Wear Testing With A Pin-on-Disk Apparatus: Standard Test Method For
Wear Testing With A Pin-on-Disk Apparatus: Standard Test Method For
Wear Testing With A Pin-on-Disk Apparatus: Standard Test Method For
for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: G99 − 17
1. Scope priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure for bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
determining the wear of materials during sliding using a 2. Referenced Documents
pin-on-disk apparatus. Materials are tested in pairs under
nominally non-abrasive conditions. The principal areas of 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
experimental attention in using this type of apparatus to E178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations
measure wear are described. The coefficient of friction may G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
also be determined. G117 Guide for Calculating and Reporting Measures of
Precision Using Data from Interlaboratory Wear or Ero-
1.2 This test method standard uses a specific set of test sion Tests (Withdrawn 2016)3
parameters (load, sliding speed, materials, etc.) that were then 2.2 DIN Standard:4
used in an interlaboratory study (ILS), the results of which are DIN 50324 Testing of Friction and Wear
given here (Tables 1 and 2). (This satisfies the ASTM form in
that “The directions for performing the test should include all 3. Summary of Test Method
of the essential details as to apparatus, test specimen, 3.1 For the pin-on-disk wear test, two specimens are re-
procedure, and calculations needed to achieve satisfactory quired. One, a pin with a radiused tip, is positioned perpen-
precision and bias.”) Any user should report that they “fol- dicular to the other, usually a flat circular disk. A ball, rigidly
lowed the requirements of ASTM G99,” where that is true. held, is often used as the pin specimen. The test machine
1.3 Now it is often found in practice that users may follow causes either the disk specimen or the pin specimen to revolve
all instructions given here, but choose other test parameters, about the disk center. In either case, the sliding path is a circle
such as load, speed, materials, environment, etc., and thereby on the disk surface. The plane of the disk may be oriented
obtain different test results. Such a use of this standard is either horizontally or vertically.
encouraged as a means to improve wear testing methodology. NOTE 1—Wear results may differ for different orientations.
However, it must be clearly stated in any report that, while the
3.1.1 The pin specimen is pressed against the disk at a
directions and protocol in Test Method G99 were followed (if
specified load usually by means of an arm or lever and attached
true), the choices of test parameters were different from Test
weights. Other loading methods have been used, such as
Method G99 values, and the test results were therefore also
hydraulic or pneumatic.
different from the Test Method G99 results. This use should be
described as having “followed the procedure of ASTM G99.” NOTE 2—Wear results may differ for different loading methods.
All test parameters that were used in such case must be stated. 3.2 Wear results are reported as volume loss in cubic
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as millimetres for the pin and the disk separately. When two
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this different materials are tested, it is recommended that each
standard. material be tested in both the pin and disk positions.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.3 The amount of wear is determined by measuring appro-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the priate linear dimensions of both specimens before and after the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear the ASTM website.
3
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.40 on Non- The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
Abrasive Wear. www.astm.org.
4
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2017. Published January 2017. Originally Available from Beuth Verlag GmbH (DIN-- DIN Deutsches Institut fur
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as G99 – 05 (2016). DOI: Normung e.V.), Burggrafenstrasse 6, 10787, Berlin, Germany, http://www.en.din.de.
10.1520/G0099-17.
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G99 − 17
TABLE 1 Characteristics of the Interlaboratory Wear Test Specimens
NOTE 1—See Note 4 for information.
RoughnessA
Composition (weight%) Microstructure Hardness (HV 10)
Rz (mean) (µm) Ra (mean) (µm)
Steel ball (100 Cr6) (AISI 52 100)B 1.35 to 1.65 Cr martensitic with minor carbides 838 ± 21 0.100 0.010
Diameter 10 mm ← 0.95 to 1.10 C and austenite
0.15 to 0.35 Si
0.25 to 0.45 Mn
Steel disc (100 Cr6) (AISI 52 100)C ← <0.030 P martensitic with minor carbides 852 ± 14 0.952 0.113
Diameter 40 mm <0.030 S and austenite
Alumina ball, diameter = 10 mmD ← 95 % Al2O3 (with addi- equi-granular alpha alumina 1610 ± 101 (HV 0.2) 1.369 0.123
D
tives of TiO2, with very minor secondary
Alumina disc, diameter = 40.6 mm ← MgO, and ZnO) phases 1599 ± 144 (HV 0.2) 0.968 0.041
A
Measured by stylus profilometry. Rz is maximum peak-to-valley roughness. Ra is arithmetic average roughness.
B
Standard ball-bearing balls (SKF).
C
Standard spacers for thrust bearings (INA).
D
Manufactured by Compagnie Industrielle des Ceramiques Electroniques, France.
test, or by weighing both specimens before and after the test. If 3.4 Wear results are usually obtained by conducting a test
linear measures of wear are used, the length change or shape for a selected sliding distance and for selected values of load
change of the pin, and the depth or shape change of the disk and speed. One set of test conditions that was used in an
wear track (in millimetres) are determined by any suitable interlaboratory measurement series is given in Tables 1-3.
metrological technique, such as electronic distance gaging or Other test conditions may be selected depending on the
stylus profiling. Linear measures of wear are converted to wear purpose of the test. In such cases, the user should report their
volume (in cubic millimetres) by using appropriate geometric results as “following the procedure of ASTM G99.”
relations. Linear measures of wear are used frequently in
practice since mass loss is often too small to measure precisely. 3.5 Wear results may in some cases be reported as plots of
If loss of mass is measured, the mass loss value is converted to wear volume versus sliding distance using different specimens
volume loss (in cubic millimetres) using an appropriate value for different distances. Such plots may display non-linear
for the specimen density. relationships between wear volume and distance over certain
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G99 − 17
TABLE 3 Test Parameters Used for Interlaboratory Tests
Normal Force (N) 10
Sliding Speed (m/s) 0.1
Sliding Distance (m) 1000
Pin-end Diameter, spherical (mm) 10
Environment air
Temperature, nominal (°C) 23
Humidity, (%RH) 12–78
Track Diameter (mm) 25–35
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G99 − 17
6.2 Test Specimens—The typical pin specimen is cylindrical 8.9 Remove the specimens and clean off any loose wear
or spherical in shape. Typical cylindrical or spherical pin debris. Note the existence of features on or near the wear scar
specimen diameters range from 2 to 10 mm. The typical disk such as: protrusions, displaced metal, discoloration,
specimen diameters range from 30 to 100 mm and have a microcracking, or spotting.
thickness in the range of 2 to 10 mm. Specimen dimensions 8.10 Remeasure the specimen dimensions to the nearest 2.5
used in an interlaboratory test with pin-on-disk systems are µm or reweigh the specimens to the nearest 0.0001 g, as
given in Table 1. appropriate.
6.3 Surface Finish—A ground surface roughness of 0.8 µm 8.11 Repeat the test with additional specimens to obtain
(32 µin.) arithmetic average or less is usually recommended. sufficient data for statistically significant results.
NOTE 3—Rough surfaces make wear scar measurement difficult.
9. Calculation and Reporting
6.3.1 Care must be taken in surface preparation to avoid
9.1 The wear measurements should be reported as the
subsurface damage that alters the material significantly. Special
volume loss in cubic millimetres for the pin and disk, sepa-
surface preparation may be appropriate for some test programs.
rately.
State the type of surface and surface preparation in the report.
9.1.1 Use the following equations for calculating volume
7. Test Parameters losses when the pin has initially a spherical end shape of radius
7.1 Load—Values of the force in Newtons at the wearing R and the disk is initially flat, under the conditions that only
contact. one of the two members wears significantly:
pin ~ spherical end! volume loss, mm3 (1)
7.2 Speed—The relative sliding speed between the contact-
ing surfaces in metres per second. π ~ wear scar diameter, mm! 4
5
7.3 Distance—The accumulated sliding distance in meters. 64 ~ sphere radius, mm!
assuming that there is no significant disk wear. This is an
7.4 Temperature—The temperature of one or both speci- approximate geometric relation that is correct to 1 % for
mens at locations close to the wearing contact. (wear scar diameter/sphere radius) <0.3, and is correct to
7.5 Atmosphere—The atmosphere (laboratory air, relative 5 % for (wear scar diameter/sphere radius) <0.7. The exact
humidity, argon, lubricant, and so forth.) surrounding the equation is given in Appendix X1.
wearing contact. disk volume loss, mm3 (2)
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G99 − 17
of pin wear is small and the pin wear scar is not flat, the machine operator. Normal variations in the wear test
profilometry must be used. procedure will tend to reduce the precision of the test method
9.1.5 While mass loss results may be used internally in as compared to the precision of such material property tests as
laboratories to compare materials of equivalent densities, this hardness or density.
test method reports wear as volume loss so that there is no 10.1.2 Table 2 contains wear data obtained from interlabo-
confusion caused by variations in density. Take care to use and ratory tests. Mean and standard deviation values are given for
report the best available density value for the materials tested all measured quantities.
when calculating volume loss from measured mass loss. 10.1.3 Statistical analysis (using Guide G117) of the steel
9.1.6 Use the following equation for conversion of mass vs. steel ball wear scar diameter results for 24 laboratories
loss to volume loss. leads to a mean and standard deviation of 2.14 and 0.29 mm,
mass loss, g respectively. The 95 % repeatability limit (within-lab) was 0.37
volume loss, mm3 5 3 1000. (3) mm, and the 95 % reproducibility limit (between-labs) was
density, g/cm3
0.81 mm. Statistical analysis of the steel vs. steel ball friction
9.2 If the materials being tested exhibit considerable trans- results for 25 laboratories leads to a mean and standard
fer between specimens without loss from the system, volume deviation of 0.60 and 0.11, respectively. The 95 % repeatability
loss may not adequately reflect the actual amount or severity of limit (within-lab) was 0.19, and the 95 % reproducibility limit
wear. In these cases, this test method for reporting wear should (between-labs) was 0.32.
not be used.
10.2 Statement of Bias—No bias can be assigned to these
9.3 Friction coefficient (defined in Terminology G40) results since there are no absolute accepted values for wear.
should be reported when available. Describe the conditions
associated with the friction measurements, for example, initial, 10.3 General Considerations—Participants in the interlabo-
steady-state, and so forth. ratory testing that led to the statements of precision and bias
given above involved 28 laboratories, 2 different materials (4
9.4 Adequate specification of the materials tested is impor- material pairs), 1 test condition, and 3 to 5 replicate measure-
tant. As a minimum, the report should specify material type, ments each (see Note 4). Subsequent to this testing, data were
form, processing treatments, surface finish, and specimen received from another laboratory that utilized a commercial
preparation procedures. If appropriate, indentation hardness test machine. These data were found consistent with the results
should be reported. in the interlaboratory study.
10. Precision and Bias6 NOTE 4—The interlaboratory data given in Table 1 and Table 2 resulted
through the cooperation of thirty one institutions in seven countries with
10.1 Statement of Precision: the help of national representatives within the Versailles Advanced
10.1.1 The precision of the measurements obtained with this Materials and Standards (VAMAS) working party on wear test methods.7
test method will depend upon the test parameters chosen. The
reproducibility of repeated tests on the same material will 11. Keywords
depend upon material homogeneity, machine and material 11.1 ceramic wear; friction; metal wear; non-abrasive; pin-
interaction, and careful adherence to the specified procedure by on-disk; wear
6 7
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may Czichos, H., Becker, S., and Lexow, J., Wear, Vol 114, 1987, pp. 109–130 and
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:G02-1008. Wear, Vol 118, 1987, pp. 379–380.
APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. EQUATIONS
X1.1 Exact equations for determining wear volume loss are Assuming no significant disk wear.
as follows for: X1.1.2 A disk:
X1.1.1 A spherical ended pin: disk volume loss 5 2πR @ r 2 sin21 ~ d/2r ! 2 ~ d/4 !~ 4r 2 2 d 2 ! ½ #
2 2
pin volume loss 5 ~ πh/6 ! @ 3d /41h # (X1.1) (X1.2)
where: where:
h = r − [r2 − d2/4]½ R = wear track radius, and
d = wear scar diameter, and d = wear track width.
r = pin end radius.
Assuming no significant pin wear.
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G99 − 17
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