Unit VIIIa:

Axial Skeleton
Chapter 8: Sections 1–3

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Table 8.1
Fig. 8.1
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Frontal bone Parietal bone

Occipital bone
Skull Maxilla

Mandible Mandible

Clavicle Clavicle
Pectoral
girdle Scapula Scapula

Sternum
Thoracic Ribs Humerus
cage
Costal cartilages

Vertebral column

Hip bone
Pelvis
Sacrum
Ulna

Coccyx Radius

Carpus

Metacarpal
bones

Phalanges

Femur

Patella

Fibula

Tibia

Metatarsal bones
Tarsus
Phalanges

(a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view

Table 8.2
Fig. 8.2

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Lines
Crest

Sinuses
Fovea
Head
Foramen
Meatus Crest Head
Process Trochanters Tubercle
Condyle Alveolus
Spine Foramen

Tuberosity
(a) Skull (lateral view)
Line

Process
Spine Fossae

Epicondyles Fossae

Condyles

(c) Femur (d) Humerus

(b) Scapula (posterior view) (posterior view) (anterior view)
Fig. 8.3

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Frontal bone
Supraorbital
foramen
Glabella

Coronal suture Parietal bone

Supraorbital
margin
Key Squamous suture
Temporal bone
Ethmoid b.
Sphenoid bone
Frontal b. Lacrimal bone Ethmoid bone
Mandible Nasal bone
Middle nasal
Maxilla concha Zygomatic bone
Inferior nasal Infraorbital foramen
Nasal b. concha
Parietal b. Intermaxillary suture
Vomer
Sphenoid b. Maxilla
Temporal b. Mandible

Vomer
Mental protuberance Mentalforamen
Zygomatic b.
Fig. 8.4 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Coronal suture

Frontal bone

Parietal bone Temporal lines

Lambdoid suture Ethmoid bone

Sphenoid bone
Nasal bone
Occipital bone
Lacrimal bone
Squamous suture
Zygomaticofacial foramen
Temporal bone
Infraorbital foramen
Zygomatic process
Zygomatic bone
External acoustic meatus
Maxilla
Mastoid process
Temporal process
Styloid process
Mandible

Mandibular condyle Mental foramen

(a) Right lateral view

Coronal suture

Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Sphenoid sinus
Squamous suture
Frontal sinus

Crista galli
Occipital bone
Cribriform plate of
Temporal bone
ethmoid bone
Sella turcica
Lambdoid suture Perpendicular plate
Internal acoustic meatus of ethmoid bone

Jugular foramen Nasal bone

Hypoglossal canal
Vomer
Palatine process
of maxilla
Key
Maxilla
Ethmoid b. Maxilla Sphenoid b.

Frontal b. Nasal b. Temporal b. Palatine bone

Mandible
Lacrima lb. Occipital b. Vomer
Mental spines
Mandible Parietal b. Zygomatic b.
(b) Median section
Fig. 8.5 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Incisive foramen Palatine process

of maxilla

Intermaxillary suture
Zygomatic bone

Zygomatic arch Palatine bone

Greater palatine foramen
Posterior nasal
Medial pterygoid plate
aperture
Lateral pterygoid plate
Vomer
Sphenoid bone Foramen ovale

Mandibular fossa Foramen spinosum

Foramen lacerum
Styloid process Basilar part of
External acoustic meatus occipital bone
Occipital condyle Carotid canal
Mastoid process Stylomastoid foramen
Mastoid notch Jugular foramen
Temporal bone Foramen magnum
Condylar canal Mastoid foramen
Parietal bone Lambdoid suture
Inferior nuchal line
Superior nuchal line External occipital
protuberance
Occipital bones

(a) Inferior view

Diploe (spongy bone)

Frontal bone
Crista galli
Cribriform plate
Cribriform foramina of ethmoid bone

Sphenoid bone
Optic canal

Foramen rotundum Sella turcica

Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum Temporal bone
Internal acoustic
meatus Petrous part of
temporal bone
Jugular foramen Parietal bone

Groove for
venous sinus Key

Hypoglossal canal Ethmoid b. Parietal b.

Occipital bone Frontal b. Sphenoid b.

Maxilla Temporal b.

Occipital b. Vomer

Palatine b. Zygomatic b.
(b) Superior view of cranial floor
Fig. 8.6

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Anterior

Frontal bone

Coronal suture

Parietal bone

Sagittal suture

Sutural bone

Parietal foramen

Lambdoid suture

Occipital bone

Posterior
Fig. 8.7
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Frontal Frontal
bone sinus

Brain
Muscles of
eye movement
Crista
galli Optic
nerve

Ethmoidal Orbit with

sinus orbital fat

Temporalis Nasal
muscle conchae

Zygomatic
arch
Nasal
cavity
Masseter
muscle
Maxillary
sinus
Adipose
tissue
Nasal Hard
septum palate

Maxilla Oral
cavity

Mandible Tongue
Fig. 8.8

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Sphenoid
sinus
Frontal
sinus

Ethmoid
sinus

Maxillary
sinus
Table 8.3
Fig. 8.9

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Anterior cranial Frontal lobe

fossa

Temporal lobe

Middle cranial
fossa
Cerebellum

Posterior cranial Posterior cranial fossa

fossa
Middle cranial fossa

Anterior cranial fossa

(a) Superior view (b) Lateral view

Fig. 8.10 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Squamous suture

Squamous part

Mastoid part
Zygomatic process
Mandibular fossa
Mastoid notch External acoustic
Mastoid process meatus
Styloid process Tympanic part

(a) Lateral surface

Squamous suture

Squamous part

Petrous part
Zygomatic
process Internal acoustic
meatus

Mastoid process
Styloid process

(b) Medial surface

Fig. 8.11

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Optic canal
Hypophyseal fossa
Lesser wing
Foramen rotundum
Greater wing
Sella turcica Anterior clinoid
process
Dorsum sellae Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum

(a) Superior view

Lesser wing
Dorsum sellae
Greater wing
Superior orbital
fissure
Body
Foramen
Foramen ovale rotundum

Lateral pterygoid plate

Medial pterygoid plate Pterygoid processes

(b) Posterior view

Fig. 8.12
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Cribriform
plate
Cribriform Crista galli
foramina

Orbital plate
Superior
nasal concha
Ethmoidal
cells
Middle
nasal concha
Perpendicular
plate
Fig. 8.13

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Ke y
Cartilage Maxilla
Ethmoid bone:
Crista galli Frontal bone Ethmoid.b Nasal b.

Cribriform plate Frontal b. Occipital b.

Frontal sinus
Cribriform foramina Inferior nasal concha Sphenoid b.
Nasal bone
Sella turcica

Nasal conchae:
Superior
Middle
Sphenoid sinus
Inferior

Nasal cartilages
Occipital bone

Sphenoid bone
Anterior nasal spine
Palatine bone Incisive foramen
Lacrimal bone Lip
Maxilla Incisor
Fig. 8.14

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Supraorbital foramen
Temporal bone
Orbital place of frontal bone
Roof of
orbit Lesser wing of sphenoid bone Zygomatic process
of frontal bone

Optic canal Greater wing of Lateral wall

sphenoid bone of orbit

Orbital plate of ethmoid bone Orbital surface of

zygomatic bone
Medial Lacrimal bone
Superior orbital fissure
wall
Frontal process of maxilla
Inferior orbital
fissure

Orbital process of
palatine bone Infraorbital
Floor of foramen
orbit Orbital surface of
maxilla

Key

Ethmoid b. Lacrimal b. Sphenoid b. Zygomatic b.

Frontal b. Maxilla Temporal b.

Fig. 8.15

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Condylar process Mandibular condyles

Coronoid process

Mandibular notch

Mandibular foramen

Alveolar process Ramus

Mental foramen

Mental protuberance
Angle

Body
Fig. 8.16

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Styloid process

Stylohyoid muscle

Hyoid
Lesser horn
Larynx
Greater horn

Body
Fig. 8.17
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Coronal
suture
Frontal
Parietal bone bone
Sphenoid
Lambdoid fontanel
suture
Nasal
Squamous bone
suture
Maxilla
Occipital bone
Zygomatic
bone
Mastoid
fontanelle Mandible

Sphenoid
Temporal bone bone
(a) Lateral view

Frontal bone
Anterior
fontanelle

Sagittal suture

Parietal
bone

Posterior
fontanelle

(b) Superior view

Fig. 8.18
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Anterior view Posterior view

Atlas (C1)
Axis (C2)
Cervical vertebrae

C7

T1

Thoracic vertebrae

T12

L1

Lumbar vertebrae

L5

S1

Sacrum

S5
Coccyx Coccyx
Fig. 8.19
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C1
Cervical curvature

C7
T1

Thoracic curvature

T12
L1

Lumbar curvature

L5
S1

Pelvic curvature
Fig. 8.20
Fig. 8.21
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(a) Scoliosis (b) Kyphosis (c) Lordosis

(“hunchback”) (“swayback”)
Key
Normal
Pathological
Fig. 8.22 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Posterior

Spinous process

Superior articular Lamina

facet
Vertebral
Transverse arch
process
Vertebral foramen Pedicle

Body

Anterior
(a) 2nd lumbar vertebra (L2)

Nucleus pulposus

Anulus fibrosus

(b) Intervertebral disc

Spinal nerve
Herniation of roots
nucleus pulposus

Crack in Spinal nerve

anulus fibrosus

Anulus fibrosus
Nucleus pulposus

(c) Herniated disc

Fig. 8.23

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Superior articular
process of L1

Transverse Inferior vertebral

process L1 notch of L1

Body (centrum) L2 Intervertebral

foramen
Intervertebral disc Superior vertebral
notch of L2
Inferior articular L2
process of L2
Spinous process
Superior articular
process of L3
L3 Intervertebral disc
Lamina
L3
Inferior articular
process of L3

(a) Posterior (dorsal) view (b) Left lateral view

Fig. 8.24

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Anterior tubercle
Anterior arch
Superior articular Axis of rotation
facet
Lateral Dens
Transverse
masses
foramen
Atlas

Posterior arch

Posterior tubercle
(a) Atlas
Transverse
ligament
Dens (odontoid process) Axis
Pedicle
Superior articular facet

Transverse foramen
Transverse process
Body (c) Atlantoaxial joint
Inferior articular process

Lamina

Spinous process
(b) Axis
Fig. 8.25 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Superior views Lateral views

Spinous process

Lamina Superior articular facet

Transverse foramen Body

Transverse process
Spinous process

(a) Cervical vertebrae Inferior articular process

Spinous process Superior articular facet

Lamina
Transverse process

Transverse costal facet Superior costal facet Transverse costal facet

Inferior costal facet

Body
Inferior articular facet

(b) Thoracic vertebrae

Spinous process

Spinous process

Superior articular facet Superior articular process

Transverse process
Pedicle

Body Spinous process

(c) Lumbar vertebrae Inferior articular facet

Fig. 8.26

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Superior articular Sacral canal

process

Sacral Median
promontory sacral crest
Ala S1
Auricular
surface

S2 Lateral sacral
crest
Transverse lines
Posterior sacral
S3 foramina
Anterior sacral
foramina S4 Sacral hiatus
Horn
S5
Transverse
Co1 process Coccyx
Coccyx Co2
Co3
Co4

(a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view

Fig. 8.27

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Sternoclavicular joint

Sternum:
Acromioclavicular joint
T1 Suprasternal notch

1 Clavicular notch
Pectoral girdle:
Clavicle Manubrium
Scapula 2
Angle

Body
4
True ribs (1–7)

5
Xiphoid process

7
11
8
Costal cartilages
Floating ribs 12 T12
False ribs (8–12) 9
(11–12)
10 L1

Costal margin
Fig. 8.28 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Head

Neck

Tubercle

Shaft

(a) Rib 1

Tubercle Neck Head

Superior Inferior
Articular facet
Angle for transverse Articular facets
process for vertebral bodies

Costal groove
Shaft
(b) Ribs 2–10

(c) Ribs 11–12

Fig. 8.29
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Inferior costal
facet of T5
Vertebral Superior articular
body T5 facet of rib 6
Rib 6

Inferior articular
Vertebral facet of rib 6
body T6 Superior costal
facet of T6
(a) Anterior view

Superior Transverse
articular costal facet
facet for rib 6

Tubercle
Superior Rib 6
Neck
costal
facet Head
T6
for rib 6

(b) Superior view

Table 8.4