Packet Access speeds are ideal for bandwidth-intensive applications,
such as large file transfers, streaming multimedia and fast Web browsing.

b. HSDPA also offers latency as low as 70ms – 100ms, making it ideal for real-time
applications such as interactive gaming and delay-sensitive business applications such as
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs).

c. Data rates 1.8Mbps up to 14.4Mbps

d. HSDPA is a mobile communications protocol that belongs to the High-Speed Packet

Access (HSPA) family. HSDPA allows networks based on UMTS to have higher data transfer
speeds.
WC STANDARD IDENTIFY

a. Combine from both downlink HSDPA + uplink HSUPA.

b. HSPA data transmission capacities that can send data rates reaching up to 20 Mbit/s on
the downlink and the uplink at 7.2 Mbit/s

c. 3.75G : HSPA

d. 3.9G : HSPA++ (pre-4G technology)

a. Long Term Evolution support interactive multimedia services, teleconferencing, higher

speed wireless internet. Wider bandwidth and higher bit rates up to 100Mbps.

b. Starting in the 2011, LTE embodies the design goals of the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS),
which integrates all communications using the IP protocol which offers higher speeds.

c. The 3GPP group & ITU (standardized in the 3GPP specification Release 10 (LTE-A) and will
be designed to meet the 4G requirements as defined by ITU.

d. Enhanced LTE-A

e. The available systems that are deployed worldwide are 700, 850, 900, 1800, 1900 and
2100 and 2600
International Telecommunication Union - ITU

1. Responsible for information and communication technologies all of the world

2. The ITU is active areas including broadband, internet, radio, voice, data,
navigation, satellite, broadcasting and latest generation networks wireless
technologies.
3. Managing & coordinates the shared global use of international radio frequency
spectrum.
4. Promotes international cooperation in assigning satellite orbits resources.
5. Works to improve telecommunications infrastructure in the developing world
6. Assists in the development and coordination of worldwide technical standards.
7. The ITU comprises 3 sectors as well as ITU-R (Radio Communication ITU-T
(Telecommunication Standard) & ITU-D (Development)
8. The working group related to wireless WAN.
 Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
IEEE
1. An international non-profit association of engineers, provides a forum that
engages in the worldwide advancement of all forms of technology that relate
to the use of electricity and electronic.
2. Resolve the issues of competing organizations whose areas of expertise were
becoming increasingly intertwined.
3. IEEE is a leading developer of global standards in a broad range of industries.
4. IEEE and its member inspire a global community through IEEE’s highly cited
publications, conference, technology standard and professional and
educational activates.
5. The working group related to wireless PAN (802.15), Wireless LAN (802.11),
Wireless MAN (802.16).
6. It was formed in 1963 by the merger of the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE,
founded 1912) and the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE,
founded 1884).
 Others Organizations Communication Standards
(under ITU)
• American National Standards Institute [ANSI] - 1918
• International Organization for Standardization [ISO] – 1947
• Nippon Telegraph and Telephone [NTT] – 1985
• European Telecommunications Standards Institute [ETSI] – 1988
• Telecommunications Industry Association [TIA] – 1988
• Electronic Industries Alliance [EIA] -2011
• Federal Communications Commission [FCC]
• 3rd Generation Partnership Project [3GPP] ; [3GPP2 ]
• Australian Communications Authority [ACA]
• Korean Information Security Agency [KISA]
• Ministry of Industry and Information Technology [MIIT] Republic
of China
Malaysia Communication and Multimedia Commission
MCMC @ SKMM

1. The regulator the law for the communications and multimedia

industry in Malaysia
2. Concerning the national policy objectives and recommend reforms to
the communications and multimedia industry development in
3. Malaysia. to
The MCMC identifies relevant standards that will be significant use
4. the industry, covering the latest technology.
Implement and enforce the provisions of the communication and
5. multimedia law
Supervise and monitor relating to communication and multimedia
6. activities
Overseeing the new regulatory framework for the industries of
7. telecommunication, broadcasting and on-line activities.
Provide license for spectrum frequency to industry in Malaysia.