Wear Testing With A Pin-on-Disk Apparatus: Standard Test Method For

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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: G99 − 17

Standard Test Method for


Wear Testing with a Pin-on-Disk Apparatus1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G99; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure for bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
determining the wear of materials during sliding using a 2. Referenced Documents
pin-on-disk apparatus. Materials are tested in pairs under
nominally non-abrasive conditions. The principal areas of 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
experimental attention in using this type of apparatus to E178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations
measure wear are described. The coefficient of friction may G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
also be determined. G117 Guide for Calculating and Reporting Measures of
Precision Using Data from Interlaboratory Wear or Ero-
1.2 This test method standard uses a specific set of test sion Tests (Withdrawn 2016)3
parameters (load, sliding speed, materials, etc.) that were then 2.2 DIN Standard:4
used in an interlaboratory study (ILS), the results of which are DIN 50324 Testing of Friction and Wear
given here (Tables 1 and 2). (This satisfies the ASTM form in
that “The directions for performing the test should include all 3. Summary of Test Method
of the essential details as to apparatus, test specimen, 3.1 For the pin-on-disk wear test, two specimens are re-
procedure, and calculations needed to achieve satisfactory quired. One, a pin with a radiused tip, is positioned perpen-
precision and bias.”) Any user should report that they “fol- dicular to the other, usually a flat circular disk. A ball, rigidly
lowed the requirements of ASTM G99,” where that is true. held, is often used as the pin specimen. The test machine
1.3 Now it is often found in practice that users may follow causes either the disk specimen or the pin specimen to revolve
all instructions given here, but choose other test parameters, about the disk center. In either case, the sliding path is a circle
such as load, speed, materials, environment, etc., and thereby on the disk surface. The plane of the disk may be oriented
obtain different test results. Such a use of this standard is either horizontally or vertically.
encouraged as a means to improve wear testing methodology. NOTE 1—Wear results may differ for different orientations.
However, it must be clearly stated in any report that, while the
3.1.1 The pin specimen is pressed against the disk at a
directions and protocol in Test Method G99 were followed (if
specified load usually by means of an arm or lever and attached
true), the choices of test parameters were different from Test
weights. Other loading methods have been used, such as
Method G99 values, and the test results were therefore also
hydraulic or pneumatic.
different from the Test Method G99 results. This use should be
described as having “followed the procedure of ASTM G99.” NOTE 2—Wear results may differ for different loading methods.
All test parameters that were used in such case must be stated. 3.2 Wear results are reported as volume loss in cubic
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as millimetres for the pin and the disk separately. When two
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this different materials are tested, it is recommended that each
standard. material be tested in both the pin and disk positions.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.3 The amount of wear is determined by measuring appro-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the priate linear dimensions of both specimens before and after the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear the ASTM website.
3
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.40 on Non- The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
Abrasive Wear. www.astm.org.
4
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2017. Published January 2017. Originally Available from Beuth Verlag GmbH (DIN-- DIN Deutsches Institut fur
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as G99 – 05 (2016). DOI: Normung e.V.), Burggrafenstrasse 6, 10787, Berlin, Germany, http://www.en.din.de.
10.1520/G0099-17.

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G99 − 17
TABLE 1 Characteristics of the Interlaboratory Wear Test Specimens
NOTE 1—See Note 4 for information.
RoughnessA
Composition (weight%) Microstructure Hardness (HV 10)
Rz (mean) (µm) Ra (mean) (µm)
Steel ball (100 Cr6) (AISI 52 100)B 1.35 to 1.65 Cr martensitic with minor carbides 838 ± 21 0.100 0.010
Diameter 10 mm ← 0.95 to 1.10 C and austenite
0.15 to 0.35 Si
0.25 to 0.45 Mn
Steel disc (100 Cr6) (AISI 52 100)C ← <0.030 P martensitic with minor carbides 852 ± 14 0.952 0.113
Diameter 40 mm <0.030 S and austenite

Alumina ball, diameter = 10 mmD ← 95 % Al2O3 (with addi- equi-granular alpha alumina 1610 ± 101 (HV 0.2) 1.369 0.123
D
tives of TiO2, with very minor secondary
Alumina disc, diameter = 40.6 mm ← MgO, and ZnO) phases 1599 ± 144 (HV 0.2) 0.968 0.041
A
Measured by stylus profilometry. Rz is maximum peak-to-valley roughness. Ra is arithmetic average roughness.
B
Standard ball-bearing balls (SKF).
C
Standard spacers for thrust bearings (INA).
D
Manufactured by Compagnie Industrielle des Ceramiques Electroniques, France.

TABLE 2 Results of the Interlaboratory TestsA


NOTE 1—See Note A for test conditions.
NOTE 2—Numbers in parentheses refer to all data received in the tests. In accordance with Practice E178, outlier data values were identified in some
cases and discarded, resulting in the numbers without parentheses. The differences are seen to be small.
NOTE 3—Values preceded by ± are one standard deviation.
NOTE 4—Data were provided by 28 laboratories.
NOTE 5—Calculated quantities (for example, wear volume) are given as mean values only.
NOTE 6—Values labeled “NM” were found to be smaller than the reproducible limit of measurement.
NOTE 7—A similar compilation of test data is given in DIN 50324.
Specimen Pairs
Results (ball) (disk)
Steel-steel Alumina-steel Steel-alumina Alumina-alumina
Ball wear scar diameter (mm) 2.11 ± 0.27 NM 2.08 ± 0.35 0.3± 0.06
(2.11 ± 0.27) (2.03 ± 0.41) (0.3 ± 0.06)
−3 3
Ball wear volume (10 mm ) 198 ... 186 0.08
(198) (169) (0.08)
Number of values 102 ... 60 56
(102) (64) (59)
Disk wear scar width (mm) NM 0.64 ± 0.12 NM NM
(0.64 ± 0.12)
−3 3
Disk wear volume (10 mm ) ... 480 ... ...
(480)
Number of values ... 60 ... ...
(60)
Friction coefficient 0.60 ± 0.11 0.76 ± 0.14 0.60 ± 0.12 0.41 ± 0.08
Number of values 109 75 64 76
A
Test conditions: F = 10 N; v = 0.1 ms−1, T = 23°C; relative humidity range 12 to 78 %; laboratory air; sliding distance 1000 m; wear track (nominal) diameter = 32 mm;
materials: steel = AISI 52 100; and alumina = α-Al2O3.

test, or by weighing both specimens before and after the test. If 3.4 Wear results are usually obtained by conducting a test
linear measures of wear are used, the length change or shape for a selected sliding distance and for selected values of load
change of the pin, and the depth or shape change of the disk and speed. One set of test conditions that was used in an
wear track (in millimetres) are determined by any suitable interlaboratory measurement series is given in Tables 1-3.
metrological technique, such as electronic distance gaging or Other test conditions may be selected depending on the
stylus profiling. Linear measures of wear are converted to wear purpose of the test. In such cases, the user should report their
volume (in cubic millimetres) by using appropriate geometric results as “following the procedure of ASTM G99.”
relations. Linear measures of wear are used frequently in
practice since mass loss is often too small to measure precisely. 3.5 Wear results may in some cases be reported as plots of
If loss of mass is measured, the mass loss value is converted to wear volume versus sliding distance using different specimens
volume loss (in cubic millimetres) using an appropriate value for different distances. Such plots may display non-linear
for the specimen density. relationships between wear volume and distance over certain

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G99 − 17
TABLE 3 Test Parameters Used for Interlaboratory Tests
Normal Force (N) 10
Sliding Speed (m/s) 0.1
Sliding Distance (m) 1000
Pin-end Diameter, spherical (mm) 10
Environment air
Temperature, nominal (°C) 23
Humidity, (%RH) 12–78
Track Diameter (mm) 25–35

portions of the total sliding distance, and linear relationships


over other portions. Causes for such differing relationships
include initial “break-in” processes, transitions between re- NOTE 1—F is the normal force on the pin, d is the pin or ball diameter,
gions of different dominant wear mechanisms, and so forth. D is the disk diameter, R is the wear track radius, and w is the rotation
velocity of the disk.
The extent of such non-linear periods depends on the details of
FIG. 1 Schematic of Pin-on-Disk Wear Test System
the test system, materials, and test conditions.
3.6 It is not recommended that continuous wear depth data
obtained from position-sensing gages be used because of the type of system loads a pin revolving about the disk center
complicated effects of wear debris and transfer films present in against a stationary disk. In any case the wear track on the disk
the contact gap, and interferences from thermal expansion or is a circle, involving multiple wear passes on the same track.
contraction. The system may have a friction force measuring system, for
4. Significance and Use example, a load cell, that allows the coefficient of friction to be
determined.
4.1 The amount of wear in any system will, in general,
depend upon the number of system factors such as the applied 5.2 Motor Drive—A variable speed motor, capable of main-
load, machine characteristics, sliding speed, sliding distance, taining constant speed (61 % of rated full load motor speed)
the environment, and the material properties. The value of any under load is required. The motor should be mounted in such
wear test method lies in predicting the relative ranking of a manner that its vibration does not affect the test. Rotating
material combinations. Since the pin-on-disk test method does speeds are typically in the range 0.3 to 3 rad/s (60 to 600
not attempt to duplicate all the conditions that may be r/min).
experienced in service (for example; lubrication, load, 5.3 Revolution Counter—The machine shall be equipped
pressure, contact geometry, removal of wear debris, and with a revolution counter or its equivalent that will record the
presence of corrosive environment), there is no insurance that number of disk revolutions, and preferably have the ability to
the test will predict the wear rate of a given material under shut off the machine after a pre-selected number of revolutions.
conditions differing from those in the test. 5.4 Pin Specimen Holder and Lever Arm—In one typical
4.2 The use of this test method will fall in one of two system, the stationary specimen holder is attached to a lever
categories: (1) the test(s) will follow all particulars of the arm that has a pivot. Adding weights, as one option of loading,
standard, and the results will have been compared to the ILS produces a test force proportional to the mass of the weights
data (Table 2), or (2) the test(s) will have followed the applied. Ideally, the pivot of the arm should be located in the
procedures/methodology of Test Method G99 but applied to plane of the wearing contact to avoid extraneous loading forces
other materials or using other parameters such as load, speed, due to the sliding friction. The pin holder and arm must be of
materials, etc., or both. In this latter case, the results cannot be substantial construction to reduce vibrational motion during the
compared to the ILS data (Table 2). Further, it must be clearly test.
stated what choices of test parameters/materials were chosen. 5.5 Wear Measuring Systems—Instruments to obtain linear
5. Apparatus measures of wear should have a sensitivity of 2.5 µm or better.
Any balance used to measure the mass loss of the test specimen
5.1 General Description—Fig. 1 shows a schematic draw- shall have a sensitivity of 0.1 mg or better; in low wear
ing of a typical pin-on-disk wear test system.5 One type of situations greater sensitivity may be needed.
typical system consists of a driven spindle and chuck for
holding the revolving disk, a lever-arm device to hold the pin, 6. Test Specimens and Sample Preparation
and attachments to allow the pin specimen to be forced against
6.1 Materials—This test method may be applied to a variety
the revolving disk specimen with a controlled load. Another
of materials. The only requirement is that specimens having the
specified dimensions can be prepared and that they will
5
A number of other reported designs for pin-on-disk systems are given in “A withstand the stresses imposed during the test without failure
Catalog of Friction and Wear Devices,” American Society of Lubrication Engineers or excessive flexure. The materials being tested shall be
(1973). Three commercially-built pin-on-disk machines were either involved in the
described by dimensions, surface finish, material type, form,
interlaboratory testing for this standard or submitted test data that compared
adequately to the interlaboratory test data. Further information on these machines composition, microstructure, processing treatments, and inden-
can be found in Research Report RR:G02-1008. tation hardness (if appropriate).

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G99 − 17
6.2 Test Specimens—The typical pin specimen is cylindrical 8.9 Remove the specimens and clean off any loose wear
or spherical in shape. Typical cylindrical or spherical pin debris. Note the existence of features on or near the wear scar
specimen diameters range from 2 to 10 mm. The typical disk such as: protrusions, displaced metal, discoloration,
specimen diameters range from 30 to 100 mm and have a microcracking, or spotting.
thickness in the range of 2 to 10 mm. Specimen dimensions 8.10 Remeasure the specimen dimensions to the nearest 2.5
used in an interlaboratory test with pin-on-disk systems are µm or reweigh the specimens to the nearest 0.0001 g, as
given in Table 1. appropriate.
6.3 Surface Finish—A ground surface roughness of 0.8 µm 8.11 Repeat the test with additional specimens to obtain
(32 µin.) arithmetic average or less is usually recommended. sufficient data for statistically significant results.
NOTE 3—Rough surfaces make wear scar measurement difficult.
9. Calculation and Reporting
6.3.1 Care must be taken in surface preparation to avoid
9.1 The wear measurements should be reported as the
subsurface damage that alters the material significantly. Special
volume loss in cubic millimetres for the pin and disk, sepa-
surface preparation may be appropriate for some test programs.
rately.
State the type of surface and surface preparation in the report.
9.1.1 Use the following equations for calculating volume
7. Test Parameters losses when the pin has initially a spherical end shape of radius
7.1 Load—Values of the force in Newtons at the wearing R and the disk is initially flat, under the conditions that only
contact. one of the two members wears significantly:
pin ~ spherical end! volume loss, mm3 (1)
7.2 Speed—The relative sliding speed between the contact-
ing surfaces in metres per second. π ~ wear scar diameter, mm! 4
5
7.3 Distance—The accumulated sliding distance in meters. 64 ~ sphere radius, mm!
assuming that there is no significant disk wear. This is an
7.4 Temperature—The temperature of one or both speci- approximate geometric relation that is correct to 1 % for
mens at locations close to the wearing contact. (wear scar diameter/sphere radius) <0.3, and is correct to
7.5 Atmosphere—The atmosphere (laboratory air, relative 5 % for (wear scar diameter/sphere radius) <0.7. The exact
humidity, argon, lubricant, and so forth.) surrounding the equation is given in Appendix X1.
wearing contact. disk volume loss, mm3 (2)

8. Procedure π ~ wear track radius, mm!~ track width, mm! 3


5
6 ~ sphere radius, mm!
8.1 Immediately prior to testing, and prior to measuring or
assuming that there is no significant pin wear. This is an
weighing, clean and dry the specimens. Take care to remove all approximate geometric relation that is correct to 1 % for
dirt and foreign matter from the specimens. Use non- (wear track width/sphere radius) <0.3, and is correct to 5 %
chlorinated, non-film-forming cleaning agents and solvents. for (wear track width/sphere radius) <0.8. The exact equa-
Dry materials with open grains to remove all traces of the tion is given in Appendix X1.
cleaning fluids that may be entrapped in the material. Steel 9.1.2 Calculation of wear volumes for pin shapes of other
(ferromagnetic) specimens having residual magnetism should geometries use the appropriate geometric relations, recogniz-
be demagnetized. Report the methods used for cleaning. ing that assumptions regarding wear of each member may be
8.2 Measure appropriate specimen dimensions to the nearest required to justify the assumed final geometry.
2.5 µm or weigh the specimens to the nearest 0.0001 g. 9.1.3 Wear scar measurements should be done at least at two
8.3 Insert the disk securely in the holding device so that the representative locations on the pin surfaces and disk surfaces,
disk is fixed perpendicular (61°) to the axis of the resolution. and the final results averaged.
9.1.4 In situations where both the pin and the disk wear
8.4 Insert the pin specimen securely in its holder and, if significantly, it will be necessary to measure the wear depth
necessary, adjust so that the specimen is perpendicular (61°) to profile on both members. A suitable method uses stylus
the disk surface when in contact, in order to maintain the profiling. Profiling is the only approach to determine the exact
necessary contact conditions. final shape of the wear surfaces and thereby to calculate the
8.5 Add the proper mass to the system lever or bale to volume of material lost due to wear. In the case of disk wear,
develop the selected force pressing the pin against the disk. the average wear track profile can be integrated to obtain the
8.6 Start the motor and adjust the speed to the desired value track cross-section area, and multiplied by the average track
while holding the pin specimen out of contact with the disk. length to obtain disk wear volume. In the case of pin wear, the
Stop the motor. wear scar profile can be measured in two orthogonal directions,
the profile results averaged, and used in a figure-of-revolution
8.7 Set the revolution counter (or equivalent) to the desired calculated for pin wear volume.
number of revolutions. 9.1.4.1 If little wear has occurred as evidenced by very
8.8 Begin the test with the specimens in contact under load. small wear scars, or if the wear scars are covered by any solid
The test is stopped when the desired number of revolutions is film formed during wear, it is best practice to use surface
achieved. Tests should not be interrupted or restarted. profilometry to determine wear volume. Further, if the amount

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G99 − 17
of pin wear is small and the pin wear scar is not flat, the machine operator. Normal variations in the wear test
profilometry must be used. procedure will tend to reduce the precision of the test method
9.1.5 While mass loss results may be used internally in as compared to the precision of such material property tests as
laboratories to compare materials of equivalent densities, this hardness or density.
test method reports wear as volume loss so that there is no 10.1.2 Table 2 contains wear data obtained from interlabo-
confusion caused by variations in density. Take care to use and ratory tests. Mean and standard deviation values are given for
report the best available density value for the materials tested all measured quantities.
when calculating volume loss from measured mass loss. 10.1.3 Statistical analysis (using Guide G117) of the steel
9.1.6 Use the following equation for conversion of mass vs. steel ball wear scar diameter results for 24 laboratories
loss to volume loss. leads to a mean and standard deviation of 2.14 and 0.29 mm,
mass loss, g respectively. The 95 % repeatability limit (within-lab) was 0.37
volume loss, mm3 5 3 1000. (3) mm, and the 95 % reproducibility limit (between-labs) was
density, g/cm3
0.81 mm. Statistical analysis of the steel vs. steel ball friction
9.2 If the materials being tested exhibit considerable trans- results for 25 laboratories leads to a mean and standard
fer between specimens without loss from the system, volume deviation of 0.60 and 0.11, respectively. The 95 % repeatability
loss may not adequately reflect the actual amount or severity of limit (within-lab) was 0.19, and the 95 % reproducibility limit
wear. In these cases, this test method for reporting wear should (between-labs) was 0.32.
not be used.
10.2 Statement of Bias—No bias can be assigned to these
9.3 Friction coefficient (defined in Terminology G40) results since there are no absolute accepted values for wear.
should be reported when available. Describe the conditions
associated with the friction measurements, for example, initial, 10.3 General Considerations—Participants in the interlabo-
steady-state, and so forth. ratory testing that led to the statements of precision and bias
given above involved 28 laboratories, 2 different materials (4
9.4 Adequate specification of the materials tested is impor- material pairs), 1 test condition, and 3 to 5 replicate measure-
tant. As a minimum, the report should specify material type, ments each (see Note 4). Subsequent to this testing, data were
form, processing treatments, surface finish, and specimen received from another laboratory that utilized a commercial
preparation procedures. If appropriate, indentation hardness test machine. These data were found consistent with the results
should be reported. in the interlaboratory study.
10. Precision and Bias6 NOTE 4—The interlaboratory data given in Table 1 and Table 2 resulted
through the cooperation of thirty one institutions in seven countries with
10.1 Statement of Precision: the help of national representatives within the Versailles Advanced
10.1.1 The precision of the measurements obtained with this Materials and Standards (VAMAS) working party on wear test methods.7
test method will depend upon the test parameters chosen. The
reproducibility of repeated tests on the same material will 11. Keywords
depend upon material homogeneity, machine and material 11.1 ceramic wear; friction; metal wear; non-abrasive; pin-
interaction, and careful adherence to the specified procedure by on-disk; wear

6 7
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may Czichos, H., Becker, S., and Lexow, J., Wear, Vol 114, 1987, pp. 109–130 and
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:G02-1008. Wear, Vol 118, 1987, pp. 379–380.

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. EQUATIONS

X1.1 Exact equations for determining wear volume loss are Assuming no significant disk wear.
as follows for: X1.1.2 A disk:
X1.1.1 A spherical ended pin: disk volume loss 5 2πR @ r 2 sin21 ~ d/2r ! 2 ~ d/4 !~ 4r 2 2 d 2 ! ½ #
2 2
pin volume loss 5 ~ πh/6 ! @ 3d /41h # (X1.1) (X1.2)
where: where:
h = r − [r2 − d2/4]½ R = wear track radius, and
d = wear scar diameter, and d = wear track width.
r = pin end radius.
Assuming no significant pin wear.

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G99 − 17
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