Physics 30—Unit 1 Review: Conservation of Momentum & Impulse

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Physics principles

0 Uniform motion (F⃗net = 0)

⋆ no acceleration = constant speed v = d
t = zero net force:
1 Accelerated motion (F⃗net ̸= 0)
⋆ there is a net force:
4 Conservation of momentum
⋆ p⃗ = p⃗ ′ : momentum is conserved (in an isolated system ⇒ no external net force on the object
i.e. no/negligible friction)
5 Conservation of energy
⋆ Elastic: Eki = Ekf only for quantum collisions
⋆ Inelastic: Eki ̸= Ekf for “large-scale” collisions (deformation/friction ⇒ thermal energy loss)
⋆ Energy is a scalar so ignore direction and angles
⋆ Units are Joules := J = kg·m/s2
⋆ 1 2 1 2 1 ′2 1 ′2
2 m1 v1 + 2 m2 v2 = 2 m1 v1 + 2 m2 v2

Conservation of momenum (p
⃗ ) in 2 dimensions
{ }
horizontal vectors px = p′x p
• Divide the question into then use py
vertical vectors py = p′y θ
px

Conservation of momentumt (p
⃗ ) in 1 dimension

• Masses rebound: m1 v1′
+ m2 v2′ 

m1 v1 + m2 v2 = 

The “=” sign is the event; the number of objects
• Stick together: m1 v1 + m2 v2 = (m1 + m2 )v ′

 determines the number of “mv ” terms.
• Explosion: 0 = m1 v1 + m2 v2 


Impulse—change in momentum (∆p)

• F⃗ ∆t = m∆⃗v ⇒ N·s ≡ kg·m/s2

⋆ used to calculate forces in a collision
⋆ time of collision affects forces; increase interaction time to decrease force
⋆ impulse is a vector quantity so direction matters: + −

⋆ F Area under an F -t graph is impulse F ∆t ; use A = l · w and/or A = 12 bh

t
Two masses in a collision
• Both experience…
⋆ same F⃗
⋆ same impulse ∆⃗ p
⋆ different ∆⃗v (if masses are different)
 Physics 30—Unit 2 Review: Electric & Magnetic Forces & Fields
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Electrostatics
• only e- move within insulators
• charges accumulate on the outside of conductors as well as on irregular surfaces
• Law of Charges: like repel, opposite attract
• charging occurs through friction, contact (conduction), and induction (with grounding)
Electric energy
• E = V q and E = 12 mv 2
⋆ V := potential difference in volts with units J/C
⋆ ∆V = Vf − Vi
Electric force
kq1 q2
• Coulomb’s law Fe = and Cavendish’s torsion experiment
r2
⋆ use vector diagram’s to find direction: , , or

Electric field
• direction defined by direction a small positive (+) test charge travels when placed in the field
• magnitude given by:

kq 
⋆ |E|
⃗ = for a charged object 


r2 |E|
⃗

⃗ = Fe for a charged object 
⋆ |E| 

q r
}
⃗ = V for electric plates
⋆ |E| constant between plates
d
Trajectory questions
− − − − − − horizontal: vertical:
e- d
v= d = vi t + 21 at2
t
•
F = ma
+ + + + + + Fe
|E|
⃗ =
q
Milikan’s oil drop experiment
• electric force overcomes gravitational force

Fe = Fg Fe = Fg ± Fa |E|
⃗
⋆ or slope = qe- = 1.6 × 10−19 C
|E|q
⃗ = mg |E|q
⃗ = m(g ± a)
mg
Magnetic field

• symbol B
⃗ and units of teslas (T)
⋆ direction defined as the direction the north end of a compass needle points (N seeks S)

Magnetic force

• symbol F⃗m
⋆ for a charged particle: Fm = qvB⊥
⋆ in a wire: Fm = IℓB⊥

Direction of force/field/current (Hand Rules)


• B
⃗ around wire (Oersted) 









current in ⃗
B
wire 







• Solenoid 
 ⋆ For negative charges/current (electrons), use your


magnetic current LEFT HAND;
north

 ⋆ For positive (conventional) current, use your



 RIGHT HAND.
• Force ⃗
B 



⃗m
F










current in
wire



Circular Path
Fm = Fc
• mv 2
qvB =
r

Lenz’s Law

• Fm opposes direction of motion

 Physics 30—Unit 3 Review: EMR as Wave & Particle
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Reflection

• θi θr θi = θr

Refraction

θ1 sin θ1 v1 λ1 n2
• = = =
sin θ2 v2 λ2 n1
θ2

⋆ frequency is constant; colour linked to frequency

Dispersion

• Different colours experience different amounts of refraction,

so white light disperses into ROYGBV.

⋆ Red refracts through the smallest angle, violet refracts

through the largest angle

Speed of EMR
d
• v= and v = λf 2d (there and back)
t d
• Michelson’s Rotating Mirror: v =
t
f −1 ÷ # of sides on mirror
• ∆E
⃗ → ∆B
⃗ → ∆E
⃗ → ∆B
⃗ → · · · at c and everything is mutually ⊥

Mirrors & lenses

1 1 1
• = +
f di do
1 1 1
⋆ For graphing: =− + ⇔ y = mx + b
di d f
{ } {o }
+ real + upright
⋆ di hi
− virtual − upside-down
hi di
⋆ M= =−
ho do

• Concave mirror Converging Lens : Converging, f + real, enlarged, virtual, enlarged,

upside-down no image erect

f
• Convex mirror Diverging Lens : Diverging, f − always virtual, diminished, and erect
Wave model

• Every point on a wave may be considered a secondary source of spherical wavelets which spread out
as the wave travels (Huygens)
⋆ Newton’s Rings and Poisson’s Bright-spot
⋆ Polarization
– horizontal and vertical slits (plane-polarization of light)
⋆ Diffraction
– the bending and spreading out of EMR around edges or openings
– the effect is greater if the opening is close to the wavelength of EMR
⋆ Interference
– constructive/bright lines/antinodes
– destructive/dark bands/nodes

Quantum model

• EMR has mass like (particle) properties

⋆ Energy (Einstein & Planck)
hc
– E = hf =
λ
⋆ Momentum (Compton)
h
– p = and E = pc
λ

h
– e- ∆λ = (1 − cos θ)
θ mc
mass of e-
scattered X-ray has larger λ
◦ can also do a 2-D momentum analysis
◦ can also use energy as quantum collisions are elastic
⋆ Photoelectric Effect

EEMR = Ee- + W
– e-
W hc hc
hf or 1
2 mv
2 or V q hf0 or
λ λmax
 Physics 30—Unit 4 Review: Atomic Physics
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Atomic models

• Thomson—rasin bun model

⋆ calculated the charge-to-mass ratio
Fm = Fc
⋆ mv 2
qvB =
r
• Millikan—oil drop experiment
⋆ calculated the e- charge

Fe = Fg mg slope = q
⋆
|E|q = mg
|E|
• Rutherford—planetary model
⋆ scattering experiments showed the nucleus is small and positive
Fe = Fc
⋆ kqq mv 2
2
=
r r

• Maxwell—problem with planetary model

⋆ e- within atoms are accelerating (centripetal motion) and thus should give off EMR and col-
lapse into the nucleus.
• Bohr—electrons can orbit certain energy levels without emitting EMR
e-
e-
⋆ e- only release or absorb energy when changing orbitals

• Compton Effect—EMR has momentum

h h
⋆ p = , E = pc , ∆λ = (1 − cos θ)
λ mc
• de Broglie λ—electrons travel with a whole number of λ around the nucleus
h h
⋆ p = p ⇒ mv = ⇒ λ=
λ mv
• Standard Model

⋆ Fermions [matter] ⋆ Bosons (mediating particles) [forces]

Hadrons Force Particle

Leptons
Mesons Baryons Strong Nuclear gluon
3 quarks: Weak Nuclear W + , W − , Z0
quark with
e- and ν p+ (uud)
antiquark Electromagnetic photon
n0 (udd)
Gravity graviton
Duality
Particles EMR

• has mass • no mass

• can have a charge • no charge
• has momentum p = mv • has momentum p = h/λ or E = pc
• has energy E = 12 mv 2 or E = V q • has energy E = hf = hc/λ
• follows a circular or parabolic path • not effected by |E| or B
in electric and magnetic fields

Mass spectrometer

• velocity selector—particles pass undeflected through ⊥ |E| and B

Fm = Fe
⋆
qvB = |E|q

• particles bend through a second B

Fm = Fc
⋆ mv 2
qvB =
r

Half-life N0
( )n
1
N = N0
2 N1
•
time
n=
T1
2

T1
2

Radioactive decay
Increasing
• Beta Negative −1 0 β + ν or;
danger
• Beta Positive 01 β + ν
and more
• Alpha α2+
shielding
• Gamma (EMR) 00 λ
required
Fission & fusion

• AX
Z with A = mass # (nucleons: p + n ) and Z = atomic # (protons)
• E = mc2
⋆ m: mass defect
– elements: predicted mass minus actual mass
– reactions: mass of reactants minus mass of products