CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS DESIGN

Rationale of the Study

The research is conducted to make an effective water purification device, the

Heliocatharisist, for the benefit of the society especially on the areas where there are no

safe water systems and allow them to generate their own drinking water. The research

seeks to contribute to the benefit of the public health because it uses renewable energy

particularly the solar energy which helps reduce the amount of greenhouse gas emissions

into the air. Based on research wind and solar energy are obviously essential in reducing

carbon emissions, as they edge out fossil fuels, these renewables are reducing not just

carbon emissions, but also other air pollutant. Without using electricity from the utility

company in the society, the wealth of alternative energy sources offer a way to power the

Heliocatharisist. Solar power is fairly self-explanatory; it uses the power of the sun

through photovoltaic cells to generate electricity.

Theoretical Background of Study

The Problem

Water is necessary for all humans to survive. Some of us have access to water and

take it for granted. Many of us can walk to a grocery store and buy bottled water or we

can just go into our kitchens or bathrooms to get water from a tap. There are many more

in this world who do not have this kind of luxury. There are billions of people being

affected by a water crisis. Nearly one billion humans have no access to clean, drinkable

water. And 2.5 billion people don’t have access to a toilet.

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 Nowadays, the lack of water purifying is a major problem in rural areas. Because

around 800 plus million people suffering every day due to insufficient quantities of clean

and filtered water, mainly those living in third world countries (Shah, 2010). A water

crisis has gripped these regions, threatening the quality of life of those in the developing

world. According to the United Nations Human Development Report, the water and

sanitation crisis claims more lives through disease than any war claims through weapons

(Water Facts, 2012). Every year, approximately 1.4 million children die from

unavailable, clean drinking water; and 3.6 million people die each year from water-

related diseases. Of that large number, 84% are children and 98% are living in the

developing world. Clearly this is a major health issue in the world today that must be

addressed to save the lives of the millions of people that are dying from preventable

ailments. Even though technology is at the summit of development, there are certain

times it won’t be useable and effective in purifying contaminated water.

Scarcity of water and quality of water have long been a concern for many people

in the world. Population is increasing on an exponential scale which leads to a greater

need for water reserves. Also with the large population increase there is more pollution

emitted into the environment contaminating many streams, lakes, and rivers.

Contaminated water can carry different types of waterborne diseases. Drinking from

untreated water can cause illness which leads to extreme pain or even death. Even water

sources that are away from densely populated areas can carry pathogens detrimental to

human health. There are many areas in the world that need a solution to make their

polluted water potable. These areas are located in the Figure 1. Even areas that currently

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do not need a way to provide safe drinking water may need it in the future with the rapid

increase of pollution and scarcity of water.

Figure 1.1.1. Percentage of Population Without Reasonable Access to Safe Drinking

Water

Personal water purification systems allow families to provide themselves with a

sufficient amount of safe drinking water that the body requires on a daily basis. Also,

when it comes to natural disasters where there is damage to natural water reservoir, it is

very difficult and there are very high costs associated with completely repairing it even

though it is a better for the environment. People need a quick solution to this problem

while waiting for a more permanent fix. With a purification system, water sources that

are normally too dangerous for consumption can now become useful. A personal system

that is affordable for anyone can decrease the amount of preventable illnesses and deaths

across the globe.

Significance of the Study

The Heliocatharisist is an evaporation-condensation based water purification

system that makes use of the power supplied by the sun through photovoltaic cells. The

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goal of this project is to design a dependable way to purify water in locations that are off

the grid and don't have constant sources of clean water particularly on rural areas.

Ensuring the health and wellness of every person has always been part of the target and

goals of humanity, and even now it is a one of the sustainable development goals, number

6, with the aim of ensuring access to clean and safe water for consumption. To achieve

this goal, society leaders, politicians, even made partnerships with technologically

innovative companies to help in maintaining or improving the said area’s environment

that have an impact in the health and well-being of the residents, such as water.

Clean and safe water for consumption, has been a huge problem for society

especially in areas that are susceptible to floods, those areas that have plastic, metal, and

other manufactured wastes that congregated and would likely cause pest infestations and

infect the water not only around its vicinity, but also spreads towards other nearby water

systems. This also is a huge problem for rural areas which are far from the grasps of the

city’s clean water system.

This problem, on the bright side, has an answer that has always been right in front

of us the whole time, Sunlight. Sunlight itself is already a great purifier, but the

technology amplifies this process so that contaminated water becomes safe to drink

quickly at low cost (Treacy M., 2017). Introducing a new technology such as the

researcher’s planned Photovoltaic Water Purifier, will supply the necessary amount of

consumable safe water for the citizens of such areas. The reverse osmosis system consists

of two photovoltaic solar panels that power a set of pumps that push both brackish well

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water and collected rain water through semi-porous membranes that filter and purify the

water. The system produces about 1,000 liters of clean water a day for the village's 450

residents (Elasaad H., 2015). The researcher’s approach with regard to making the

machine/technology is by using a photovoltaic cell to harness the radiated energy from

the sun and stores it in a dry cell. The energy then is used to power up a heating device

that boils the contaminated water and creates water vapor that flows to a sealed collection

chamber which then condenses the water vapor to get purified water.

Innovation will always be the answer to these types of problems, and what more

effective and efficient answer to the problem of contaminated water, than the PWD? The

researchers assure that this innovation will only be the start, and continue to find more

ways to take a big leap for mankind. Not only in creating machines that help us live more

easily, but also protecting the biodiversity within our environment.

Research Methodology

Methods of Research

The researchers applied the methodology of both experimental and case study, by

involving an up-close, in-depth, and detailed examination of the study, as well as its

related contextual conditions, fabrication of a prototype to represent as the test subject for

the functionality of the project. The prototype is not to go under strict compliance with

the specifications and requirements of the actual machine, but instead its purpose is to

display the concept of the evaporating process and the actual operation principle of the

project.

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Flow of the Study

There are different ways of purifying water, such as reverse osmosis and

chlorination, but the researchers settled on choosing the evaporation-condensation

method of purifying the water. Using the solar energy produced by the sun, the people

can effectively use the Heliocatharisist without any problem with the source of energy.

Respondents and the Environment

The main goal of the researchers is to create a solution to the problem that some

of our fellow countrymen are experiencing. Isolated rural areas that do not have a safe

water system for people to drink are highly susceptible to diseases that can cause pain

and even death. If no action is done, then the consequences will slowly creep-in and harm

us without even noticing. The water used is limited only to river water which is

commonly found in isolated areas in mountains.

Instrument

The Researchers designed a water decontaminator powered by solar energy to

heat the water and separate water from other constituents within the previous of water

mixture. The project will be a proposal to the government of Dumaguete City in order to

ensure the safety of other fellow Dumagueteños by providing them clean water to drink.

The Heliocatharisist prototype is to be made to evaluate the rate of evaporating and

condensing water with regards to the time consumed of heating the water.

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 CHAPTER II

RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Theories and Literatures Review

There are many existing solar panel systems that are implemented across the

world. Most of which are used to produce electricity to homes or small gadgets. Other

forms of solar systems can also be used to heat water or homes. It has become a recent

concern and idea to use solar panels as an energy source for cleaning water in developing

countries where most of their large water supplies have become contaminated from

human activity. Developing countries tend to use more polluting processes to generate

power and have lower standard for keeping the environment clean and healthy. This

pollution is disposed into clean water sources and contaminates them. Over time this

pollution adds up and these clean and drinkable bodies of water become completely

useless and a great place for harmful organisms to thrive off of. People in some

developing countries also use streams to wash themselves and clothes if they do not have

a stable supply of water provided for them. This water flows downstream where others

drink from. All of these activities worsen the problem of decreasing sources of natural

potable water.

Touted as a promising alternative energy source for decades, solar panels crown

rooftops and roadside signs, and help keep spacecraft powered. But how do solar panels

work?

Simply put, a solar panel works by allowing photons, or particles of light, to

knock electrons free from atoms, generating a flow of electricity. Solar panels actually

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comprise many, smaller units called photovoltaic cells. (Photovoltaic simply means they

convert sunlight into electricity.) Many cells linked together make up a solar panel.

Each photovoltaic cell is basically a sandwich made up of two slices of semi-

conducting material, usually silicon — the same stuff used in microelectronics.

To work, photovoltaic cells need to establish an electric field. Much like a

magnetic field, which occurs due to opposite poles, an electric field occurs when opposite

charges are separated. To get this field, manufacturers "dope" silicon with other

materials, giving each slice of the sandwich a positive or negative electrical charge.

Specifically, they seed phosphorous into the top layer of silicon, which adds extra

electrons, with a negative charge, to that layer. Meanwhile, the bottom layer gets a dose

of boron, which results in fewer electrons, or a positive charge. This all adds up to an

electric field at the junction between the silicon layers. Then, when a photon of sunlight

knocks an electron free, the electric field will push that electron out of the silicon

junction.

A couple of other components of the cell turn these electrons into usable

power. Metal conductive plates on the sides of the cell collect the electrons and transfer

them to wires. At that point, the electrons can flow like any other source of electricity.

Recently, researchers have produced ultrathin, flexible solar cells that are only 1.3

microns thick — about 1/100th the width of a human hair — and are 20 times lighter than

a sheet of office paper. In fact, the cells are so light that they can sit on top of a soap

bubble, and yet they produce energy with about as much efficiency as glass-based solar

cells, scientists reported in a study published in 2016 in the journal Organic Electronics.

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Lighter, more flexible solar cells such as these could be integrated into architecture,

aerospace technology, or even wearable electronics.

There are other types of solar power technology — including solar thermal and

concentrated solar power (CSP) — that operate in a different fashion than photovoltaic

solar panels, but all harness the power of sunlight to either create electricity or to heat

water or air. (Dhar, 2017).

Water is essential to human life, and it's no mystery that the sun plays an

important role in the water cycle on our planet, as water moves from clouds to rain to

rivers, lakes and oceans, and back again. Scientists have discovered several ways to use

the sun's energy and the processes of evaporation and condensation to help sanitize water

and make it safe to drink.

One of the simpler methods involves the use of solar stills. One of the first solar

stills was developed in the 19th century when mine owners in Chile faced the problem of

providing drinking water for their workers; by using a sun-operated distilling plant with a

large area of glassed-over wooden frames, they could evaporate the contaminated water,

recondense it and produce up to 6,000 gallons (22,712 liters) of fresh water in a single

day. (Mother News, 2016)

Figure 2.1.1 Types of Water Purifying

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 On figure 2.1.1, the 3 main types of water purifying are shown, first is through

evaporation-condensation process, followed by the chlorine bleaching, and multi-stage

reverse osmosis filtration (from left to right).

Solar stills can be useful when other water sources are unavailable, such as during

power outages during a hurricane, in remote areas with a loss of electricity, or in the

event of a wilderness emergency.

A simple solar still can be constructed by digging a hole in the ground, placing a

container that can hold water in the middle, covering the hole with clear plastic sheet, and

putting a pebble on the sheet directly over the container in the middle. The plastic will

turn the damp hole into a makeshift greenhouse, trapping sun's rays to produce heat. As

the moisture within the hole evaporates, it will condense on the underside of the plastic

and run down into the container (Survival Topics, 2013).

This principle of using the sun to clean water has been applied on a more

sophisticated scale using devices such as solar water purifiers. Australian scientist John

Ward introduced a solar water purifying panel in 2006 that can convert contaminated

water into safe drinking water. Water is plumbed into a specially designed panel, and as it

passes through a series of cascading trays, the sun shines through the glass into the water.

As heat is conducted into the water, it vaporizes and condenses on the underside surface

of the glass and runs down into the purified water collection channel. The water is then

heated and pasteurized, and additional exposure to the sun's ultraviolet light completes

the purification process (Water, 2015).

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 An organization called Eawag: The Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Sciences

and Technology, is spreading the word about the solar water disinfection method --

known as SODIS for short -- as a cost-effective solution for treating water and making it

safe to drink in developing countries. And it's simpler than you might think: Clear PET

bottles (a commonly used food grade packaging plastic known for its chemical inertness)

are filled with water and placed in the sun for six hours. The UV-A rays in sunlight kill

germs such as viruses, bacteria and parasites. This process works even in lower

temperatures (SODIS, 2011)

A host of scientific studies have proven that the solar disinfection method kills

germs in water effectively and that using the sun's energy can even improve the health of

the population by providing a source of clean, safe drinking water. This is no laughing

matter: Nearly 1 billion people in developing countries live without access to clean water.

Without a fresh water source, they must drink water that often leads to diseases such as

typhus, dysentery, and cholera (SODIS, 2011)

Related Studies

Ultraviolet Disinfection

When it comes to biological contaminants, one effective method of neutralizing

them is through an ultraviolet disinfection system. These units pass water through a glass

tube, exposing it to a heavy dose of ultraviolet radiation. This sterilizes any

microorganism that may be present in the water. These units are excellent at neutralizing

bacteria and viruses, but are ineffective at removing dissolved particles and chemical

contaminants. Because of this limitation, ultraviolet disinfection units usually include a

physical filter of some kind to provide complete water purification.

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SODIS METHOD

Water can be disinfected and in this way made drinkable using the rays of the sun.

"Solar water disinfection" - SODIS for short - thus offers a solution for preventing

diarrhoea, one of the most common causes of death among people in developing

countries.

The SODIS method is ideal for treating water for drinking in developing

countries. All it requires is sunlight and PET bottles. Clear PET (polyethylene

terephthalate) bottles are filled with the water and set out in the sun for 6 hours. The UV-

A rays in sunlight kill germs such as viruses, bacteria and parasites (giardia and

cryptosporidia). The method also works when air and water temperatures are low.

People can use the SODIS method to treat their drinking water themselves. The

method is very simple and its application is safe. It is particularly suitable for treating

relatively small quantities of drinking water.

Figure 3.1.1 SODIS Method

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 CHAPTER III

ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION OF THE FABRICATION OF THE

Upon the researchers’ thoughts on how the machine will be like, it contains four

main parts. First is the heater or the heating element which is responsible for raising the

temperature of the water to or beyond boiling point for water to evaporate. The second

part is the power supply, which is specifically a solar panel with its connecting wires

attached to a charge controller which then regulates the voltage to enter the inverter

which then transforms direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC), so it so happens

that for an input of 12V DC it would be transformed to 220V AC. The heating element is

the connected to the output of the inverter. The heating element is made up of nichrome

wires that conduct electricity and heat up very fast depending on the current passed

through it. The next part is the casing, where it should be at least insulated inside to

reduce the rate of heat transfer towards the environment upon actual evaporation-

condensation testing of the prototype. The fourth part is the means of connection from the

evaporator/boiler to the condenser. The researchers’ idea is to use pipe connections

wherein steam can pass through the pipeline towards the condenser.

This study is limited by the researchers to only focus on the boiler part and not the

condensing are or space. Instead of an actual condensing area with specifications and

proper conditions, a plastic battle is substituted where the steam can freely expand and

condensate inside. The volume of water to be heated is specified by the researchers to be

½ Liters only for the purpose of fast attainment of results. The exact and detailed process

of the function of the machine is as follows; the photovoltaic cell is exposed under direct

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sunlight. Sunlight has heat and the cells on the solar cell are concentrated to attain heat

energy which is equal to the excitation energy required to raise the electron’s energy level

to the next, some materials exhibit a property known as the photoelectric effect that

causes them to absorb photons of light and release electrons. When these free electrons

are captured, an electric current is produced and can be used as electricity. The electricity

the panel produces is then transferred to the inverter through which as previously stated

converts DC to AC. Moving on to the heating stage, as the current is passed to the

heating element, the nichrome wires inside the heating element heat up and radiates its

heat with the heat sink or heat plates which then transfers heat to the container of water

(usually made of metal) with a larger area of contact. After some time the water then

heats and when it reaches its boiling point, 100oC, it starts to evaporate and turn into

vapor. The cover of the heating container has a pipe attached on top which the other end

is connected to the condensing space for vapor to freely expand and later on liquefy to

clean and safe consumable water.

Materials Needed for Fabrication of the Prototype

Figure 3.1.2 Solar Panel

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 The solar panel shown on Figure 1.1.2 that the researchers ordered is a 12V DC

solar panel 8 in. x 14 in. in dimension.

Figure 3.1.3 Charge Controller

Shown on the figure above is the charge controller with 12V output. It has a load

capacity of 7A maximum.

Figure 3.1.4 Inverter

Above is the image of the inverter that the researchers have purchased to use in

converting DC to AC. It has specifications of 12V DV to 210V-230V AC and a

maximum load of 1500W.

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 Figure 3.1.5 Plywood Casing

Shown in figure 3.1.5 is the casing made of plywood ½ thick with dimensions of

14 x 14 x 8 all dimensions are in inches.

Figure 3.1.6 Heating Element

Depicted in the picture above is the heating element used with specifications of

230V, 350W. the heating element is composed of a nichrome wire inside the casing

which is in contact with the heat sink plate.

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 Figure 3.1.7 Water Container for Heating

Shown in figure 3.1.7is the metal bowl used in rice cookers which the researchers used as

the container which will hold the water while being heated.

Figure 3.1.8 Pipes

Figure 3.1.8 shows the pipes that the steam will flow through towards the

condensing area where it can liquefy.

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 Figure 3.1.9 Reflective Insulating Foil

Figure 3.1.9 shows the reflective insulating foils used by the researchers to

insulate the inside of the machine to minimize the heat transfer towards the surrounding

environment.

Procedure of the Creation of the Prototype

Figure 3.2.0 Creation of the Casing

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 The first step is to make the casing of the project by cutting the plywood into two

(2) pieces of 14 x 14 in. and four (4) pieces of 14 x 8 in and attach the pieces together to

form a box just like figure 3.1.5, although the picture has on two (2) of its sides having

height greater than 8 in., later on it was cut by the researchers.

Figure 3.2.1 Drilling and attaching wire connectors

Drill a hole for the socket of the wire to be attached as shown on the figure above.

Another hole is drilled to fit the pipe for the steam exhaust shown on the figure below.

Figure 3.2.2 Exhaust Pipe

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 Figure 3.2.3 Insulation and Positioning of the Heating Element

The heating element is settled at the bottom center of the casing and screwed to

the base. The walls are then insulated with insulating foam.

Figure 3.2.4 Attachment of Inner Steam Pipe

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 The cover of the metal container inside also has a hole where the other pipe is

attached so the steam has a path to follow to the exhaust shown in figure 3.2.4.

Figure 3.2.5 Connecting the Power Supply

The final attachments would be connecting the solar panel to the charge controller

then to the inverter and then the heating element is plugged to the inverter. The metal

container bowl is then filled with ½ L water and tests are run.

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 CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

Summary

Water is necessary for all humans to survive. Some of us have access to water and

take it for granted. Many of us can walk to a grocery store and buy bottled water or we

can just go into our kitchens or bathrooms to get water from a tap. There are many more

in this world who do not have this kind of luxury. There are billions of people being

affected by a water crisis. Nearly one billion humans have no access to clean, drinkable

water.

The main goal of the researchers is to create a solution to the problem that some

of our fellow countrymen are experiencing. Isolated rural areas that do not have a safe

water system for people to drink are highly susceptible to diseases that can cause pain

and even death. If no action is done, then the consequences will slowly creep-in and harm

us without even noticing. The water used is limited only to river water which is

commonly found in isolated areas in mountains.

This study is limited by the researchers to only focus on the boiler part and not the

condensing are or space. Instead of an actual condensing area with specifications and

proper conditions, a plastic battle is substituted where the steam can freely expand and

condensate inside. The volume of water to be heated is specified by the researchers to be

½ Liters only for the purpose of fast attainment of results.

The researchers decided to propose this project that the government can also adapt

and apply it to future projects they may have.

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Findings

To fabricate an effective machine that can contribute to the society, especially for

the ones who are located at rural areas where there is no safe water systems, is the

primary goal of the researchers. The Heliocatharisist is an evaporation-condensation

based water purification system that makes use of the power supplied by the sun through

photovoltaic cells. The design requirements states that for the solar panel 12V-production

is chosen and for the inverter a 12V input as well, so the first design proposal was to

directly connect the solar cell to the inverter. But the problem was that the solar cell with

the size of 8 in. x 14 in. of cell surface area exposed to sunlight cannot interminably

supply constant voltage to the inverter. The voltage depends on the intensity of heat

energy the sun emits which is used to excite the electrons within the plates. The

researchers’ solution to the problem faced is to connect the solar cell to a 12V

rechargeable battery and then the battery is the one connected to the inverter instead of

the previous connection.

Figure 4.2.1

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 Figure 4.2.1 depicts the battery selected by the researchers through the availability

of the largest AH, 12V battery. The following computations are for the compatibility of

the heating element requirement in its current.

Required current supply by battery-inverter combination

from the specifications of the heating element, 210-230V and 350W, the

required current should be;

P = IV

V = 220V, Voltage Output of the Inverter

350W = I(220V)

I = 1.590909091 A

In contrary, the current supplied by the batter and the inverter is shown below;

Ampere-Hour rating of battery = 5A•Hr/20Hr

Ampere supplied by battery = 0.25A

In order to suffice the requirements of the heating element, at least 7 batteries of

the same specifications to be connected in parallel should be present. The researchers

would just limit the prototype to one battery, although this will result to a longer heating

time compared to the actual required specifications. The supposed heating time compared

to the heating time of the researchers' prototype is shown below.

Heating time for sufficient actual requirements of heating element for 1 Liter of water.

Wattage of heating element is 350W, assuming that water temperature is in room

temperature condition (23 °C).

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Time of heating

Pt = (4.2*L*ΔT), kW*s (James, 2017)

Where P, is the power produced by the heating element in kW

t, is the heating time in seconds

L, is the volume of water to be heated in liters

ΔT, is the change of temperature in C°

Assuming 135°C is the final temperature of the heating element when heating

water to compensate for heat loss due to ambient temperature. (Hanabishi, 2013) and

volume of water to be heated for testing is 0.5 L.

Substituting values will yield to;

0.35 kW(t) = (4.2)(0.5L)(135°C-23°C)

t = 672 sec or 11.2 mins.

For the power supplied by the researchers' prototype

P = IV

Where I = 0.25A

V = 220V

P = (0.25A)(220V)

P = 55 W

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 .055(t) = 4.2(0.5L)(135°C-23°C)

t = 4276.364 sec or 71.273 mins.

The insufficiency of the current supplied by the battery results in an increase of

nearly 640 % of the heating time of the heliocatharisist. The prototype is made from

inappropriate materials that can deter the efficiency of the machine, which includes the

casing is made of plywood that absorbs moisture and condense any vapor inside the

heater that may damage the prototype's circuits, which is also one of the problems. The

wires are exposed inside the heater, and may get wet and cause a short circuit and

damage the prototype, the pipes used to transfer the steam to the condensing medium is a

pvc pipe and also is inappropriate. Overall, even though the machine worked and did its

purpose, it did not fulfill to display its full capacity and efficiency. What the researchers

presented is nothing but merely a small depiction of what the project can really do, but

not its full capacity, so there can be more to expect from the actual fabrication of the

machine, with the proper use of materials.

The prototype displayed that it can perform its assigned task in evaporating river water,

separating it from other constituents within the water. When provided with the proper

requirements of equipments for the machine, designing the prototype into a bigger

application, here in dumaguete we have a total population of 120,883 people with 29.6%

in rural areas which gives us 35,782 rural area-living people (PSA, 2013). Assuming that

at least 10 % of that population is in isolated areas that cannot be ensured with safe water

consumption supply, yields us 3579 people. The average volume of water a person

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consumes every day is about 3.18 L (Ogunjimi, 2017). The approximate volume of water

needed to supply the respondents is 3.18L * 3579 = 11,382 L.

Figure 4.2.2

Assuming to use a 1000 kW power rating of a heating element to be used such as a

product from aggreko , using the same equation;

1000kW(t) = 4.2(11,382 L)(135°C - 23°C)

t = 5354.0928 secs or 89.23488 mins.

Within just an approximate heating time of 90 minutes, the heliocatharisist can

already start to boil and evaporate river water and later on condense the vapor to safe

consumable water for the community to drink. But of course the researchers only

assumed that these isolated-area occupants live in the same place, so if they are actually

housed in various locations, then a heating element or plate with power rating of much

lesser than 1000kW to have lesser expenses on the production of the machine but of

course still yield the same wanted results.

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Conclusion

In the end the researchers were able to study on the possibility of using solar

energy in answering one of the sustainable development goals of our country, sustainable

goal no. 6: Clean water and sanitation, by the development of the concept of the

heliocatharisist. Yes, the concepts are already based on previous studies, but the design

and application of the project itself is unique and a symbol of ingenuity. In order for the

full potential of the machine to be manifested, proper computations should be taken for

consideration, such as the rate of heat transfer of the heating element to the metal

containing water. Proper materials should also be used in the fabrication, rather than

wood, an appropriate metal should be used. Steam pipes should also be used instead of

random PVC pipes found in our houses. In the selection of the power source materials, it

is not enough to just check the specifications for the compatibility with the parts, for

example the inverter, battery, charge controller and the solar panel. It is also best to take

into consideration right from the start, the current the supply gives to ensure that it would

be able to provide adequate current to power the heating element. This project is one of

the examples each engineer, developer, innovator, etc. must strive to make or improve. It

does not benefit the researchers that much but of course the main purpose and target right

from the start was to help our society in every way that we can.

In conclusion, the prototype simply demonstrates the concept and processes

involved of the machine. A lot of improvements and proper specifications are to be taken

for consideration, but it shows great prominence in the solution on one of man’s greatest

hurdle, their health.

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Recommendation

The researchers successfully manufactured a prototype for the Heliocatharisist

which decontaminates the water, specifically sources are rivers in isolated rural areas that

do not have any access to clean and safe water consumption, and provide a new step for

other researchers and innovators or developers to design an improved version of the

Heliocatharisist. Recommendations on the calculation of the proper metals used is also

highly appreciated, also the actual constituents present in the test water before and after

the decontaminating phase. The design of the second part of the evaporation-

condensation cycle, the condenser, is recommended that other future researchers can

design and fabricate the condenser. The condenser also plays a crucial part in the

purification of water, for when in the condenser vapor tends to start to liquefy, the space

or vacuum inside the condenser should be clean and safe from any contaminants that may

attach itself with vapor and later on with water as well as in condenses.

Recommendations on the government implementing this project for future plans is also a

must in showing the people government officials lead, that they ctually care for their

health and well-being.

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