Surface Roughness and Sample Coating (AFM and SEM) : Project 3
Surface Roughness and Sample Coating (AFM and SEM) : Project 3
Surface Roughness and Sample Coating (AFM and SEM) : Project 3
Surface roughness and sample coating
(AFM and SEM)
June, 2013
Table of Contents
Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................... 2
Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 3
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 3
2. Experimental Details ........................................................................................................................... 4
2.1. Experimental setup .......................................................................................................................... 5
2.2. Sample observation without coating ............................................................................................... 5
2.3. Coating the sample .......................................................................................................................... 6
2.4. Sample observation with coating .................................................................................................... 6
3. Results and Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 6
3.1. AFM characterization ....................................................................................................................... 6
3.2. SEM characterization ....................................................................................................................... 7
4 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................................... 8
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Abstract
Imaging tools such as scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) can
be used to produce high‐resolution topographic images of specimens and hence are well suited for
imaging surface roughness of investigated sample. We have studied the SEM and AFM technique for
investigation of surface roughness and the effect of platinum and golden coating on roughness. It
was seen that this types of coating are favourable for investigated sample.
1. Introduction
Surface texture is an important issue when the main interest is to understand the nature of material
surfaces and it plays an important role in the functional performance of many engineering
components. The American National Standards Institute’s B46.1 specification defines surface texture
as the repetitive or random deviation from the normal surface that forms the three dimensional
topography of a surface. Before 1990’s the measurement of sample surface was obtained by a
contact stylus profiler (Whitehouse et al., 1975) that had limitations including a large stylus radius, a
large force and low magnification in the plane and may have misrepresented the real surface
topography owing to the finite dimension of the stylus tip (Vorburguer & Raja, 1990).
On the ultramicroscopic scale of surface, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been developed to
obtain a three‐dimensional image of a material surface on a molecular scale. This method was
invented by Binning, Quate, and Gerber, and has become an important tool for imaging surfaces.
In AFM, a sharp tip at the end of a cantilever is scanned over a surface. While scanning, surface
features deflect the tip and thus the cantilever. By measuring the deflection of the cantilever, a
topographic image of the surface can be obtained. With sufficient sensitivity in the spring deflection
sensor, the tip can reveal surface profiles with subnanometer resolution. In other word, AFM uses a
cantilever probe tip to detect weak forces on a specimen.
While the cantilever moves in the x‐y direction, the pointed end of the cantilevered probe can either
make contact with the specimen surface or function in a non‐contact mode. In contact mode, the
scanner moves along the x‐y direction and detects the extremely small repulsion forces between the
probe and the surface of the specimen and moves up and down vertically following the shape of the
surface. All the data can be collected by using lasers, piezo electric sensors or photoelectric sensors.
The piezo electric sensors send a voltage to a transducer whenever a movement from the cantilever
is made. The photoelectric sensor is able to measure movements based on changes in the incident
angle made by cantilever movements. The principle of the laser works in the same manner as the
photoelectric sensor. Specimens can be observed in non‐contact, tapping, and contact mode. Only in
contact mode or in a state of strong repulsive forces, can the highest resolution be achieved (Bai
1999).
Also a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) can be used for imaging surface roughness. Using this
method it is possible to get some more realistic image about the surface roughness. A SEM is a type
of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning it with a focused beam of
electrons. The electrons interact with atoms in the sample, producing various signals that can be
detected and that contain information about the sample's surface topography and composition. The
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electron beam is generally scanned in a raster scan pattern, and the beam's position is combined
with the detected signal to produce an image.
SEM can achieve resolution better than 1 nanometre. Specimens can be observed in high vacuum,
low vacuum and in environmental SEM specimens can be observed in wet conditions. The most
common mode of detection is by secondary electrons emitted by atoms excited by the electron
beam. The number of secondary electrons is a function of the angle between the surface and the
beam. On a flat surface, the plume of secondary electrons is mostly contained by the sample, but on
a tilted surface, the plume is partially exposed and more electrons are emitted. By scanning the
sample and detecting the secondary electrons, an image displaying the tilt of the surface is created.
Role of coating is also very important for studying the surface roughness. Different methods can
sometimes destroy the sample and the coating can be made to prevent samples from damage. From
the other side, the coating has a finite thickness and some roughness itself, which may sometimes
cover the smallest details of the sample and lead to false interpretations.
In this project work, the surface roughness of a modern microcontroller was examined.
Microcontrollers are small computers used in many different electrical devices, such as mobile
phones, cars, measurement devices, and many others. The microcontroller examined was based on
ARM‐technology, which is nowadays used for example in mobile phones, tablet computers and cars.
The smallest manufactured details in modern microcontrollers are as small as 22 nanometres. In this
project we studied the surface roughness of Atmel SAM3‐microcontroller, which is presented in
Figure 1.
Figure 1. An image of an Atmel SAM3 –microcontroller.
Because of the high density and small size of the details in the microcontroller, it is essential to know
the surface roughness of the device. Semiconductor devices are manufactured in clean rooms and
they are extremely sensitive to impurities, so everything inside the semiconductor device should be
as smooth and clear as possible. To study the surface roughness of the sample, AFM and SEM
techniques were used.
2. Experimental Details
The examined integrated circuit was packaged into a plastic pack. The encapsulation material around
the silicon chip was removed using a hot air gun and wrenches. Hot air makes the plastic package
fragile and thus easy to remove. The encapsulation removing process is presented in Figure 2.
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Figure 2. Process of taking two small pieces of sample for observation: the plastic packaging was removed around the semiconductor
chip using a hot air gun and wrenches.
Figure 3. The used Zeiss SIGMA VP electron microscope (left) and Veeco Dimension 5000 AFM (right).
In the AFM imaging, the tapping mode was used to prevent the damage to the sample surface. The
used tip was an Al‐coated silicon AFM tip (NSC 15/AIBS, MicroMasch, Estonia) with a tip radius of 10
nm.
The imaging parameters for the SEM were 2 kV accelerating voltage, 30 μm aperture standard size,
and 4.8 mm working distance. Secondary electron detector was used to produce the image.
The aim of the project was to study the surface roughness of the sample. Characterization was done
in three main steps: first the samples were measured without coating with both AFM and SEM, after
that the samples were coated and measured again with AFM and SEM.
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To image samples with AFM, some high precision preparations had to be made. The small cantilever,
which included the scanning tip, was installed to the cantilever holder. After that, the software was
started and all the software preparations neatly made as described in the device user manual.
Imaging with SEM also required some preparations. The sample was positioned on special device
specific sample holder. The electron gun and the vacuum pump were switched off to open the
specimen chamber. The sample was inserted into the chamber and the door closed. After that a
vacuum was pumped to the chamber and the gun switched on. The sample was moved inside the
microscope using the motorized sample holder. When the interesting area of the sample was found
the lenses were aligned to focus the image and a high quality image saved using the microscope user
interface.
Figure 4. The sample without coating imaged with AFM.
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Figure 5. The samples with platinum (left) and gold (right) coating imaged with AFM.
From the figures 4 and 5 we can see that the coating makes the smooth silicon surface rougher. The
z‐scale in the figures is the same, so we can see the increase of the roughness due to the coating. It
is hard to analyse the actual thickness of the coating from the 3D AFM images. However, it can be
seen that the smoothness of the original silicon chip was covered with the metal particles of the
coating.
Figure 6. SEM‐images of the samples 1 (a) and 2 (b) before coating.
During imaging the samples without coating, some charging was noticed. At some parts of the
sample, charging even destroyed the sample a little. Also is noticed that on smooth surfaces are
positioned bigger parts of microcontroller construction which make main roughness of sample
surface.
After coating, it was possible to increase the magnification. Because no charging effect was
detected, it was possible to increase the magnification up to 60 000. At the magnification levels of
about 60 000 it was possible to detect the coating layer, which was not smooth but deposited in the
form of small islands. Figures 8 and 7 show the SEM images of the coated sample.
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Figure 7. SEM images of the sample with gold coating (left) and platinum coating (right).
Figure 8. SEM images of the sample with gold coating in higher magnification. Smooth surfaces become rough because of the presence
of golden particles on the surface of the sample.
Because the imaged sample was very smooth, the coating did not cover the small details of the
surface. Because the coating did not cover the details of the sample, coating suits very well for the
samples like semiconductors.
4 Conclusions
From this work can be concluded that AFM technique is very nice technique for observation of
surface roughness. It gives very nice 3D images of the surface of the sample and based on the height
and phase images the height of the surface roughness can be observed. It was seen that SEM is also
a very useful technique. Using SEM, it is possible to get realistic image of the surface roughness fast
and easily.
During SEM observation some charging problems were noticed. This was very gently solved using
platinum and gold coating. From SEM and AFM images can be concluded that the coating was very
favourable for observation of surface roughness of the examined Atmel SAM3 ‐microcontroller.
The surface of the examined microcontroller was very smooth. The smallest details in the sample
were about 500 nm size, so the coating did not cover the interesting structures and details of the
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sample. Because the coating did not cover the details of the sample, coating suits very well for the
samples like semiconductors.
Normally the thickness of the coating is 5 to 20 nanometers. The roughness of the coating also varies
between coating materials, which can be seen from the Figure 7. However, because the examined
sample was very smooth, in our case the roughness of the coating material did not have an effect to
the imaging results.
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