Chapter Objectives

Principles of Assessment,
Understand the role and responsibilities of health
Prescription, and Exercise ‹
and fitness professionals
Program Adherence ‹ Understand the components of fitness testing
‹ Evaluate test validity, reliability, and objectivity
and prediction equations
‹ Understand the basic principles of exercise
program design
‹ Understand some methods to improve program
adherence
‹ Appreciate the need for certification and
licensure

Responsibilities of the Exercise Specialist

‹ Explain the benefits of Exercise What is Physical Fitness?
‹ Health evaluations
‹ Select, administer, interpret tests
‹ Design prescriptions
‹ L d
Lead
‹ Analyze
‹ “Do’s & Don’ts”
‹ Motivate Physical fitness is a condition in which an individual has
sufficient energy and vitality to accomplish daily tasks
and active recreational pursuits without undue fatigue.

5 Components of Fitness Testing Order

1. Cardiorespiratory endurance
‹ What is the correct order of testing?
GXT
4) Muscular fitness
2. Musculoskeletal fitness
5) Flexibility
Muscular systems & bone strength 2) Body composition and Balance
Strength endurance
Strength,
3) Cardiorespiratory endurance
3. Body weight and body composition 1) Resting blood pressure and heart rate
BW-Size, BC-muscle, bone, fat
4. Flexibility
ROM of joint or group of joints
5. Balance
Perform daily movements requiring balance

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 Rapport with Client When a physical fitness component is
directly measured,what is this called?

Reference or criterion measure

Examples for each of the “5”

components of fitness (Table 3.1)

5 Components of Fitness and Test Validity

‹ Accurately measure
their criterion measure
 Indirect measures: prediction
‹ Cardiorespiratory fitness: VO2max  Correlation coefficient (ryy’)
‹ Body Composition: hydrostatic weighing + Criterion score (y)
‹ Musculoskeletal fitness: + Predicted score (y’)
(y )
 muscles: 1 RM test + Validity coefficient (ryy’)
 bone: DEXA + What is a GOOD validity coefficient
 r > 0.80
‹ Flexibility: ROM at joint (goniometer) or xray  What are the numerical LIMITS when using
‹ Balance: none correlation?
» 0 to 1.0 (Which is better?)

Test Validity (continued) Standard Error of the Estimate

SEE
‹ Standard error of estimate (SEE): a measure of
prediction error Line of best fit
 the smaller the better Regression or
Prediction line
‹ Line of best fit: shows relationship between
criterion and predictor values
‹ The tighter the cluster of data points around the
line of best fit, the smaller the SEE and higher the
ry,y’.

+ 1 SEE = 2/3 of points

+ 2 SEE = 95% of points

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 Total Error (TE) Test Reliability
‹ Consistent and stable scores
 Test,retest
 Reliability
coefficient (rx1x2)
 What is a GOOD reliability coefficient?
+ r > 0.90
 Can a test have GOOD reliability and POOR
validity?
+ Example: sit and reach as a measure of lower
back flexibility

Test Objectivity Evaluating Prediction Equations

‹ Intertester reliability
 What is INTERTESTER reliability? 1)What reference measure was used to develop
 Objectivitycoefficient the prediction equation?
 What is a GOOD objectivity coefficient?  Gold Standard
+ r ≥ 0.90  Direct or Indirect?
2) How large was sample?
 10 to 20 subjects per predictor variable
+ Ex. SKF has 3 predictors (2 sites and age)
3) What was the R?
+ ≥ 0.80

Shared Variance
REFERENCE MEASUREMENTS & PREDICTIONS
R2 = coefficient
R = 0.80 of determination
64% variance

R2 x 100 = % off
variation predicted
R = 0.30
9% variance

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 Evaluating Prediction Equations cont. Administering Fitness Tests
‹ Directions to client
4) To whom is the prediction equation applicable? ‹ Wear comfortable clothing
 Population-specific or generalized? ‹ Drink plenty of water
‹ No eating, drinking, caffeine, smoking 3 hours
5) How were the variables measured by the
researchers? prior to test
‹ No strenuous physical activity day of test
6) Was the prediction equation cross-validated?
‹ Get sleep the night before

Your Testing Ability—Practice! Test Interpretation

Skinfold Proficiency: 50 to 100 tests

Principles of Program Design Art and Science of Exercise Prescription:

‹ Specificity
Elements of the exercise prescription
‹ Overload ‹ Mode (Type)
 Frequency  Upper
body, lower body, upper and lower
 Intensity body
 Duration W
Weight
g bearing,g, non-weight
g bearingg
‹ Progression ‹ Intensity
‹ Initial values will influence % changes
Intensity > Duration …
‹ Duration (Time)
‹ Interindividual variability (individualize!)
‹ Frequency
‹ Diminishing returns
‹ Progression of Exercise
‹ Reversibility
 Always make one change at a time
“FITT” concept for prescription

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 Table 3.2 For body composition change,
what major types of exercise
should you promote?

Stages of Progression in Exercise For older and less fit individuals, what
does ACSM (2000) recommend to
‹ Initial conditioning: 1-6 weeks
‹ Improvement stage: 4 to 8 months increase during initial stages?
 Remember: change one element at a time
‹ Maintenance stage: 6-8 months after Intensity or
beginning Duration

For older and less fit individuals, what Exercise Adherence

does ACSM (2000) recommend to
‹ 50% dropout in first year
increase during initial stages? ‹ Factors of program dropouts (note 1985 data)
 Overweight

Intensity or  Low self motivation

 No spousal support
Duration
 Inconvenient facility
 High-intensity exercise
 No social support during/after exercise

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 Behavior Modification Theory Exercise Adherence Strategies
‹ Fun
‹ Client is actively involved in setting goals
‹ MD support
‹ Develop a plan to meet the goals
‹ Variety
‹ Sign a contract ‹ Exercise with others
‹ Helpful techniques: journaling, incentives, ‹ Success
celebrating the successes ‹ Challenge
‹ Goals, charts, rewards
‹ Significant other support
‹ Exercise Physiologist
‹ Convenience
 Ensures realistic goals and plan
‹ Role model: qualified exercise professional
 Encouragement and feedback

Using Technology to Promote Professionalism

Physical Activity
‹ Pedometers
‹ 10,000 steps
‹ Accelerometers
‹ Intensity, MET Hrs
‹ Sedentary
d b
behavior
h
‹ Heart rate monitors
‹ HR monitor w/accel.
‹ GPS
‹ w/accel., hikers
‹ Video games
‹ Dance dance revolution ACSM, NSCA, ASEP, YMCA Certifications
(continued)
‹ Wii sports, Wii Fit

Chapter 3: Review Chapt 3 Review Cont.

‹ What are the 5 components of fitness?
‹ What are the 7 basic principles for exercise
‹ Name a criterion test for each component? design?
‹ What are the 5 basic elements of an exericse
‹ Whatt d
Wh do you mean bby th
the validity,
lidit reliability,
li bilit prescription?
and objectivity of a fitness test?
‹ Name the 3 stages of progression in an

‹ What questions should you ask before using a exercise program

new equation to predict a fitness component? ‹ Name several strategies to improve program
(can you list at least 7 of the questions?) adherence.

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Motivate