Government Girls’ Polytechnic, Bilaspur

Class: IT 6th sem

Name of the Lab: Networking Lab
Title of the Practical : Client server lab
Teachers Assessment: 20 End Semester Examination:
50

EXPERIMENT NO:-1

1. OBJECTIVE :- To create a table named customer using CREATE command

having First_Name
Last_Name,Address , City ,Country ,Birth_Date in SQL.

2. HARDWARE & SYSTEM SOFTWARE REQUIRED :-Windows Xp and later

version.

3. SOFTWARE REQUIRED :- Oracle 8i.

4. THEORY :- Tables are the basic structure where data is stored in the database.
Given that in most cases, there is no way for the database vendor to know
ahead of time what your data storage needs are, chances are that you will need
to create tables in the database yourself. Many database tools allow you to
create tables without writing SQL, but given that tables are the container of all
the data, it is important to include the CREATE TABLE syntax.

The SQL syntax for CREATE TABLE is

CREATE TABLE "table_name"

("column 1" "data_type_for_column_1",
"column 2" "data_type_for_column_2",
... )

5. CODING (IF REQUIRED) :-

CREATE TABLE customer(First_Name char(50),Last_Name char(50),Address

char(50),City char(50),Country char(25),Birth_Date date)

Client server Lab Manual:6th semester(IT) 1

 6. PROGRAM INPUTS & OUTPUT :-Input to this code is written in coding
statement . Output will be a table look like this given below.

First_Na Last_Na Addre Ci Count Birth_D

me me ss ty ry ate

7. OBSERVATIONS :- This command to create table will only make the

structure of the table.

Client server Lab Manual:6th semester(IT) 2

 EXPERIMENT NO:- 2

1. OBJECTIVE :- To insert values into the table named Store_Information using

INSERT INTO command.

2. HARDWARE & SYSTEM SOFTWARE REQUIRED :-Windows Xp and later

version.

3. SOFTWARE REQUIRED :- Oracle 8i.

4. THEORY :- SQL, there are essentially basically two ways to INSERT data into
a table: One is to insert it one row at a time, the other is to insert multiple rows
at a time. Let's take a look at each of them individually:

The syntax for inserting data into a table one row at a time is as follows:

INSERT INTO "table_name" ("column1", "column2", ...)

VALUES ("value1", "value2", ...)

Assuming that we have a table that has the following structure,

Table Store_Information

Column Name Data Type

store_name char(50)
Sales float
Date datetime

and now we wish to insert one additional row into the table representing the sales data for
Los Angeles on January 10, 1999. On that day, this store had $900 in sales. We will
hence use the following SQL script:

INSERT INTO Store_Information (store_name, Sales, Date)

VALUES ('Los Angeles', 900, 'Jan-10-1999')

5. CODING (IF REQUIRED) :-

INSERT INTO Store_Information (store_name, Sales, Date)

VALUES ('Los Angeles', 900, 'Jan-10-1999')

6. PROGRAM INPUTS & OUTPUT :-Input to this code is written in coding

statement . Output will be a table look like this given below.

Client server Lab Manual:6th semester(IT) 3

 Store_Name Sales Date
Los Angeles 900 'Jan-10-1999'

7. OBSERVATIONS :- This command to create table will only make the structure
of the table.

Client server Lab Manual:6th semester(IT) 4

 EXPERIMENT NO:- 3

1. OBJECTIVE :- To Use ALTER Table command in different ways such as to

add , modify columns, rows etc.

2. HARDWARE & SYSTEM SOFTWARE REQUIRED :-Windows Xp and later

version.

3. SOFTWARE REQUIRED :- Oracle 8i.

4. THEORY :- Once a table is created in the database, there are many occasions
where one may wish to change the structure of the table. In general, the SQL
syntax for ALTER TABLE is

ALTER TABLE "table_name"

[alter specification]

[alter specification] is dependent on the type of alteration we wish to perform. We list a

number of common changes below:

ALTER TABLE Add Column

The SQL syntax for ALTER TABLE Add Column is

ALTER TABLE "table_name"

ADD "column 1" "Data Type"

Let's look at the example. Assuming our starting point is the "customer" table created in
the CREATE TABLE section:

Table customer

Column Name Data Type

First_Name char(50)

Last_Name char(50)

Address char(50)

Client server Lab Manual:6th semester(IT) 5

City char(50)

Country char(25)

Birth_Date date

5. CODING (IF REQUIRED) :- Our goal is to add a column called "Gender". To do this,
we key in:

MySQL:
ALTER TABLE customer ADD Gender char(1);

Oracle:
ALTER TABLE customer ADD Gender char(1);

SQL Server:
ALTER TABLE customer ADD Gender char(1);

6. PROGRAM INPUTS & OUTPUT :-Input to this code is written in coding statement .
Resulting table structure:

Table customer

Column Name Data Type

First_Name char(50)
Last_Name char(50)
Address char(50)
City char(50)
Country char(25)
Birth_Date date
Gender char(1)

Note that the new column Gender becomes the last column in the customer table

Client server Lab Manual:6th semester(IT) 6

7.OBSERVATIONS :- This command to alter table is used to add another column
in table structure.

Client server Lab Manual:6th semester(IT) 7

 EXPERIMENT NO:- 4

1. OBJECTIVE :- To Update a table named Store_information using UPDATE

command .

2. HARDWARE & SYSTEM SOFTWARE REQUIRED :-Windows Xp and later

version.

3. SOFTWARE REQUIRED :- Oracle 8i.

4. THEORY :- Once there's data in the table, we might find that there is a need to
modify the data. To do so, we can use the UPDATE command. The syntax for
this is

UPDATE "table_name"
SET "column_1" = [new value]
WHERE {condition}

For example, say we currently have a table as below:

Table Store_Information

store_name Sales Date

Los Angeles $1500 Jan-05-1999
San Diego $250 Jan-07-1999
Los Angeles $300 Jan-08-1999
Boston $700 Jan-08-1999

and we notice that the sales for Los Angeles on 01/08/1999 is actually $500 instead of
$300, and that particular entry needs to be updated. To do so, we use the following SQL
query:

5. CODING (IF REQUIRED) :-

UPDATE Store_Information SET Sales = 500 WHERE store_name = "Los

Angeles" AND Date = "Jan-08-1999"

6. PROGRAM INPUTS & OUTPUT :-Input to this code is written in coding

statement . Output will be a table look like this given below. The resulting table
would look like

Table Store_Information

store_name Sales Date

Client server Lab Manual:6th semester(IT) 8

 Los Angeles $1500 Jan-05-1999
San Diego $250 Jan-07-1999
Los Angeles $500 Jan-08-1999
Boston $700 Jan-08-1999

7. OBSERVATIONS :- This command to update table will only make updation in

particular row or multiple rows.

Client server Lab Manual:6th semester(IT) 9

Client server Lab Manual:6th semester(IT) 10
 EXPERIMENT NO:- 5

1. OBJECTIVE :- To delete a record from table Store_information using DELETE

FROM command.

2. HARDWARE & SYSTEM SOFTWARE REQUIRED :-Windows Xp and later

version.

3. SOFTWARE REQUIRED :- Oracle 8i.

4. THEORY :- Sometimes we may wish to use a query to remove records from a

table. To do so, we can use the DELETE FROM command. The syntax for this
is

DELETE FROM "table_name"

WHERE {condition}

It is easiest to use an example. Say we currently have a table as below:

Table Store_Information

store_name Sales Date

Los Angeles $1500 Jan-05-1999
San Diego $250 Jan-07-1999
Los Angeles $300 Jan-08-1999
Boston $700 Jan-08-1999

5. CODING (IF REQUIRED) :-

And we decide not to keep any information on Los Angeles in this table. To accomplish
this, we type the following SQL:

DELETE FROM Store_Information

WHERE store_name = "Los Angeles"

6. PROGRAM INPUTS & OUTPUT :-Input to this code is written in coding statement .
Now the content of table would look like,

Table Store_Information

store_name Sales Date

San Diego $250 Jan-07-1999

Client server Lab Manual:6th semester(IT) 11

Boston $700 Jan-08-1999

7. OBSERVATIONS :- This command is used whwnever we want to delete any

data fram a table giving certaib condition in WHERE Clause..

Client server Lab Manual:6th semester(IT) 12

 EXPERIMENT NO:- 6

1. OBJECTIVE :- To create a view of the table named customer using the

CREATE VIEW command.

2. HARDWARE & SYSTEM SOFTWARE REQUIRED :-Windows Xp and later

version.

3. SOFTWARE REQUIRED :- Oracle 8i.

4. THEORY :- Views can be considered as virtual tables. Generally speaking, a

table has a set of definition, and it physically stores the data. A view also has a
set of definitions, which is build on top of table(s) or other view(s), and it does
not physically store the data.

The syntax for creating a view is as follows:

CREATE VIEW "VIEW_NAME" AS "SQL Statement"

Let's use a simple example to illustrate. Say we have the following table:

TABLE Customer(First_Name char(50),Last_Name char(50), Address char(50),

City char(50),
Country char(25),Birth_Date date)

and we want to create a view called V_Customer that contains only the First_Name,
Last_Name, and Country columns from this table, we would type in

5. CODING (IF REQUIRED) :-

CREATE VIEW V_Customer AS SELECT First_Name, Last_Name,

CountryFROM Customer

Now we have a view called V_Customer with the following structure:

View V_Customer (First_Name char(50), Last_Name char(50),Country char(25))

6. PROGRAM INPUTS & OUTPUT :-Input to this code is written in coding statement .
We can also use a view to apply joins to two tables. In this case, users only see one view
rather than two tables, and the SQL statement users need to issue becomes much simpler.
Let's say we have the following two tables:

Table Store_Information

store_name Sales Date

Client server Lab Manual:6th semester(IT) 13

 Los Angeles $1500 Jan-05-1999

San Diego $250 Jan-07-1999

Los Angeles $300 Jan-08-1999

Boston $700 Jan-08-1999

Table Geography

region_name store_name
East Boston
East New York
West Los Angeles
West San Diego

and we want to build a view that has sales by region information. We would issue the
following SQL statement:

CREATE VIEW V_REGION_SALES

AS SELECT A1.region_name REGION, SUM(A2.Sales) SALES
FROM Geography A1, Store_Information A2
WHERE A1.store_name = A2.store_name
GROUP BY A1.region_name

This gives us a view, V_REGION_SALES, that has been defined to store sales by region
records. If we want to find out the content of this view, we type in,

SELECT * FROM V_REGION_SALES

Result:

REGION SALES
East $700
West $2050

7.OBSERVATIONS :- This command is used to create a view of the table without

taking the entire structure of the Parent table.

Client server Lab Manual:6th semester(IT) 14

 EXPERIMENT NO:- 7

1. OBJECTIVE :- To Study different Aggregate functions of SQL.

2. HARDWARE & SYSTEM SOFTWARE REQUIRED :-Windows Xp and later

version.

3. SOFTWARE REQUIRED :- Oracle 8i.

4. THEORY :- Since we have started dealing with numbers, the next natural
question to ask is if it is possible to do math on those numbers, such as summing
them up or taking their average. The answer is yes! SQL has several arithematic
functions, and they are:

• AVG: Average of the column.

• COUNT: Number of records.

• MAX: Maximum of the column.

• MIN: Minimum of the column.

• SUM: Sum of the column.

The syntax for using functions is,

SELECT "function type" ("column_name") FROM "table_name"

5. CODING (IF REQUIRED) :- 1. AVERAGE FUNCTION - SQL uses the AVG()

function to calculate the average of a column. The syntax for using this function is,

SELECT AVG("column_name") FROM "table_name"

For example, if we want to get the average of all sales from the following table,

Table Store_Information

store_name Sales Date

Los Angeles $1500 Jan-05-1999
San Diego $250 Jan-07-1999
Los Angeles $300 Jan-08-1999
Boston $700 Jan-08-1999

Client server Lab Manual:6th semester(IT) 15

we would type in
SELECT AVG(Sales) FROM Store_Information
Result:

AVG(Sales)
$687.5

$687.5 represents the average of all Sales entries: ($1500 + $250 + $300 + $700) / 4.

2. COUNT FUNCTION -Another arithmetic function is COUNT. This allows us to

COUNT up the number of row in a certain table. The syntax is,

SELECT COUNT("column_name")
FROM "table_name"

For example, if we want to find the number of store entries in our table,

Table Store_Information

store_name Sales Date

Los Angeles $1500 Jan-05-1999
San Diego $250 Jan-07-1999
Los Angeles $300 Jan-08-1999
Boston $700 Jan-08-1999

we'd key in

SELECT COUNT(store_name) FROM Store_Information

Result:

Count(store_name)
4

COUNT and DISTINCT can be used together in a statement to fetch the number of
distinct entries in a table. For example, if we want to find out the number of distinct
stores, we'd type,

SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT store_name) FROM Store_Information

Result:

Client server Lab Manual:6th semester(IT) 16

Count(DISTINCT store_name)
3

3. MAX FUNCTION - SQL uses the MAX function to find the maximum value in a
column. The syntax for using the MAX function is,

SELECT MAX("column_name") FROM "table_name"

For example, if we want to get the highest sales from the following table,

Table Store_Information

store_name Sales Date

Los Angeles $1500 Jan-05-1999
San Diego $250 Jan-07-1999
Los Angeles $300 Jan-08-1999
Boston $700 Jan-08-1999

we would type in
SELECT MAX(Sales) FROM Store_Information

Result:

MAX(Sales)
$1500

$1500 represents the maximum value of all Sales entries: $1500, $250, $300, and $700.

4. MIN FUNCTION -SQL uses the MIN function to find the maximum value in a
column. The syntax for using the MIN function is,

SELECT MIN("column_name") FROM "table_name"

For example, if we want to get the lowest sales from the following table,

Table Store_Information

store_name Sales Date

Los Angeles $1500 Jan-05-1999
San Diego $250 Jan-07-1999

Client server Lab Manual:6th semester(IT) 17

Los Angeles $300 Jan-08-1999
Boston $700 Jan-08-1999

we would type in
SELECT MIN(Sales) FROM Store_Information

Result:

MIN(Sales)
$250

$250 represents the minimum value of all Sales entries: $1500, $250, $300, and $700.

5. SUM FUNCTION -The SUM function is used to calculate the total for a column. The
syntax is,

SELECT SUM("column_name")FROM "table_name"

For example, if we want to get the sum of all sales from the following table,

Table Store_Information

store_name Sales Date

Los Angeles $1500 Jan-05-1999
San Diego $250 Jan-07-1999
Los Angeles $300 Jan-08-1999
Boston $700 Jan-08-1999

we would type in

SELECT SUM(Sales) FROM Store_Information

Result:

SUM(Sales)
$2750

$2750 represents the sum of all Sales entries: $1500 + $250 + $300 + $700.

6. PROGRAM INPUTS & OUTPUT :-Input to this code is written in coding

statement . Output is shown in the coding section for each functions.

Client server Lab Manual:6th semester(IT) 18

8. OBSERVATIONS :- This aggregate functions are used when calculations are
to be peerformed.

Client server Lab Manual:6th semester(IT) 19

 EXPERIMENT NO:- 8

1. OBJECTIVE :- To study different constraints in SQL.

2. HARDWARE & SYSTEM SOFTWARE REQUIRED :-Windows Xp and later

version.

3. SOFTWARE REQUIRED :- Oracle 8i.

4. THEORY :- You can place constraints to limit the type of data that can go into a
table. Such constraints can be specified when the table when the table is first
created via the CREATE TABLE statement, or after the table is already
created via the ALTER TABLE statement.

Common types of constraints include the following:

NOT NULL Constraint: Ensures that a column cannot have NULL value.
DEFAULT Constraint: Provides a default value for a column when none is
specified.
UNIQUE Constraint: Ensures that all values in a column are different.
CHECK Constraint: Makes sure that all values in a column satisfy certain
criteria.
Primary Key Constraint: Used to uniquely identify a row in the table.
Foreign Key Constraint: Used to ensure referential integrity of the data.

5. CODING (IF REQUIRED) :- 1. NOT NULL Constraint-

By default, a column can hold NULL. If you not want to allow NULL value in a column,
you will want to place a constraint on this column specifying that NULL is now not an
allowable value.

For example, in the following statement,

CREATE TABLE Customer (SID integer NOT NULL, Last_Name varchar (30)
NOT NULL, First_Name varchar(30));

Columns "SID" and "Last_Name" cannot include NULL, while "First_Name" can
include NULL.

An attempt to execute the following SQL statement,

INSERT INTO Customer (Last_Name, First_Name) values ('Wong','Ken');

will result in an error because this will lead to column "SID" being NULL, which violates
the NOT NULL constraint on that column.

Client server Lab Manual:6th semester(IT) 20

2. DEFAULT Constraint -The DEFAULT constraint provides a default value to a
column when the INSERT INTO statement does not provide a specific value. For
example, if we create a table as below:

CREATE TABLE Student (Student_ID integer Unique, Last_Name varchar (30),

First_Name varchar (30), Score DEFAULT 80);

and execute the following SQL statement,

INSERT INTO Student (Student_ID, Last_Name, First_Name) values

('10','Johnson','Rick');

The table will look like the following:

Student_ID Last_Name First_Name Score

10 Johnson Rick 80

Even though we didn't specify a value for the "Score" column in the INSERT INTO
statement, it does get assigned the default value of 80 since we had already set 80 as the
default value for this column.

3. UNIQUE Constraint-The UNIQUE constraint ensures that all values in a column are
distinct.

For example, in the following CREATE TABLE statement,

CREATE TABLE Customer (SID integer Unique, Last_Name varchar (30),

First_Name varchar(30));

column "SID" has a unique constraint, and hence cannot include duplicate values. Such
constraint does not hold for columns "Last_Name" and "First_Name". So, if the table
already contains the following rows:

SID Last_Name First_Name

1 Johnson Stella
2 James Gina
3 Aaron Ralph

Executing the following SQL statement,

INSERT INTO Customer values ('3','Lee','Grace');

Client server Lab Manual:6th semester(IT) 21

will result in an error because '3' already exists in the SID column, thus trying to insert
another row with that value violates the UNIQUE constraint.

Please note that a column that is specified as a primary key must also be unique. At the
same time, a column that's unique may or may not be a primary key. In addition, multiple
UNIQUE constraints can be defined on a table.

4. CHECK Constraint-The CHECK constraint ensures that all values in a column

satisfy certain conditions. Once defined, the database will only insert a new row or update
an existing row if the new value satisfies the CHECK constraint. The CHECK constraint
is used to ensure data quality.

For example, in the following CREATE TABLE statement,

CREATE TABLE Customer (SID integer CHECK (SID > 0), Last_Name varchar
(30), First_Name varchar(30));

Column "SID" has a constraint -- its value must only include integers greater than 0. So,
attempting to execute the following statement,

INSERT INTO Customer values ('-3','Gonzales','Lynn');

will result in an error because the values for SID must be greater than 0.

Please note that the CHECK constraint does not get enforced by MySQL at this time.

A primary key is used to uniquely identify each row in a table. It can either be part of the
actual record itself , or it can be an artificial field (one that has nothing to do with the
actual record). A primary key can consist of one or more fields on a table. When multiple
fields are used as a primary key, they are called a composite key.

5. PRIMARY KEY Constraint -Primary keys can be specified either when the table is
created (using CREATE TABLE) or by changing the existing table structure (using
ALTER TABLE).

Below are examples for specifying a primary key when creating a table:

MySQL:
CREATE TABLE Customer (SID integer, Last_Name varchar(30), First_Name
varchar(30),
PRIMARY KEY (SID));

Client server Lab Manual:6th semester(IT) 22

Oracle:
CREATE TABLE Customer (SID integer PRIMARY KEY, Last_Name
varchar(30), First_Name varchar(30));

SQL Server:
CREATE TABLE Customer (SID integer PRIMARY KEY, Last_Name
varchar(30), First_Name varchar(30));

Below are examples for specifying a primary key by altering a table:

MySQL:
ALTER TABLE Customer ADD PRIMARY KEY (SID);

Oracle:
ALTER TABLE Customer ADD PRIMARY KEY (SID);

SQL Server:
ALTER TABLE Customer ADD PRIMARY KEY (SID);

Note: Before using the ALTER TABLE command to add a primary key, you'll need to
make sure that the field is defined as 'NOT NULL' -- in other words, NULL cannot be an
accepted value for that field.

6. FOREIGN KEY Constraint :-A foreign key is a field (or fields) that points to the
primary key of another table. The purpose of the foreign key is to ensure referential
integrity of the data. In other words, only values that are supposed to appear in the
database are permitted.

For example, say we have two tables, a CUSTOMER table that includes all customer
data, and an ORDERS table that includes all customer orders. The constraint here is that
all orders must be associated with a customer that is already in the CUSTOMER table. In
this case, we will place a foreign key on the ORDERS table and have it relate to the
primary key of the CUSTOMER table. This way, we can ensure that all orders in the
ORDERS table are related to a customer in the CUSTOMER table. In other words, the
ORDERS table cannot contain information on a customer that is not in the CUSTOMER
table.

The structure of these two tables will be as follows:

Client server Lab Manual:6th semester(IT) 23

Table CUSTOMER

column name characteristic

SID Primary Key
Last_Name
First_Name

Table ORDERS

column name characteristic

Order_ID Primary Key
Order_Date
Customer_SID Foreign Key
Amount

In the above example, the Customer_SID column in the ORDERS table is a foreign key
pointing to the SID column in the CUSTOMER table.

Below we show examples of how to specify the foreign key when creating the ORDERS
table:

MySQL:
CREATE TABLE ORDERS (Order_ID integer, Order_Date date, Customer_SID
integer, Amount double, Primary Key (Order_ID), Foreign Key (Customer_SID)
references CUSTOMER(SID));

Oracle:
CREATE TABLE ORDERS (Order_ID integer primary key, Order_Date date,
Customer_SID integer references CUSTOMER(SID), Amount double);

SQL Server:
CREATE TABLE ORDERS (Order_ID integer primary key, Order_Date
datetime, Customer_SID integer references CUSTOMER(SID), Amount double);

Below are examples for specifying a foreign key by altering a table. This assumes that the
ORDERS table has been created, and the foreign key has not yet been put in:

MySQL:
ALTER TABLE ORDERS ADD FOREIGN KEY (customer_sid) REFERENCES
CUSTOMER(SID);

Client server Lab Manual:6th semester(IT) 24

Oracle:
ALTER TABLE ORDERS ADD (CONSTRAINT fk_orders1) FOREIGN KEY
(customer_sid) REFERENCES CUSTOMER(SID);

SQL Server:
ALTER TABLE ORDERS ADD FOREIGN KEY (customer_sid) REFERENCES
CUSTOMER(SID);

6. PROGRAM INPUTS & OUTPUT :-Input to this code is written in coding

statement . Output is given in the coding section.

7. OBSERVATIONS :- This command are used to limit any table so that the
wrong data canot be inserted.

Client server Lab Manual:6th semester(IT) 25

 EXPERIMENT NO:-9

1. OBJECTIVE :- To study DROP and TRUNCATE Command in SQL.

2. HARDWARE & SYSTEM SOFTWARE REQUIRED :-Windows Xp and later

version.

3. SOFTWARE REQUIRED :- Oracle 8i.

4. THEORY :- 1. DROP TABLE STATEMENT:- Sometimes we may decide that

we need to get rid of a table in the database for some reason. In fact, it would be
problematic if we cannot do so because this could create a maintenance
nightmare for the DBA's. Fortunately, SQL allows us to do it, as we can use the
DROP TABLE command. The syntax for DROP TABLE is

DROP TABLE "table_name"

2.TRUNCATE TABLE STATEMENT -Sometimes we wish to get rid of all the data in
a table. One way of doing this is with DROP TABLE, which we saw in the last section.
But what if we wish to simply get rid of the data but not the table itself? For this, we can
use the TRUNCATE TABLE command. The syntax for TRUNCATE TABLE is

TRUNCATE TABLE "table_name"

5. CODING (IF REQUIRED) :-

So, if we wanted to drop the table called customer that we created in the CREATE
TABLE section, we simply type

DROP TABLE customer.

So, if we wanted to truncate the table called customer that we created in SQL CREATE
TABLE, we simply type,

TRUNCATE TABLE customer

6.PROGRAM INPUTS & OUTPUT :-Input to this code is written in coding

statement . Output is the deletion of the entire table from database for DROP and
only the Table data for TRUNCATE.

Client server Lab Manual:6th semester(IT) 26

7.OBSERVATIONS :- This commands are very useful when we want to delete
entire table and if we only want to delete the data of table not the structure of the
rable we will use TRUNCATE command.

Client server Lab Manual:6th semester(IT) 27

 EXPERIMENT NO:-10

1. OBJECTIVE :- To study Substring function in SQL.

2. HARDWARE & SYSTEM SOFTWARE REQUIRED :-Windows Xp and later

version.

3. SOFTWARE REQUIRED :- Oracle 8i.

4. THEORY :- 1. DROP TABLE STATEMENT:- The Substring function in SQL is

used to grab a portion of the stored data. This function is called differently for
the different databases:

MySQL: SUBSTR(), SUBSTRING()

Oracle: SUBSTR()
SQL Server: SUBSTRING()

The most frequent uses are as follows (we will use SUBSTR() here):

SUBSTR(str,pos): Select all characters from <str> starting with position <pos>. Note
that this syntax is not supported in SQL Server.

SUBSTR(str,pos,len): Starting with the <pos>th character in string <str> and select the
next <len> characters.

Assume we have the following table:

Table Geography

region_name store_name
East Boston
East New York
West Los Angeles
West San Diego

5. CODING (IF REQUIRED) :-

1. SELECT SUBSTR(store_name, 3) FROM Geography WHERE store_name =

'Los Angeles';

2. SELECT SUBSTR(store_name,2,4) FROM Geography WHERE store_name =

'San Diego';

6.PROGRAM INPUTS & OUTPUT :-Input to this code is written in coding

statement . Output –

Client server Lab Manual:6th semester(IT) 28

1. Result: 's Angeles'

2. Result: 'an D'

7.OBSERVATIONS :- This commands are very useful when we want to get a

portion of the statements.

Client server Lab Manual:6th semester(IT) 29