58 INDUSTRIAL A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY Vol. 45, No.

1
(21) Flourney, R. W., Corrosion, 7, 129-33 (1951). Pichardo, G. M., and Romero, J . J . L., Sugar Abstr., 11, 178
(22) Frenkel, AM.S., Eng. and Boiler House Rev.,66, 198-205 (1951). (1949).
(23) Furumi, T., Chem. Eng. ( J a w n ) , 15, 173-7 (1951). Praschan, V. C., Chem. Eny. Progr., 47, 325-30 (1951).
(24) Gaddie, R. S., Proc. A m . SOC.Sugar Beet Technol. 6, 532-7 Pujol, M. P., I o n , 11, 202-5 11951).
(1950). Rabe, A . E., S. African Sugar J . , 35,461 (1951).
(25) Guastoni and Co., Ital. Patent 461,101 (Jan. 15, 1951). Rani, W. E., and Marshall, W, R., Jr., Chern. Eng. Progr., 48,
(26) Hedley, A. G. M., U.S. Patent 2,556,184 (June 12, 1951). 141-6 (1952).
(27) Honig, P., Proc. Intern. SOC. Sugai-Cane Technol., 7, 529-49 Ibid., pp. 173-80.
(1950). Rawlings, F. N., Proc. Am. SOC.Sugar Beet Technol., 6, 528-31
(28) Honig, P., Proc. Koninkl. Ned A k a d . Wetenschap., 54B, No. 2 (1950).
110-19 (1951). Regestad, S. O., Svensk Paperstidn., 54, 35-51 (1951).
(29) Langstroth, G . O., Diehl, C. H. H., and Winhold, E. J., Can. J . Saitzew, J., Brit. Patent 585,683 (Feb. 12, 1947).
Research, 28A, 580-95 (1950).
(30) Lauro, G., and Pellegatti, O., Ital. Patent 456,242 (March 29, Samuelson, H. O., Swed. Patent 131,798 (May 29, 1951).
1950). Scott, D., Australian J . Dairy Tecknol., 5, 53-94 (1950).
(31) Leonard, J. D., Chem. Eng., 58, No. 9, 149-53 (1951). Sofronyuk, L. P., Sakharnaya Prom., 25, No. 8 , 26-8 (1951).
(32) Luchak, G., and Langstroth, G. O., Can. J . Research, 28A, Speyerer, H., Zucker, 4, 293-306 (1951).
574-9 (1950). Teatini, D., Ital. Patent 457,279 ( M a y 12, 1950).
(33) Martynov, M. I., Sakharnaya Prom., 24, No. 11, 28-32 (1950). Tegze, M.,Cukoripar, 3, 282-6 (1950).
(34) Myers, J. E., and Jarzombek, R., Chem. Ew., 58, No. 11, 156-7 Tsuji, M., Geophys. Mag., 22, 11-20 (1950).
(1951). Tverskaya, N. P., Izvest. A k a d . N a u k S.S.S.R., Ser. Geonraf.
(35) Neuville, P.. I d s . ayr. et aliment (Paris), 67, 233-5 (1950). i Geojiz., 15, 74-81 (1951).
(36) Niewiadomsbi, S., and Wieczffifiski, K., Prremysl Chem., 29,
NO. 6, 333-7 (1950). Vere-Jones, N.W., -Vew Zealand J . Sci. Teciinol., 31B, S o . 3,
(37) Nikolaev, E. P., Sakharnaya Prom., 24, No. 11, 34-5 (1950). 1 4 (1949).
(38) Nyrop, J. E., U. S. Patent 2,585,825 (Feb. 12, 1952). Walker, L. H., and Patterson, D. C., IND. ENQ.CHEW,43, 534-
(39) Partridge, S. M., J . Sci. Instr., 28, 28-9 (1951). 6 (1951).
(40) Peds, R. E., and Reddie, W. A., IND. ENG.CEEM.,43, 2926-31 Werner, E., Zucker, 4,467-70, 454-7 (1951).
(1951). Yoder, R. J., and Dodge, B. F., Refrig. Eng., 60,156-9 (1952).

SOLVENT EXTRACTION
me$ ROBERT E. TREYBAL
NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, NEW YORK 53, N. Y .

The year's recorded progress in liquid extraction is considerable, with the work on the fluid
dynamics of spray and packed towers, and on formation and behavior of liquid drops especially
worthy of note. No innovations in equipment design were introduced, but minor variations bility data have been measured. In
were proposed for all major types. In the application to specific processes, sulfur removal and addition, thelimits of miscibilitywith-
the separation of aromatic hydrocarbons from light distillates were given much attention in in the ternary system castor oil-ethyl
the petroleum industry, and many new solvents and techniques were proposed for the separation alcohol-water have been established
of oxygenated compounds from hydrocarbons in connection with the Fischer-Tropsch and (168), and the system succinonitrile-
related processes. In leaching relatively little fundamental work was reported, but there were water-ethyl alcohol was used t o illus-
many improvements proposed in techniques and equipment for the processing of oil seeds, trate the effect of changing temper-
sugar beets, and metal-bearing ores. ature on the appearance of new liquid
phases (188). An extensive compila-
tion of ternary systems which sepa-

T
HE volume of the literature in both liquid and solvent rate into two liquid layers has also been made (90).
extraction has continued a t the high level of the past Bono and Brusset (26) have developed graphical methods of
several years. This review is therefore not an exhaustive treating thermodynamic data to obtain binary nonelectrolytic
treatment of the year's developments, but is necessarily limited liquid equilibria. The numerical calculation of tie lines and
t o a consideration Qf the major contributions and to representative initial directions of binodal curves in 3- or &phase systems, in-
samples taken from among the remainder. cluding those containing solid components, are outlined by
Meijering (186). Brancker (SO) has illustrated his method of
LIQUID EXTRACTION computing quaternary equilibria from ternary data using the
system acetone-water-vinyl acetate-acetaldehyde. Othmer and
Several reviews of broad coverage have appeared. In addition
Thukar (606)have demonstrated that the effect of temperature
t o the annual review of this series (a%), Von Berg and Wiegandt on distribution coefficients can be shown by a linear pIot of the
(180)have discussed briefly all phases of the subject, and Weisz coefficients against the vapor pressure of water a t the corre-
(286)has reviewed the special problems of fractional counter- sponding temperature on logarithmic paper.
current extraction. Maloney has summarized in chart form the
principal considerations in choosing liquid extraction as a separa- METHODS OF CALCULATION
tion method (f78).
Klinkenberg (145) has presented simple derivations for the
EQUILIBRIA relation between number of stages, extraction factor, and the
Systems whose ternary liquid equilibria have been fairly thor- ratio of amounts of extracted solute in extract and raffinate, with
oughly investigated, a t least to the extent of determination of and without reflux, for countercurrent, stagewise extraction with
several complete tie line compositions, are listed in Table I. constant distribution coefficient. The results are also applied t o
Those systems for which only the distribution of a solute between the separation of two components by a double-solvent system
immiscible phases has been determined are listed in Table 11. (fractional extraction) (146).
Table 111 lists the binary liquid systems fw which mutual solu- Mathematical treatment of the data resulting from a Craig-
January 1953 INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY 59

Table 1. Ternary Liquid Equilibrla Table II. Distribution-Coefficient Data

Temperature, Literature Literature
System c. Reference Solute Solvent System Reference
Water-acetic acid-ethyl ether 19 (41) Fe(CNS)s Water-ethyl ether (1 73)
-methylene chloride 19 (41) LiI NaI KI, "41 Ethylene lycol-ethyl acetate (65)
-carbon tetrachloride 27 (899) UOi(N0;)r Water-(et%yl ether isoprop 1 ether (108, 176)
-creosote 34 butyl ether, digthy1 Cetosolve:
-trichloroethylene 27 dibutyl Cellosolve, dibutyl Car-
-3-heptanol 25 (606) bitol.isoamy1 acetate. methyl iso-
-heDtadecanol 25. 50 (678) butyl ketone, cyclohexanone)
-aoetone-methyl ethyl ketone 25 (204) Ca(NOs)z Co(NOa)l, Water-n-hexyl alcohol (864)
-benzene-trimethylamine 25, 70 (138) Mg(rJ_ddi, WNOdn,
-methanol-butyl alcohol 30 (1.98)
-eth 1 alcohol-3-heptanol 25 (Water-chloric acid-salts)-(benzene (996)
-furrural-n-butane 3 7 . 8 66 93 -thenoyltrifluoroacetone)
-1-butene 37'8 $6 Th++++ (Water-aoety1acetone)-benzene (6866)
-isobutane 37.8. 51:s: 66, 79.8 (109) Acetic acid Water-(hexane, benzene carbon (69)
-isobutene 37.8 109) tetrachloride, carbon 'disulfide.
-nrouane
- - - - ~- 23.9. 3 7 . 8 (109) nitrobenzene)
23.9'37 8 Aoetic acid Water-many ' 061)
-nicotineXEKe 64, 6?*70 Propionic acid Water-( etroleum ether carbon (60)
Oleic acid-triolein-methanol 20 tetrac8loride benzene: chloro-
-95% methanol (as.) 20 form, chlordbenaene, nitroben- ,
-907 methanol (aq.) 20 sene)
795% ethanql (as.) 20 Methanol Water-(ethyl ether. ethyl acetate, (260)
Methanol-fatty acids-grapeseed 011 25 butyl'ace2ate) '

-walnut oil 25 Various alcohols Water-triolein

-linseed oil 25 3-Butanediol Water-various carbonyl compounds
Styrene-ethylbenzene-diethyleneglycal 25 Glycerol Water-various carbonyl compounds
Gluoose, fructose Water-various carbon 1 compounds
Sugars glycols, and Water-n-bu+yraldehy$e
sugar alcohols
Aniline and its methyl (Water, water-oitrate-phosphate)-
derivatives cyclohexane
type countercurrent distribution for analytical purposes has been Organic acids, bases Water:(isoamyl, octyl, oleyl aloo-
hoh)
considered by several authors (104, 107, 201, 285). Golumbic Quinol Water-ethyl ether (2so)
(104) and Gregory and Craig (107) have additionally discussed Estrone, 178-estradio1,
estriol
(Ethyl alcohol, methanol, water)-
(benzene, ethylaoetate, cyclo-
(76)
the general applicability of these techniques. hexane carbon tetrachloride,
chlorofbrm)

EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES

Apparatus. A Dutch invention consists of a vertical tower, phenanthrene from methanol by gasoline increased the extraction
fitted with stationary annular baffles and rotating disks fixed to by 76% in a small apparatus (117).
a vertical axial shaft; the disks are smaller in diameter than the Laboratory Apparatus. Craig and coworkers (56) have de-
openings of the baffles (202). Propellers or paddles agitate the veloped a glass extraction cascade which can be operated in
counterflowing liquids in the unpacked tower of Callo and completely automatic fashion to give as many as several thou-
Hartvigsen (95), and perforated baffles affect redispersion of one sand equilibrium contacts per 24 hours. Other multistage ap-
of the phases. Steams' tower for countercurrent contact is a paratus (84, 156) and special devices for easily emulsified mix-
variant of the perforated-plate type (255). A new variation of tures (119, 125) and heat-sensitive compounds (68) were also
the wetted-wall column contains vertical guides along which one described. A new laboratory column for countercurrent con-
of the liquids, that which preferentially wets the guides, flows tinuous contact;, with a central axial rotor, gave heights-equiv-
(82). A gas or vapor is used to mix and propel the liquids alent-to-a-theoretical-stageof from 0.6 to 4 inches (239).
through a new multistage mixer-settler apparatus (80). In an- Miscellaneous. The effects of physical properties of liquids and
other plant of this type, specifically adapted to separations with shape of tank on the efficiency of agitation of two insoluble
double-solvent systems, the mixer vessel is relatively large com- liquids were studied in Japan (108); a critical speed above which
pared to the settler (136). Still another mixer-settler apparatus separate layers were effectively dispersed was observed and cor-
was developed specifically for production of quinine sulfate (159). related with system variables. Safety practices in propane
A most interesting tower for the countercurrent contact of refining of fats and oils were outlined (848).
molten metals, or metals with extraction solvents such as molten
slags, is constructed of refractory shapes (139); each stage of BUBBLES AND DROPS
the multistage device consists essentially of small pools of the
The velocity of rise of liquid and gaseous bubbles in liquid media
heavier liquid over which the light liquid flows.
was investigated thoroughly by Smirnov and Ruban (244), who
Techniques. Separation in double-solvent systems in a coun-
were able to express their results in terms of dimensionless
tercurrent, continuous contact tower is improved by maintaining
groups. Over the range of drop Reynolds numtrers 190 to 1000,
a high ratio of heavy to light solvent above the feed point, and a
it was unexpectedly found that the relative velocity of drop and
low ratio below the feed (327); this is accomplished by appro-
continuum was independent of the viscosities of either phase.
priate withdrawals of solution from the column, solvent removal,
Internal circulation within liquid drops falling through water was
and return of the remainder of the solution. By judicious use of
studied visually by an ingenious technique (96): Diffusion of
extract reflux, the heat requirement for stripping the solvent
water into the drop caused a color change owing to the presence
from the extract is said to be greatly reduced (188). A portion of
of cobalt chloride. Internal circulation depends upon the drop
the extract phase is intermediately withdrawn, cooled, and sub-
sequently returned to the tower used by Davis in the refining of
lubricating oils (60). Repeated withdrawal and reintroduction Table 111. Liquid Solubilities
of both extract and raffinate phases along the column are said t o Literature
increase the plate efficiency of a bubble-cap column used for System Reference
extraction from 5 to 10% (110). Where phase contact is brought Furfuryl alcohol-(rapeseed sunflower, tobacco, soybean, (5)
poppy seed, walnut, hemiseed, and olive oils)
about by alternately forcing the immiscible phases through a Water-n-butane (56)
perforated plate either by reciprocating motion of the plate or by Water-nitromethane (63)
Water-(Cd to Cia alcohols) (77)
action of a surge pump, equality of volume of the phases is ensured Aniline-cyclohexane
by recycling or temporary withdrawal of a portion of the liquids
Aqueous salt solutions-(benzene, nitrobenzene, ethylene chlo-
ride)
{%;]
(203). Application of ultrasound t o a spray-tower extraction of
60 INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY Vol. 45, No. 1
Reynolds number, and is influenced by the viscosity of the drop and interfacial tension (34 to 52.7 dynes per cm.) were the major
and the interfacial tension. variables. Results are correlated in terms of dimensionless groups.
Keith and Hixson (142) studied drop formation and the breakup Pratt and coworkers have measured holdup of dispersed phase
of liquid jets in a spray column, using glass nozzles. For each and pressure drop ( 9 7 )and flooding rates ( 6 4 )in packed columns.
system and nozzle a minimum drop size was produced a t a par- The holdup cannot be calculated directly from pressure drop ex-
ticular flow rate. Rate of drop rise and coalescence was also cept in spray columns. Two, sometimes three, flow regimes were
studied. Some Japanese observations are also available (94). observed, and the holdup characteristics of each are described.
I n a very comprehensive work, Lewis, Jones, and Pratt ( 161 ) and Flooding data in 3-inch and 6-inch internal diameter columns of
Pratt and White (210) studied the formation and breakdown of the Elgin type were measured for Raschig rings to 1 inch),
drops flowing through packing in an extraction column, The Lessing rings ("8 t o '/z inch), and Berl saddles to 1 inch).
average diameter of drops leaving a packing is independent of the The correlations of the data did not require inclusion of the vis-
size of those entering and there is a critical packing size above cosity, although this property was varied over the range 0.5 to
which the drop diameter is independent of size and type of pack- 5.7 centipoises. A recent Russian work (140) developed experi-
ing, and of flow rate of dispersed phase up to flooding, although mentally the relation between the linear velocity of flon- of the
not independent of the flow rate of the continuous phase. Re- continuous phase in a packed extraction column and the ratio of
sults are expressed mathematically. volumetric flow rates of the phases, interfacial tensions, viscosity
Steady-state and transient diffusion with chemical reaction and density of the liquids, and packing size.
into moving liquid drops was studied mathematically by Danck-
werts (67). Kronig et al. (160)have continued their mathemati- MASS TRANSFER RATES
cal study of extraction rates from slowly moving drops. I n an
Kandi and Ghosh (199) extracted acetone and benzoic acid
experimental study, West and coworkers (287)found that extrac-
from water with benzene, and the former also with kerosene, in a
tion of acetic acid from benzene drops by water could be in-
creased considerably by the presence of small amounts of the 1.75-inch internal diameter perforated-plate column, Holdup
and mass transfer coefficients, as well as heights of transfer units,
lower molecular weight alcohols. Special attention was given t o
are reported. Increasing the perforation area from 4.5 to 9% of
extraction during the period of free rise and to the presence of
the tower cross section did not influence the extraction rates, but
interfacial barriers to diffusion.
increase in the perforation diameter from '/'e t o inch reduced
E M U L S I O N S AND THEIR S E P A R A T I O N
them. Increased plate spacing reduced the column efficiency.
Plate efficiencies were in the range 1.6 to 17.701, in the benzene-
I n the case of benzene-water emulsions formed in the presence acetone-water system.
of oleic or stearic acids, the formation of oil in water or water in Tink and Roxburgh ($68) extracted glycerol from water by
oil emulsions depends upon the method of agitation and the n-butyraldehyde which reacts prith the glycerol to form a cyclic
temperature (133). Selective wetting of the vessel may also butyral. A 14-stage Scheibel column, 1 inch in diameter, was
determine the type of emulsion formed ( 7 3 ) . Emulsions of used, in which the efficiency of extraction was independent of
water in mineral oil showed marked increase in viscosity beyond rate of agitation, and increased with increase in temperature t o a
50 volume % ' water, with a maximum a t from 72 to 82 volume % maximum a t 30" to 35" C. The column, within limited condi-
of the dispersed phase; beyond this concentration, phase inver- tions, extracted about 10% more glycerol than a single batch
sion occurred (236). extraction allowed to reach equilibrium.
The performance of gravity oil-water separators of the type Seltzer and Williams (234) transferred acetic acid between
used for petroleum refinery wastes is discussed by Giles et al., who water and methyl isobutyl ketone in a spray column 3 inches in
also present design data (101). Ingersoll (130) has presented a internal diameter by 14.5 feet in height. By photographic
thorough literature review on settling of particles lighter than measurements of the drops, it was possible to establish the inter-
water, sedimentation, and design criteria for settling tanks. facial area of contact between phases and to separate the mass
Barton (16) recommends passage of emulsions through a 2-inch transfer coefficient and surface terms, which are customarily re-
bed of glass wool of small fiber diameter a t low velocities for ported as a single quantity. The variation with flow changes in
emulsion separation. Copper or iron turnings and activated the combined term was due largely to variations in the inter-
charcoal are recommended as coalescers ( I ) , and silicone-coated facial area.
fibers are especially effective (120). Retention of gasoline- Feick and Anderson ( 7 8 ) with a 1.44-inch by 36-inch extrac-
sweetening agent dispersions for periods of a t least 7 minutes, a t tion column packed with 1/2-inch lLlcMahon saddles and 3/s-inch
low flow velocities, is effective in their separation (81). Raschig rings extracted benzoic acid and acetic acid from water
with toluene, with and v,-ithout a rapid pulsating agitation of the
F L O W CAPACITIES OF TOWERS liquid contents of the tower. As much as 500% improvement in
A tower, 4.0 inches in internal diameter by 8 feet and of the the extraction coefficient was obtained Kith agitation.
Elgin type, was used by Minard and Johnson (193)t o determine Rubin and Lehman (224) have derived relationships between
the limiting flow characteristics of spray extraction towers. over-all HTU's for extraction in relatively dilute solution which
Rejection of drops from the entry cone, rather than flooding, was permit linear correlations of experimental data. Thus, for any
used as the criterion of flow capacity. Physical properties (vis- system, straight lines are obtained when HTUoc is plotted against
cosity of continuous phase 0.9 to 36 centipoises, specific gravity C with l / D SLS parameter, or against l / D with C as parameter.
difference 0.1 to 0.595, interfacial tension 23 to 44 dynes per cm.) Alternatively, a three-dimensional plot of HTUoc against C and
and orifice diameter (0.04 to 0.228 inch) and numbec (21 t o 97) 1/D yields a surface. I-ITUoc is the over-all height of a transfer
were studied. The square roots of the limiting flow rates were unit, and C and D are the rates of flow of the continuous and
linearly related as in previous packed tower studies, and the final dispersed phases, respectively.
correlation is given in terms of either drop diameter or nozzle
ANALYSIS
characteristics, the latter presumably including the interfacial
tension effect. Holdup data are also reported. Recent Japanese KOresume will be given here of the very extensive applications
work (94)on smaller spray columns (1.15 to 2.22 inches in diam- of liquid extraction to analysis. Attention is called instead t o
eter) of the Elgin design provides additional holdup and flooding the series of thorough reviews by Craig (65), and t o that of
data. Nozzle diameters (0.0197 to 0.197 cm.), specific gravity Irving (131) which deals specifically with applications to inor-
difference (0.075 to 0.1 17), viscosities (0.8 to 300 centipoises), ganic analysis.
 January 1953 INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY 61
PROCESS APPLICATIONS cipitants. Kuhn (151) has prepared a list of all United States re-
Petroleum Processing. A general review wm prepared by fineries producing lubricating oils, together with their capacities
Gester (99). and the nature of their refining processes. The annual solvent
Desulfurization was the subject of many patents. Aqueous consumption is also given.
hydrogen fluoride ( 1 4 3 3 , 100,124, 162), boron trifluoride (164), Clarke (60)has proposed the use of a variety of solvents in the
and fluosulfonic acid ( 4 7 ) comprise the fluorine compounds sug- solvent fractionation of wax-containing mixtures, a t temperatures
gested as extraction agents. Aqueous mercuric acetate preferen- sufficiently high t o ensure the presence of two liquid phases.
tially extracts cyclic sulfides ( 2 1 ) ,although mercaptans may also Fat and Oil Processes. General reviews are provided by
be removed. Polyolefin glycols are effective particularly when Sakurai (228) and Schwitzer (233).
used a t moderately high temperatures (86). Saturated solutions Fatty acids may be extracted from olive oil ( d i g ) , sunflowerseed
of cuprous chloride in a glycol ether remove mercaptans, and the oil (133), and rice oil (226) by aqueous alcohol. Addition of a
reagent may be regenerated by air oxidation, extraction, and polypropylene glycol to aqueous alkali improves this reagent as an
4 reduction (172). Amine sulfonates extract both sulfur com- acid extractant (86). Soybean oil may be extracted with aqueous
pounds and aromatic hydrocarbons (136). The use of aqueous methanol followed by aqueous caustic to remove acids (8). The
sodium hydroxide of progressively increasing strength in a series highly unsaturated fatty acids may be separately recovered from
of extractions (268) is effective for hydrogen sulfide and mercap- propane extracts by first crystallizing the saturated acids (267).
tans. Bolt ( 2 3 ) suggests a scheme for caustic extraction of mer- The soap stock obtained by alkali refining of vegetable oils may
*
captans without destruction of desirable phenols. Caustic soda be fractionated after acidification with a double-solvent system
is also used with wetting agents to reduce emulsification (88). of furfural and naphtha (48); the naphtha retains the sterols.
Many substances have been suggested for use with caustic solu- The fatty acids from linseed oil have been fractionated by two
tions to improve desulfurization: aromatic mercaptans (115), double-solvent systems, petroleum naphtha-furfuraldehyde and
lignin (I%’), polyhydroxybenzenes (42), sulfonated wood tar (9), petroleum-aqueous methanol (68). Linseed oil phosphatides
alkali metal sulfonates (43, naphthenic acids (611), pyridine were fractionated between hexane and aqueous ethyl alcohol
with an oxidizing agent (W), and many others (26, 616, 169). (176).
Details and improvements in the use of caustic methanol solu- Many improvements in the furfural extraction process for vege-
tions have also been revealed ( 2 4 , 3 7 , 149, ,270). Alkanolamines table oils have been described by Freeman (91); these generally
alone (221) and with glycol ethers (184) have also been sug- involve the simultaneous use of petroleum naphtha. Furfural is
gested as solvents for the caustic. Disulfides are first converted also useful in removal of high iodine-number fractions from fish
t o sulfenyl halides, and these extracted with caustic (123). oils (164). Liquefied propane is used simultaneously to de-
Regeneration of spent caustic solution by extraction of the sulfur colorize fats and to provide chilling for crystallization of saturated
has also been proposed (34, 269). Yahnke et al. (292) have materials (162),and to fractionate menhaden oil (67). Recycling
successfully removed mercaptans from light distillate fuels by a part of the residue from a propane extraction can improve the
two-stage extraction with a solvent containing aqueous potassium flow characteristics within the extraction towers (29). Harris and
hydroxide, methanol, and potassium cresylates. Hayward (114) have given extensive details and analyses of a
Aromatic hydrocarbons are separated from the products of process involving leaching of cottonseed flakes with 2-propanol
platforming operations by a glycol-water solution in the new followed by liquid-liquid extraction with hexane. The combined
Udex process. Operating and design data for recovering 500 process produces a greater yield of uniform quality oil than either
’barrels per day of aromatics by this process a t the Eastern States pressing or hexane leaching alone. Refuse palm oil alone or in
Petroleum Co.’s Houston plant have been made available (44, naphtha solution yields a*bleachableproduct when extracted with
914) and another plant t o recover some 400 barrels per day is dilute aqueous mineral acids (10). Sesamin is precipitated from
being built at the Roosevelt Oil and Refinery Corp. in Michigan sesame oil by petroleum ether ( 7 9 ) . Olive oil (231) and colza oil
(45). Improvements in the sulfur dioxide process have been (106) can be fractionated by solvents. Cox (64)has examined the
suggested ( M I ) , and oxydipropionitrile (189), the azeotropic Twitchell process of fat splitting, and has given consideration to
mixture of hydrocarbons with methyl cyanide (66),and the com- the possibilities of using this process in a continuous counter-
plex of boron trifluoride with certain oxygenated compounds current multistage fashion.
(163) were suggested as new solvents for aromatic recovery. The Tall oil may be refined by acidification of the crude soaps in the
last also decolprizes hydrocarbon oils and other natural products presence of hydrocarbons as solvents (116), whence the refined oil
1166). accumulates in the solvent. The rosin and fatty acid components
i Kerosenes, gas oils, and Diesel fuels may be refined with fur- may be separated by preferential esterification and extraction of
fural (6, 6, 17, 179, 180, %@?),liquid sulfur dioxide ( S I ) , and hy- the fatty acids ( 4 9 ) or by fractionation with the double-solvent
drogen fluoride (89, 168). system hydrocarbon-aqueous alkali (6%’). Alternatively, the
In the field of lubricating-oil refining, an experimental demon- saturated fatty acids may be extracted after air oxidation of the
stration of the inability of conventional phase diagrams to permit tall oil (72).
reliable prediction of extraction results was made (93). Hydro- Manufactured Gas Processes. General reviews of methods
gen fluoride, alone (18, 166) and with sulfur dioxide (ZOO), and of removing phenols from gas works effluents were prepared by
fluosulfonic acid (40) were suggested as selective solvents for Smid ( 2 @ ) and Marsden (181). European practice is described
, lubricant refining. Improvements in the furfural refining proc- by Le Paslier (160). Practical experiences with the use of butyl
ess were proposed by Stone (267), and Davis has described acetate as an extraction solvent for phenols, including a discussion
methods for the simultaneous extraction of different charge oils of solvent losses and corrosion problems, are provided by Munder-
in a single system (61). Petroleum residues may be treated
loh (196). T h a t solvent (butyl acetate) and also benzene were
either with furfural or with a 90% solution of cresol in water t o
tried in India (266); benzene will be economical provided steam
give substantially identical results with respect to yield and prop-
erties of the raffinate (98). A long list of double-solvent com- costs are low. Phenol has been successfully removed from
binations has been proposed (197). In propane deasphalting, petroleum refinery accumulator waste by extraction with a mixed
higher yields result if the asphaltic phase, rather than the precipi- solvent containing 66% benzene and 34% fluid catalytic cracker
tant phase, is made continuous (688); separate stages rather than gasoline in a York-Scheibel column (20,46,693). A 99.9% reduc-
continuous contact are suggested by Kiersted (1.48) and other im- tion in phenol content of waste containing 200 p.p.m. phenol is
provements by DeVault (66). Liquefied hydrogen fluoride (11) said to be feasible. The phenol is subsequently removed from the
and di-(p-cyanoethyl) amine ( 4 ) were proposed as asphalt pre- solvent as sodium phenolate. A description of a phenol recovery
62 ' I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMISTRY VoI. 45, No. I

Table IV. Miscellaneous Liquid Extraction Processes

Literature
Separation or Process Solvent Reierence Separation or Process Solvent
Conidendrin from sulfite Halogenated hydrocar- (163) Impurities from furfural Hydrocarbons
liquor bons, etc. Sulfuric acid from sulfonic Concd. hydrochloric acid
Oat oil from oat fermenta- Dichloroethane (894) acids
tion slops Hydroquinone from tars Water-dimethoxybenzene
Hydroxy fatty acids from Pyroligneous acid (273) Fluoroalkanes from perfluoro. Hydrogen fluoride
wood tar alkanes
Color. bodies from wood Naphtha-diethylene gly- (147, 148) Organic acids from hydro- Aqueous ethanolamine
rosin col monoethyl ether carbons
Vanillin from solutions Acetoacetic ester
Butyraldehyde
Oxygenated compounds
from hydrocarbona anol
+
Saponification aq. meth-
Glycerol, sugars, from water
Carbonyl sulfide from hy- Aqueous ethanolamine Oxygenated compounds Ethylene glycol
drocarbons from hydrocarbons
m- from p-xylene Pentane-sulfur dioxide Oxygenated compounds Water, alcohol
Fatty acids from water Tributvl
- uhosuhate-ben-
. . from hydrocarbons
zene Oxveenated comDounds -4q.inorganic salts
Detergents from water n-Butyl alcohol from hydrocarbons
Butanolones from water Butyl acetate Oxygenated compounds .41cohols
Satd. from unsatd. fatty Hydrocarbon-polar sol- from hydrocarbons
acids vent Oxygenated compounds Methanol
Nicotine from water Kerosene from hydrocarbons
Aliuhatic acids from water
Amines from each other
Isophorone
Buffer solution-organic
Oxygenated compounds
from hydrocarbons
Sodium bisulfite + soaps
solvent Oxygenated compounds Aqueous acetic acid
Methyl formate from pro- Aqueous sodium hydrox- from hydrocarbons
pylene oxide ide Aldehydes and ketones Sodium bisulfite solution
Organic acids from water Fatty acids from hydrocarbons
Methyl butyl ketone from Water Alcohols from hydrocarbons Aqueous alcohols
butyl alcohol Iron oxide from hydrocar- Aqueous sodium sulfite
Dicyanodialkyl ethers, sul- Water bons
fides or amines from hy- Thorium from rare earth Water-amyl or butyl al-
drocarbons solutions cohol
Guaiacol and cresols from
wood oil
Benzene Rhenium from water Chloroform +
tetraphenyl-
arsonium chloride
Copper from dicyanobutene Aqueous hydrogen cyanide Cerium from rare earth solu- Tributyl phosphate
Ethyl alcohol from water Aqueous potassium car- tions
bonate Ceric nitrate from aq. nitric Ethyl ether
Organic acids from water Methyl ethyl ketone with acid
Tars from shale oil
isopropyl ether
Liquid ammonia
Zirconium from hafnium
solutions
Benzene
agents
+
chelating
More-from less-satd. com- Perfluorinated hydrocar- Gallium trichloride from Ethyl ether
pounds bons water
Aldehydes from ketones Sodium bisulfite with hy- Various metals from aq. Ethyl ether
drocarbons nitric acid
Secondary from primary Hydrocarbon-water Water from aq. hydrogen Anhydrous liquid hydro-
alkylamines fluoride gen chloride
Nitrated kerosenefrom kero- Nitromethane
sene

process using butyl acetate on water streams and aqueous caustic Some of the processes listed in Table I V pertain t o the separa-
on oils is given (170). tion of metals from aqueous solution. I n this connection, a
Phenols and other tar acids can be recovered from light oils by description of the ether-extraction process for purification of
extraction with aqueous alkali-metal phenolates and extracting uranium, as used by the French Commissariat of Atomic Energy,
the resulting extract with diisopropyl ether or other solvents (71). has become available (75).
T h e resinous phenols in tars were isolated by a series of extractions
LEACHING
with benzene (279), and a discussion of the sulfur dioxide extrac-
tion of such tars is given b y Terres (265). The nitrogen bases are Theoretical and Design Methods. Piret and his coworkers
removed by extraction with solutions of certain acid ammonium (555) have continued their studies of the leaching of soluble ma-
salts (177). terials from porous solids. Equations for unsteady-state diffusion
Pharmaceutical Products. As in previous years, liquid extrac- from solids of various shapes were developed and tested. The
tion has been used considerably in the isolation and manufacture pore-shape factor was again successfully used in these systems.
of antibiotics. Many improvements in the concentration of Mass transfer rates between water and cylindrical tablets of
penicillin and penicillin derivatives have been suggested (52, 69, benzoic acid in a fixed bed were studied in Japan (532). A general
85,103,118,141, 169, 212, 215, 946, 247, 277,289). Other anti- correlation which included new as well as previously published
biotics, such as the familiar streptomycin (199, 263, 276) and data was developed t o relate heights of transfer units, Reynolds
bacitracin (,%?IS), as well as t h e newer reticulin (126),rhodomycin numbers, particle diameters, and fractional voids.
(S2, 2S8), fumagillin (74),griseolutein (276),polymyxin (964), and I n a series of theoretical papers (561), additional Japanese work
quadrifidins ( 7 0 ) are all isolated by extraction operations. on methods of calculation for countercurrent multistage leaching
Estrogens (16) and vasopressin preparations (974) are isolated is reported. Systems in which adsorption of solutes on the solids
in highly potent form by liquid extraction. Vitamin A is ex- may not be neglected and where equilibrium in each stage is not
tracted from fish-liver oils with furfural as solvent (92). Counter- reached are considered, and equations and charts developed.
current distribution analysis of insulin with sec-butyl alcohol and Equipment. Reviews of continuous equipment were provided
aqueous dichloroacetic acid revealed t h e presence of two major by Christiansen (SI@ and Depmer (316). In t h e countercurrent
constituents when 900 stages were employed (119). equipment of Fitts and Lorn (32'3) solid and solvent both pass
Miscellaneous Processes. A large number of processes using through successive containers, with drainage of the solids in each.
liquid extraction as the major separation method have been pro- Means for retaining the solid a t intervals in such devices is pro-
posed, and Table IV lists a representative selection from these. vided by Mueller (847). Alternatively, the solids may be scraped
As in previous years, a large number of these pertain t o the re- from one troughlike container t o another by rotating paddles,
moval of oxygenated compounds from the oily product of hydro- while contacted with counterflowing solvent (SgO). Urff (371 )
carbon syntheses of t h e Fischer-Tropsch type. I n addition t o describes a battery of rotating drums fitted with screens for solid-
these, Souders et al. (208,661) have proposed interesting methods solvent separation. In the leaching of pine wood chips, the hot
for the continuous double-solvent separation of organic acids or spent wood can be completely discharged without handling in the
bases involving repeated adjustment of pH. device suggested by Jones (536). I n the special field of oil seed
 January 1953 INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY 63
leaching, Bonotto’s improvements include a conveyor conduit plied to leaching of sugar from beet cossettes (361) and the re-
equipped with a settler t o free the miscella of fines (303),and a de- sults have been confirmed by application t o experimental data.
vice for drying the spent seed by contact with hot solvent vapors By prescalding the beet cossettes in raw juice, practically no col-
from the miscella and steam (309). Variants of the latter are loids are later pressed from the leached residues (377). Low-
suggested also by Leslie (343). A solvent leg in which a bucket temperature leaching of the beets saves steam and yields a harder
conveyor lifts the leached meal avoids the necessity of unusual pulp of light color and an improved juice (374). Introduction of
valve mechanisms for discharge of solids (996). The Bottaro de- aqueous sulfur dioxide into a low-temperature diffusion battery
vice (356) consists of relatively small pipes each containing a also improved the juice (304). Incidental improvements in the
spiral, and as spiral and pipe rotate the solid and solvent are diffusion battery which can lead to increased efficiency are dis-
moved countercurrently. Separation of fines from miscella on a cussed by several authors (318,360, 366). Experiences with the
continuous basis is accomplished by passing the mixture upwards Hildebrand continuous diffuser in Germany are described (366).
slowly through a series of pipes in parallel, each equipped with a Benzene (376) and paraffin hydrocarbons or chlorinated hydro-
4 small orifice a t the top (367), Improved diffusers for sugar beet carbons (346) are recommended for leaching of cane wax from
leaching are described by Ruth (361) and Diedrichs (317). The sugar cane residues.
most important development in this field appears to be the Miscellaneous Organic Processes. The material precipitated
Oliver-Morton diffuser, consisting of multiple U-shaped cells con- by alcohol from the extract produced during spruce-bark tannin
- taining a mechanical device for transporting the cossettes from
cell to cell ($11). Wet grinding of solids and solvent followed by
leaching has been studied as a function of the tannin content of
the extract (327). Tanning extracts from dried, shredded, and
continuous filtration was proposed as a possible technique for ground canaigre roots are produced by continuous countercurrent
leaching generally (330). Simple laboratory apparatus is de- leaching in a Kennedy apparatus with water (367) or with aqueous
scribed by Napoli and Sch.mall(348). organic solvents in a stationary vat system (368).
Oilseed Processes. A review was prepared by Paquot (363) Liquefied propane serves as a solvent for leaching of flower
and the practical aspects of plant operation are discussed by petals, and the solvent is readily removed and recovered (309).
Brady (306). The Exsolex process, a combined expeller and Pyrethrin solutions are obtained by leaching the dried and
leachingprocedure, is described in detail (319), and a full descrip- ground residue following an initial leach of pyrethrum flowers
tion of the Rotod, an 18-cell percolation leaching device, has been (334). Alcoholic solvents are effective in leaching fatty acids from
given (379). starches (369). Mannitol and laminarin have been leached on a
The use of liquid propane in a continuous countercurrent seed laboratory scale from brown marine algae with acidified methanol
leaching process is proposed by Rubin (360). By heating the (301). Sulfuric acid leaching of seaweed removes iodine, which is
propane miscella, fines are carried down by a precipitated liquid released from the solution by treatment with sodium nitrite (399).
phase (316). Mixtures of certain chlorinated hydrocarbons are Alcoholic leaching of Japanese buckwheat removes rutin, which is
claimed to be noncorrosive and nonpoisonous solvents (376). then readily recovered (310). Gelatin and glue are leached from
Hexane, benzene, ether, acetone, and butanone were compared for skin shreds in a countercurrent system with hot water (326),or by
the leaching of cottonseed (320) in a series of pilot plant tests, alternate leaching with water and a grease solvent (370). Yeast
and while each solvent offered certain advantages, hexane seemed may be defatted in a continuous countercurrent horizontal ap-
best from the over-all point of view. Hexane and hexane-alcohol paratus with Skellysolve-B (806). Other processes reported upon
mixtures were also compared (698): With alcohol present, more include the leaching of cananthrol from Cascara sagrada bark with
extractable material is removed from the cottonseed. Ethyl alco- methanol (349), an antioxidant for vitamin A from rice germ with
hol as a solvent is the principal feature of a proposed process, and benzene and ethyl alcohol (337),pectic substances from vegetable
it provides an oil requiring no further refining (999). The problem matter with aqueous ammonium salts (373), antibiotic substances
of solvent losses, with a discussion of a variety of possible causes, from a variety of fruits and natural products (333),soluble coffee
was considered in detail by Helme (35’8). from ground, roasted coffee (314, 396), and caffeine from tea
A prepilot plant investigation of cottonseed leaching with leaves (369). Methylene chloride at pressures of 100 to 1500
hexane, involving slurrying the seeds, vacuum filtration, and pounds per square inch and moderate temperatures will leach
countercurrent leaching, provides data on filtration rates, con- waxes and oils from ground oil-bearing shales, coals, and lignites
centrations, and extractabilities (368). The process is designed J364).
especially for small plants. Attempts were also made to leach the Inorganic Processes. Alumina is leached from compressed
comminuted whole seed, but the process is satisfactory only if the pellets of kaolin by acids, thereby reducing filter loads; the
first-cut linters have been removed (313). Prewetting of the acid is readily leached from the pellet residues (35’9). Alterna-
cottonseed meats prior to leaching with a hydrocarbon-containing tively, the alumina may be leached first by sulfur dioxide, followed
solvent permits reduction in flake thickness and consequent rapid by sulfuric acid (366). Vanadium is leached from precipitates of
percolation and more effective oil removal (380). lead vanadate produced by lead treatment of the leach liquors
Rice polishings may be leached with aqueous alcohol to remove from soda-ash roasting of chrome ores (364). Tungsten is leached
free fat acids prior to the principal leaching (331). This aolvent from ores in a ball mill with aqueous caustic, thus simultaneously
also yields a satisfactory oil from peanuts, but not from colza releasing the tungsten by pulverization (363). Nickel is leached
seed (346). Methanol or acetone satisfactorily leach egonol from directly from pulverized sulfide ores with strong aqueous am-
ego seed (344). Soybean meal from trichloroethylene leaching is monia in the presence of air ( S I C ) , or from nepouite with inor-
a raw material for the manufacture of soybean protein, which is, ganic acids saturated with an iron salt (338). The optimum con-
in turn, leached from the seed with naphtha (339). Gelling tem- ditions for leaching rare earth metals from monazite sands with
peratures of the water leach of such soybean meals were studied sulfuric acid were established (341). Extensive fundamental
by Arnold and Chen (997). A plant designed t o leach oil from studies on the techniques of leaching gold from its ores with
peanuts in such fashion as to permit the protein of the meal cyanide solutions have been reported upon (308,336). Ozone and
to be used for manufacture of a woollike fiber has been de- a high-frequency electromagnetic field assist the cyanide-gold
scribed (349). leaching (378). Alternatively, activated carbon loaded with gold,
Sugar Processes. The physical and chemical properties of the but little silver, may be leached with caustic cyanide solutions,
raw material which led to the different methods of processing according t o the results of extensive pilot plant studies (381).
sugar cane and sugar beets are discussed by Willcox (379), who Sulfur may be leached from finely powdered ores with carbon
suggests that milling, together with leaching of canes, can in- disulfide (300)or with gas oil (361). Hot toluene will leach sulfur
crease leaching efficiencies nearly 100%. Fick’s law has been ap- from spent gas works oxide (307),and the sulfur can be separated
64 I N D U S T R I A L AND E N G I NEE R I N G CHEMISTRY Vol. 45, No. 1

from the simultaneously removed tar by fractional crystallization Christenson, R. M. (to Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co.), Ibid.,
of the sulfur. 2,573,891 (Nov. 6, 1951).
Christenson, R. M.,and Harpt, R. E. (to Pittsburgh Plate
Glass Co.), Ibid., 2,573,890 (Nov. 6 , 1951).
LITERATURE CITED CIarke, E. W. (to Atlantic Refining Co.), Ibid., 2,541,338-40
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Bul. Stiint. Ser. Mat., Fiz., Chim., 2, 387 (1950). Cox, C. B., T r a m . Inst. Chem. Engrs. (London),27, 123 (1949).
(4) Antle, H. R., U. S.Patent 2,572,583 (Oct. 23, 1950). Craig, L. C . , Anal. Chem., 24, 66 (1952).
(5) Arnold, G., and Kovach, L., Ibid., 2,529,274 (Nov. 7, 1960). Craig, L. C., Hausmann, W., Ahrens, E. H., and Harfenist, E. J.,
(6) Arnold, G. B., and Skelton, W. E. (to Texas Co.), Ibid., 2,567,- Ibid., 23, 1236 (1951).
172 (Sept. 11, 1951). Danckwerts, P. V., Trans. Faraday Soc.. 47, 1014 (1951).
(7) Asselin, G., and Audrieth, L. F. (to U. 9. A., c/o Secy. of the Davies, L. S., and Edwards, IT.G. H., J . Sci. Food Agr., 2, 429,
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(8) Ayers, A. L., Ibid.,2,561,330 (July 24, 1951). Davies; M.,-Jones, P., Patnaik, D., and Moelwyn-Hughes, E.
(9) Ayers, G. W., and Harton, E. E. (to Pure Oil Co.), Ibid., A., J . Chem. SOC.,1951, 1249.
2,529,670 (Nov. 14, 1950). Davis, H. R. (to Lummus Co.), U. S. Patent 2,468,044 (April
(10) Babayan, V. K., Ibid., 2,587,954 (March 4, 1952). 26, 1949).
(11) Badertscher, D. E., and King, W. H. (to Socony-Vacuum 011 Ibid., 2,492,787 (Dee. 27, 1949).
Co.), Ibid., 2,546,916 [March 27, 1951). Davis, J. W..and Suurlin. H. hI. (to Hercules Powder Co.).
(12) Badgett, C. O., IND. ENG.CHEW,43, 2370 (1951). Ibid.. 2.558.543 i J k e 2s. 19511.
(13) Badisohe Anilin und Soda-Fabrik, French Patent 953,774 (Dee. Dawson, L. R., and Griffith, E. J:, Trans. Kentucky Acad. Sci.,
13. 1949). 13, 137 (1951).
(14) Barieau, R. E. (to California Research Corp.), U. S. Patent Dell, F. R., and Pratt. H. R. C., Trans. Inst. Chem. Engrs.
2,584,248 (Feb. 5, 1952). (London), 29, 89 (1951).
(15) Barton, P.D. (to Sun Oil Co.), Ibid., 2,588,794 (March 11, Denton, W. I., and Bishop, R. B. (to Socony-Vacuum Oil Co.),
1952). U. S. Patent 2.463.479 (March 1. 1949).
(16) Bates, R. W., and Cohen, H. (to E. R. Squibb and Sons), Ibid., DeVault, A. N. ’(to Phillips Petroleum C o . ) , Ibid., 2,527,404
2,565,115 (Aug. 21, 1951). (Oct. 24,1950).
(17) Beavon, D. K. (to Texas Co.), Ibid., 2,526,722 (Oct. 24, 1950). Dickinson, N. L., and Meyers, J. M., J . Am. Oil Chemists’ SOC.,
(18) Benedict, B. C. (to Phillips Petroleum Co.), Ibid., 2,590,490 29, 235 (1952).
(March 25, 1952). Dobson, F., and Randall, S. S.,Biochem ,J., 49, 399 (1951).
(19) Bergmann, E. D. (to Polymerisable Products, Ltd.), Ibid., Dobson, J., Gudgeon, H., and Leigh, T. (toImperial Chemical
2,560,921 (July 17, 1951). Industries, Ltd.), Brit. Patent 654,255 (June 13, 1951).
(20) BieN, J. A., paper presented a t Purdue Industrial Waste Con- Doery, H. M . , Gardner, J. F., Burton, H. S., and Abraham,
ference, May 7, 1952. E. P., Antibiotics & Chemotherapy, 1, 409 (1951).
(21) Birch, S.F., and Mc.4llan, D. T., J . Inst. Petroleum, 37, 443 Doughty, E. W.,Murray, J. V., and Fales, J. D. (to Union
(1951). Carbide and Carbon Corp.), U. S. Patent 2,595,516 (May 6,
(22) Bock, R., and Bock, E., 2. anorg. u. allgent. Chem., 263, 146 1952).
(1960). Dunlap, L. H., and Sievert, C. F. (to Armstrong Cork Co.),
(23) Bolt, J. A. (to Standard Oil Co. of Indiana), U. S. Patent Ibid., 2,565,484 (Aug. 28, 1951).
2.457.975 [Jan. 4. 1949). Dvoretskaya, R. M., Kolloid Zhur., 13, 432 (1951).
(24) Bond, D. C. ito Pure Oil Co.), Ibid., 2,535,833 (Dec. 26, 1950). Eble, T. E., and Hanson, F. R., Antibiotics & Chemotherapy, 1,
(25) Ibid., 2,589,663 (March 18, 1952). 54 (1951).
(26) Bono, D., and Brusset, H., Bull. soc. chim.France, 1951, 568. Eichner, C., Goldschmidt, B., and Vertes, P., Bull. soc. chim.
(27) Boobar. M. G., Kerschner, P. M., Struck, R. T.. Herbert, S. A., France, 1951, 140.
Gruver, IT.L., and Kinney. C. R.. IND.ENG.CHEW..43. Engel, L. L., Slaunwhite, W. R., Carter, P., and Olmsted, P. C.,
2922 11951). J . Biol. Chem., 191, 621 (1951).
(28) Braae, B. (to Aktiebolaget Separator), Swed. Patent 132,138 Erichsen, L., Brennstof-Chem., 33, 166 (1952).
(July 3, 1951). Feick, G . , and Anderson, H. AI., IND.ENC.CHEM.,44, 404
(29) Brabets, R. I. (to Swift and Co.), U. S.Patent 2,596,066 (May (1952).
6, 1952). Feinstein, L., and Rengel, S.J., U. S.Patent 2,557,956 (June 6,
(30) Brancker, A. V., Ind. Chemist, 27, 243 (1951). 1951).
(31) Brandon, R. C. (to Standard Oil Development Co.), U. S . Fenske, M. R., and Tegge, B. R. (to Standard Oil Develop-
Patent 2,560,330 (July 10, 1951). ment Co.), Ibid., 2,580,010 (Dec. 25, 1951).
(32) Brockman, H., Bauer, K., and Borchers, I., Chem. Ber., 84, Ferguson, L. L. (to Socony-Vacuum Oil Co.), Ibid., 2,462,810
700 (1951). (Feb. 22, 1949).
(33) Brooke, L. F., Holm, M. M., and Elliott, L. P. (to California Ferris, S. W., Lamson, E. R., and Smith, D. M. (to Atlantic
Research Corp.), U. S. Patent 2,465,964 (March 29, 1949). Refining Co.), Ibid., 2,472,578 (June 7, 1949).
(34) Brooks, J. A., Krause, J. H., Tom, T. B., and Fragen, N. (to Finn, R. K. (to Merck & Co., Inc.), Ibid., 2,563,779 (dug. 7,
Standard Oil Co. of Indiana). Ibid.. 2.556.414 (June 12.1951). 1951).
(35) Brooks, W. B., Gibbs, G. B., and McKetta, J. J.; Petroleum Re- Fischer, W., and Jubermann, O., Chem. Ing. Tech., 23, 298
finer,30, No. 10, 118 (1951). (1951).
(36) Browder, J. G., and Smith, A. R. (to Standard Oil Develop- Floyd, C. M. (to Standard Oil Development Co.), U. S.Patent
ment Co.), U. S.Patent 2,565,349 (Aug. 21, 1951). 2,514,997 (July 11, 1950).
. , Brown. K. M.. and Johnstone, W. W. (to Ziniversal Oil Prod-
(37) Folzenlogen, R. G . (to Buckeye Cotton Oil Co.), Ibid., 2,563,-
ucts Co.), Ibid., 2,549,052 (April 17, 1951). 327-8 (Aug. 7, 1951).
(38) Burton, W. P., and McGrath, H. G. (to M. IV. Kellogg Co.), Fortess, F., Rosenthal, -4.J., and White, B. B. (to Celanese
Ib;d., 2,568,717 (Sept. 25, 1951). Corp. of America), Ibid., 2,572,128 (Oct. 23. 1951).
(39) Calkins, W. H. (to E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.), Ibid., 2,- Foster Wheeler, Ltd., Brit. Patent 659,740 (Oct. 24, 1951).
557,258 (June 19, 1951). Fragen, N. (to Standard Oil Co. of Indiana), U. S. Patent
(40) Carnell, P. H. (to Phillips Petroleum Co.), Ihid., 2,538,293 2,525,813 (Oct. 17, 1950).
(Jan. 16, 1951). Francis, A. W , in “Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Com-
(41) Casarico, A., Ann. chim. (Rome), 41, 199 (1951). pounds,” A. Siedell and W. F. Linke, eds., Suppl. to 3rd ed.,
(42) Cauley, S. P. (to Socony-Vacuum Oil Co.), U. S.Patent 2,468,- New York, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1952.
701 (April 26, 1949).
(43) Champagnat, A. (to Soc. g8n. des huiles de p8trole), Ibid., Freeman, S. E. (to Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co.), U. S.Patents
2,481,570 (Sept. 13, 1949). 2,573,896, 2,573,898-900 (Nov. 6, 1951).
(44) Chem. Eng., 59, No. 5, 242 (1952). Freeman, S. E., and Gloyer, S.W. (to Pittsburgh Plate Glass
(45) Chem. Eng. News, 29, 4817 (1951). Go.), Ibid., 2,573,897, 2,573,902 (Nov. 6, 1951).
(46) Ibid., 30, 2060 (1952). Freund, M., and Vamos, A,, Erdol u. KohZe, 5, 283 (1952).
(47) Chenicek, J. A. (to Universal Oil Products Co.), U. S.Patent Fujita, S., Todokoro, X., and Tanizawa, E., Chem. E ~ Q .
2,486,519 (Nov. 1, 1949). ( J a p a n ) , 15, 164 (1951).
 January 1953 I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMISTRY 65
(95) Gallo, S. G., and Hartvigsen (to Standard Oil Development (141) Kanzawa, T., Kawai, H., and Ho, T., Ann. Repts. Takeda Re-
Co.), U. S. Patent 2,562,783 (July 31, 1951). search Lab., 9, 57 (1950).
(96) Garner, F. H., and Skelland, A. H. P., Inst. Chem. Engrs. (142) Keith, F. W., and Hixson, A. N., paper presented to AM. CHEM.
(London), Conf. on Mixing and Agitation in Liquid Media, SOC., Buffalo, N, Y., March 23, 1952.
p. 37, July 17, 1951. (143) Kiersted, W. (to Texaco Development Co.), U. S. Patent
(97) Gayler, R., and Pratt, H. R. C., Trans. Inst. Chem. Engrs. 2,500,757 (March 14, 1950).
(London), 29, 110 (1951). (144) King, C. C., and Dickinson, N. L. D. (to M. W. Kellogg Co.),
(98) Geschwind, O,, Naftu, 6, 20 (1950). Ibid., 2,552,564 (May 15, 1951).
(99) Gester, G. C., Advances in Chem. Ser., No. 5 , 177 (1951). (145) Klinkenberg, A,, Chem. Eng. Sci., 1, 86 (1951).
(100) Giachetto, J. J., Snuggs, J. F., and Bock, J. A. (to Standard Oil (146) Klinkenberg, A., Lauwerier, H. A., and Reman, G. H., Ibid.,
Co. of Indiana), U. S. Patent 2,532,492 (Dec. 5, 1950). 1, 93 (1951).
(101) Giles, R. N., Scheineman, F. W., Nicholson, C. T., and Austin, (147) Knox. W. G.. and Cunninsham. - G. L.. U. S. Patent 2.573.454
R. J., Sewage and I n d . Wastes, 23, 281 (1951). (Oct. 30, 1951).
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Faraday SOC.,47, 437 (1951). 1951).
e
(103) Goldman, L. (to American Cyanamid Co.), U. S. Patent 2,547,- (149) Krause, J. H., and Tom, T. B. (to Standard Oil Co. of In-
640 (April 3, 19513. diana), Ibid., 2,560,178 (July 10, 1951).
(104) Golumbic, C., Anal. Chem., 23, 1210 (1951). (150) Kronig, R., van der Veen, B., and Ijzerman, P., Appl. Sci.
(105) Golumbic, C., and Goldbach, G., J . Am. Chem. Soc., 73, 3966 Research, A3, 103 (1951).
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. (106) Gordon,. E., Congr. tech. intern. ind. peintures et inds. ussoc.,
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(152) Lacey, F. E., and Leaders, W. M. (to Swift & Co.), U. S. Patent
2,552,797 (May 15, 1951).
(107) Gregory, J. D., and Craig, L. C., Ann. N. Y . Acad. Sci., 53, (153) Lackey, H. B. (to Crown Zellerbach Corp.), Ibid., 2,577,470
1015 (1951). (Dec. 4, 1951).
(108) Griffin, E. L., Phillips, G., Claffey, J. B., Skalamera, J. J., and (154) Lamo, M. A. de, Montequi, R., and Doadrio, A., Pubs. inst.
Strolle, E. O., IND. ENG.CHEM.,44, 274 (1952). qu‘int. “Alonao Barba” (Madrid), 4, 295 (1950).
(109) Griswold, J., West, R. V., and McMillin, K. K., Chem. Eng. (155) Lathe, G. H., and Ruthven, C. R. J., Biochem. J., 49, 540
Progress, Symposium Ser., 48, No. 2, 62 (1952). (1951).
(110) Hanson, G. H. (to Phillips Petroleum CO.), U. S. Patent 2,564,- (156) Lauer, G. G., and Pratt, R. S. (to M. W. Kellogg Co.), U. S.
970 (Aug. 21, 1951). Patent 2,540,129 (Feb. 6, 1951).
(111) Hanson, 0. M., and Linn, C. B. (to Universal OiI Products Co.), (157) Leaders, W. M., and Lacey, F. E., Ibid., 2,576,841 (Nov. 27,
Ibid., 2,594, 554 (April 29, 1952). 1951).
(112) Harfenist, E. J., and Craig, L. C., J . Am. Chem. SOC.,73, 877 (158) Lee, R.‘J., and Drennan, P. S. (to Pan American Refining Co.),
.-
11951).
-,
(113) Harner, H. R., paper presented to Electrochemical Society,
Ibid., 2,575,718 (Nov. 20, 1951).
(159) Leighton, N. G., Univ. Pontificia Bolivar, 16, 68 (1951).
Philadelphia, May 4, 1952. (160) Le Paslier, R., Compt. rend. congr. ind. gaz, L y o n , 66, 219
(114) Harris, W. D., and Hayward, J. W., Bull. Am. Mech. ColE. (1949).
T a u s , 6, No. 9 (1950). (161) Lewis, J. B., Jones, I., and Pratt, H. R. C., Trans. Inst. Chem.
(115) Hart, J. A., Hollis, L. N., and Randolph, J. W. (to Socony- Engrs. (London), 29, 126 (1951).
Vacuum Oil Co.). U. 5. Patent 2.460.227 (Jan. 25. 1949). (162) Lien, A. P., and Evering, B. L., IND.ENG.CHEM.,44, 874
(116) Hasselstrom, T., and Stoll, M. (to National Distillers Products I (1952).
Corp.), I b g . , 2,575,013 (Nov. 13, 1951). (163) Lien, A. P., and Evering, B. L. (to Standard Oil Co. of Indiana),
(117) Haul, R., Rust, H. H., and Lutzow, J., Naturwissenschaften, 37, U. S. Patent 2,495,850 (Jan. 31,.1950).
523 (1950). (164) Ibid., 2,495,851.
(118) Heathcote, C. W., and Rettew, G. R. (to Wyeth, Inc.), U. S. (165) Lien, A. P., Evering, B. L., and Haecki, F. W. (to Standard
Patent 2,562,715 (July 31, 1951). Oil Co. of Indiana), Ibid., 2,564,071 (Aug. 14, 1951).
(119) Henry, R., and Sorba, R., Bull. soc. chim. biol., 33, 1612 (1951). (166) Lien, A. P., Evering, B. L., and Shoemaker, B. H. (to Standard
(120) Hersberger, A. B. (to Atlantic Refining Co.), U. S. Patent Oil Co. of Indiana), Ibid., 2,495,852 (Jan. 31, 1950).
2,556,722 (June 12, 1951). (167) Lindenberg, B. A., J. chim. phys., 48, 350 (1951).
(121) Heas, H. V., and Arnold, G. B. (to Texas Co.), Ibid., 2,558,557 (168) Loran, M. R., and Guth, E. P., J . Am. Pharm. Assoc., 40,465
(June 26, 1951). (1951).
. , Hibbard. R. R.. and Veatch. F. (to Standard Oil Co. of Ohio).
1122) I .
(169) Lovens Kemiske Fabrik Ved A. Kongsted, Danish Patent
I W . , 2,464,576 (Maroh 15, 1949). 72,434 (April 23, 1951).
(123) Himel, C. M. (to Phillips Petroleum Co.), Ibid., 2,503,486 (170) Lowenstein-Lom, V., Petroleum, 15, 154,160 (1952).
(April 11, 1950). (171) Luten, D. B., and Benedictis, A. (to Shell Development Co.),
(124) Holm, M. M., Brooke, L. F., and Berlenbach, B. E. (to Cali-
fornia Research Corp.), Ibid., 2,479,238 (Aug. 16, 1949). U. S. Patent 2,527.017 (Oct. 24, 1950).
(125) Holmes. F. E.. Anal. Chem.. 23, 935 (1951). (172) McBride, J. A,, and Carney, S. C. (to Phillips Petroleum Co.),
(126) Hosoya, S., Solda, M., Komatsu, N:, Fujimoto, H., Sonoda, Ibid., 2,503,627 (April 11, 1950).
Y., and Arai, R., J . Antihiotics ( J a p a n ) , 4, 222 (1951). (173) Macdonald, J. Y.. Mitchell. K. M.. and Mitchell, A. T. S.. J .
(127) Huffman, E. H., and Beaufait, L. J. (to U.S.A., c/o Atomic Chem. Soc., 1951, 1574.
Energy Commission), U. S. Patent 2,566,665 (Sept. 4, 1951). (174) McGrath, H. G., Passino, H. J., and Rubin, L. C. (to M. W.
(128) Hughes, H. E., and Maloney, J. O., C h m . Eng. Progress, 48, Kellogg Co.), U. S. Patent 2,571,151 (Oct. 16, 1951).
192 (1952). (175) McGuire, T. A., and Earle, F. R., J . Am. Oil Chemists’ SOC.,28,
(129) Ikeda, H., and Ikeda, H., J . Sci. ResearchInst. ( T o k y o ) ,45, 161 328 (1951).
(1951). (176) McKay, H. A. C., and Mathieson, A. R., Trans. Faraday SOC.,
(130) Ingersoll, A. C., Petroleum Refiner, 30, No. 6, 106 (1951). 47, 428 (1951).
(131) Irving, H. M., Quart. Revs. (London), 5, 200 (1951). (177) McKinnis, A. C. (to Union Oil Co. of California), U. S. Patent
(132) Isemura, T., and Tachibana, R., M e m . Inst. Sci. Ind. Research 2,518,353 (Aug. 8, 1950).
Osaka Univ., 6 , 54 (1948); 7, 97, 104 (1950); Chem. Re- (178) Maloney, J. O., Dept. Chem. Eng., Univ. of Kansas. publ. by
searches ( J a p a n ) , 9, 159, 198 (1951). author, September 1951.
(133) Jaky, M., Mezdgazdasdg 0 Ipar, 3, No. 11/12, 8 (1949). (179) Manley, R. E. (to Texas Co.), U. S. Patent 2,475,147 (July 6,
1949). .
~

(134) Johnson, A. B., and Condit, D. H. (to California Research

Corp.), U. S. Patent 2,594,311 (April 29, 1952). (180) Ibid., 2,507,861 (May 16, 1950).
(135) Johnson, C. E., and Harban, A. A. (to Standard Oil Co. of In- (181) Marsden, A., Gas World, 133, 524, 653, 672 (1951).
diana), Ibid., 2,522,618 (Sept. 19, 1950). (182) Mavity, J. M. (to Universal Oil Products Co.), U. S.Patent
(136) Johnson, J. D. A. (to Beecham Research Labs., Ltd.), Brit. 2,564,911 (Aug. 21, 1951).
Patent 663,876 (Dec. 27,1951); U. S. Patent 2,599,836 (June (183) Mayland, B. J., and White, E. E. (to Phillips Petroleum Co.),
10, 1952). Ibid., 2,484,305 (Oct. 11, 1949).
(137) Johnson, K. C. (to U.S.A., c / o Atomic Energy Commission), (184) Meadows, J. L., and Martin, J. N. (to Texas Co.), Ibid., 2,546,-
U. 9. Patent 2,549,609 (April 17, 1951). 345 (March 27, 1951).
(138) Jones, H. E., and Grigsby, W. E., IND.ENG. CHEM.,44, 378 (185) Medcalf, E. C., and Sisco, W. E. (to American Cyanamid Co.),
(1952). Ibid., 2,568,159-60 (Sept. 18, 1951).
(139) Jordan, J. F., U. S. Patent 2,572,489 (Oct. 23, 1951). (186) Meijering, J. L., Philips Research Repts., 6, 183 (1951).
(140) Kafarov, V. V., and Planovskaya, M. A., Zhur. Priklad. Khim., (187) Mercer, K. K., and Catterall, W. E., U. S. Patent 2,588,268
24, 624 (1951). (March 4, 1952).
66 1NDUSTRIA.L AND E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMISTRY Vol. 45, No. 1
(188) Mertslin, R. V., and Parkacheva, V. V.. Zhur. Obschel Khim., (238) Shockman, G., and Waksman, S. A., Antibiotics & Chemo-
20, 1929 (1950). therapy, 1, 68 (1951).
(189) Metcalf, E . C., Hill, A. G., and Vriens, G. N., Petroleum Re- (239) Short, J. F., and Twigg, G. H., IND.ENQ. CHEY.,43, 2932
finer,30, No. 7, 97 (1951). (1951).
(190) Michael, V. F. (to Stanolind Oil and Gas Co.), U. S. Patent (240) Shurter, R. A. (to Commercial Solvents Corp.), U. S. Patent
2,544,562 (March 6, 1951). 2,597,755 (May 20, 1952.)
(191) Ibid., 2,555,553 (June 5, 1951). (241) S.I.F.E.M., French Patent 965,206 (Sept. 6, 1950).
(192) Miller, S. A., Bann, B., and Ponsford, A. P., J. Applied Chem., (242) Skelton, W. E., and Arnold, G. B. (to Texas Co.), U. e. Patents
1, 523 (1951). 2,534,382-3 (Dee. 19, 1950).
(193) Minard, G. W., and Johnson, A. I., Chem. Eng. Progress, 48, 62 (243) Smid, J., Paliva, 31, 35 (1951).
(1952). (244) Smirnov, N. I., and Ruban, V. L., Zhur. Priklad. I<hi?n., 22,
(194) Mitchell, R. L., and McNair, TV. T. (to Celanese Corp. of 1068 (1949).
America), U. S. Patent 2,550,847 (May 1, 1951). (245) Smith, E. F., and Voorhees, V. (to Standard Oil Co. of Indiana),
(195) Morrell, C. E., and McAteer, J. H. (to Standard Oil Develop- U. S. Patent 2,568,095 (Sept. 18, 1951).
ment Co.), Ibid., 2,569,384-5 (Sept. 25, 1951). (246) Smith, E. L., and Bide, -4.E. (to Glaxo Laboratories, Ltd.),
(196) Munderloh. H.. Erdol u . Kohle. 4. 177 (1951). Ger. Patent 805,669 (May 25, 1951).
(197j Myers, H. C. (to Socony-Vacuum Oil Co:), U.‘S. Patent 2,582,- (247) Smith, E. L.. Bide, A. E., and Graham, W. (to Glaxo Laboia-
883 (Jan. 15, 1952). tories, Ltd.), Ibid., 805,770 (hlay 28, 1951).
(198) Nagata, S., Yoshioka, N., Yokayama, T., and Teramoto, D., (248) Soap Sanit. Chemicats, 28, No. 4, 54, 173 (1952).
Trans. Soc. Chem. Engrs. ( J a p a n ) , 8 , 43 (1950). (249) Solomon, E. (to M. JV. Kellogg Co.), U. 5. Patent 2,567,244
(199) Nandi. S. K.. and Ghosh, S. K.. J . I n d i a n Chem. Soc.. I n d . & (Sept. 11, 1951).
News Ed., 13, 93, 103, 108 (1950). (250) Sorenson, N. A,, and Mehlum, J., Norw. Patent 77,094 (June
(200) Nash, M. E. (to Phillips Petroleum Co.), U.S. Patent 2,538,321 11, 1951).
(Jan. 16, 1951). (251) Souders, M. (to Shell Development Co.), U. S. Patent2,556.228
(201) Newton, G. G. F., and Abraham, E. P., Nature, 169,69 (1952). (June 12, 1951).
(202) N. V. de Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij, Dutch Patent (252) Ibid., 2,562,068 (July 24, 1951).
67,932 (May 15, 1951). (253) Standard Oil Development Co., Brit. Patent 664,525 (.Jan. 9,
(203) Ibid.. 68.805 (Oot. 15. 1951). 1952).
(204j Oth&r,’D. F., Chudgar, &I. XI., and Levy, S. L., IND. ENG. (254) Stansly, P. G., Shepherd, R. G., and Winterbottom, R. (to
CHEM.,44, 1872 (1952). American Cyanamid Co.), Ibid., 656,897 (Sept. 5 , 1951).
(205) Othmer, D. F., and Thukar, M. S., Ibid., 44, 1654 (1952). (255) Steams, R. F. (to Standard Oil Development Co.), U. S.Patent
(206) Oualline, C. M., and Van V’inkle, A., Ibid., 44, 1668 (1952). 2.569.391 (Seut. 25. 1961).
(207) Palm. J. W.. and Kina. J. A. (to Cities Service Oil Co.). ,. U. S. (256) Steita, A., and‘Barnes, D.‘K. (to Stanolind Oil BS Gas Co.),
Patent 2,563,739 (Lug. 7, 1951). Ibid., 2,568,522 (Sept. 18, 1951).
(208) Pierotti, G. J., French, F. A., and Souders, M. (to Shell De- (257) Stone, C. AM.(to Texas Co.), Ibid., 2,472,499 (June 7, 1949).
velopment Co.), Ibid., 2,556,213 (June 12, 1951). (258) Stratton, C. A. (to Phillips Petroleum Co.), Ibid.. 2,478.603
(209) Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Brit. Patent 658,967 (Oct. 17, (Aug. 9, 1949).
1951). (259) Stripling, J. B. (to Socony-Vacuum Oil Co.), Ibid., 2,515,141
(210) Pratt, H. R. C., and White, A. S., Chemistry & Industry, 1952, (Julv 11. 19501.
. I ,

358. (260) Sumarokow, V. P., and Klinskikh, E. V., Zhur. Priklad. Ilhim.,
(211) Pure Oil Co., Brit. Patent 656,837 (Sept. 5, 1951). 22, 1087 (1949).
(212) Rawlins, A. L., and Crooks, H. M. (to Parke, Davis BS Co.), (261) Ibid., 23, 675 (1950).
C. S.Patent 2,577,762 (June 19, 1951). (262) Tagami. K.. Uemura. M.. and Kamamura, H., Japan. Patent
(213) Regna, P. P., and Solomons, I. A. (to Chas. Pfiaer & Co., Inc.), 177,769 (Feb. 15, 1949).
Ibid., 2,556,375 (dune 12, 1951). (263) Tanaka, M.,Yonehara, H., Soda, T., and Sumiki, Y., J . Anti-
(214) Resen, F. L.,OiZGasJ., 50, No. 43, 55 (1952). biotics (Japan), 4, Suppl. A, 20 (1951).
(215) Rhodehamel, H. W. (to Eli Lilly & Co.), U. S. Patent 2,567,679 (264) Templeton, C. C., and Daly, L. K., J . Am. Chem. Soc., 73,
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(216) Ricards, H. A., and Ryder, J. W. (to Standard Oil Develop- (265) Terres, E., Festschr. Paul Schliipfer, 1950, 161.
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(217) Rigamonti, R., Vaccarino, C., and Duzzi, A., Chimica e i n d m - (267) Tink, R. R., Neish, A. C., Spencer, E. Y . , and Roxburgh, J.
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(218) Rius, A., and’crespi, M.‘ A., Anales realsoc. espafi. fds. qul‘m., (268) Tink, R. R., and Roxburgh, J. hf., Ibid., 29, 269 (1951).
47B, 243 (1951). (269) Tom, T. B., and Bolt, J. A. (to Standard Oil Co. of Indiana),
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(221) Rosenstein, I,. (to Texaco Development Corp.), U. S. Patent (271) Tomita, S.,et al., Japan. Patent 172,914 (June 22, 1946).
2,575,602 (Dee. 11, 1951). (272) Treybal, R. E., IND.ENG.CHEM.,44, 53 (1952).
(222) Rottig, W. (to Ruhrchemie -4.-G.), Ibid., 2,581,712 (Jan. 8 , (273) Tuchmann, W., Swed. Patent 132,773 (Sept. 4, 1951).
1952). (274) Turner. R. A.. Price. 5. G.. and du Vimeaud. - V.. J . Bid. Chem..
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191,21 (1951).
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(1951). (275) Umezawa, H., Hayano, S., RIalda, K., Osata, Y . , and Okami,
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AECD-3030 (Sept. 12, 1950). (276) Umeaawa, H., Osato, Y., Utahara, R., Yakishita, IC,, and
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(229) Saletore, S. A., RIene, P. S.,and Warhadpande, U. R., Trans. (279) Vahrman, M., Fuel, 30, 288 (1951).
I n d i a n Inst. Chem. Engrs., 2, 1948-49, 16. (280) Von Berg, R. L., and Wiegandt, H. F., C h m . Eng., 59, No. 6 .
(230) Sandborn, L. T. (to Crossett Lumber Co.), U. S. Patent 2,573,- 189 (1952).
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J . Am. Chem. Soc., 74, 1778 (1952). (283) Walker, S. W., and Michael, V. F. (to Stanolind Oil BS Gas Co.),
(233) Schwitaer, M. K., “Continuous Processing of Fats,” London, Brit. Patent 655,690 (Aug. 1, 1951).
Leonard Hill, 1951. (284) Warf, J. C. (to U.S.A., c/o Atomic Energy Commission), U. S.
(234) Seltzer, S., and Williams, C. B., paper presented to Am. Inst. Patent 2,564,241 (hug. 14, 1951).
Chem. Engrs., Atlanta, Ga., March 19, 1952. (285) Way, E. L., and Bennett, B. M., J.Biol. Chem., 192,335 (1951).
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587 (June 26, 1951). Patent 2,538,220 (Jan. 16, 1951).
January 1953 I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N GC H E M I S T R Y 61
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(290) Wrightson, J. M. (to M. W. Kellogg Co.), Ibid., 2,583,620 (Jan. (334) Jernakoff, M. A., Bott, G. H., and Sankusky, N. A. (to Stand-
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(342) Lee, J., and Berger, L. (to Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc.), U. S.
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Centre d'6tudes et de recherches techniques du petrole, des (358) Reider, R. M., Turkot, V. A., Eskew, R. K., and Macpherson-
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