Unit-1: Problems

1. A rectangular bar is subjected to an axial load P as

shown in Figure. Determine the expression of PE
functional and determine the extreme value of the PE
for the following data E= 200 GPa, P = 3kN, L=100
mm, b=width = 20 mm and t = 10 mm .

Solution
PE= SE + WP

1 1
𝑆𝐸 = 𝜎 ∈𝑉 = 𝜎 ∈𝐴𝐿
2 2
𝑢 𝐸𝑢
∈= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎 = 𝐸 ∈=
𝐿 𝐿
1 𝐸𝑢2 𝐴𝐿 1 𝐸𝑢2 𝐴
𝑆𝐸 = =
2 𝐿2 2 𝐿
WP = - p u
1 𝐸𝑢2 𝐴
𝜋= − 𝑝𝑢
2 𝐿
Apply minimum PE principle
𝜕𝜋 𝐸𝑢 𝐴
= − 𝑝=0
𝜕𝑢 𝐿

3000 𝑥100
𝑢= = 7.5 𝑥10−3 𝑚𝑚
10𝑥20𝑥200𝑥103

1 𝐸𝑢2 𝐴
𝜋= − 𝑝 𝑢 = −11.25 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
2 𝐿

2. Using the principle of minimum potential energy determine the displacement at

the nodes for a given spring system shown in figure.
1
K1=40 N/m
F1=60 N U1 3 U2
F2=50 N
K1=80 N/m
K2=60 N/m
2

PE = SE + WP
 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑺𝑬 = 𝒌𝟏 𝜹𝟐𝟏 + 𝒌𝟐 𝜹𝟐𝟐 + 𝒌𝟑 𝜹𝟐𝟑
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑺𝑬 = 𝒌𝟏 𝒖𝟐𝟏 + 𝒌𝟐 𝒖𝟐𝟐 + 𝒌𝟑 (𝒖𝟐 − 𝒖𝟏 )𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝑾𝑷 = −𝑭𝟏 𝒖𝟏 − 𝑭𝟐 𝒖𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝝅= 𝒌𝟏 𝒖𝟐𝟏 + 𝒌𝟐 𝒖𝟐𝟏 + 𝒌𝟑 (𝒖𝟐 − 𝒖𝟏 )𝟐 − 𝑭𝟏 𝒖𝟏 − 𝑭𝟐 𝒖𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝝑𝝅
= 𝒌𝟏 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒌𝟐 𝒖𝟏 − 𝒌𝟑 (𝒖𝟐 − 𝒖𝟏 ) − 𝑭𝟏 = 𝟎
𝝑𝒖𝟏

(𝒌𝟏 + 𝒌𝟐 + 𝒌𝟑 )𝒖𝟏 − 𝒌𝟑 𝒖𝟐 = 𝑭𝟏

𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝒖𝟏 − 𝟖𝟎𝒖𝟐 = 𝟔𝟎 01
𝝑𝝅
= −𝒌𝟑 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒌𝟑 𝒖𝟐 − 𝑭𝟐 = 𝟎
𝝑𝒖𝟐

−𝒌𝟑 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒌𝟑 𝒖𝟐 = 𝑭𝟐

−𝟖𝟎 𝒖𝟏 + 𝟖𝟎𝒖𝟐 = 𝟓𝟎 02

U1 = 1.1 m and U2 = 1.725 m

3. Using the principle of minimum potential energy determine the displacement at

the nodes for a given spring system shown in figure.
K1 U1
F1
1
K2 U2
F2
2 K4
K3 U3
3 4
F3
PE = SE + WP
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑺𝑬 = 𝒌𝟏 𝜹𝟐𝟏 + 𝒌𝟐 𝜹𝟐𝟐 + 𝒌𝟑 𝜹𝟐𝟑 + 𝒌𝟑 𝜹𝟐𝟒
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑺𝑬 = 𝒌𝟏 (𝒖𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 )𝟐 + 𝒌𝟐 𝒖𝟐𝟐 + 𝒌𝟑 (𝒖𝟑 − 𝒖𝟐 )𝟐 + 𝒌𝟒 𝒖𝟐𝟑
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝑾𝑷 = −𝑭𝟏 𝒖𝟏 − 𝑭𝟐 𝒖𝟐 − 𝑭𝟑 𝒖𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝝅= 𝒌 (𝒖𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 )𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒌𝟐 𝒖𝟐𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒌𝟑 (𝒖𝟑 − 𝒖𝟐 )𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒌𝟒 𝒖𝟐𝟑 − 𝑭𝟏 𝒖𝟏 − 𝑭𝟐 𝒖𝟐 − 𝑭𝟑 𝒖𝟑
𝟐 𝟏
𝝑𝝅
= 𝒌𝟏 (𝒖𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 ) − 𝑭𝟏 = 𝟎
𝝑𝒖𝟏

𝒌𝟏 𝒖𝟏 − 𝒌𝟏 𝒖𝟐 = 𝑭𝟏 01
𝝑𝝅
= −𝒌𝟏 (𝒖𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 ) + 𝒌𝟐 𝒖𝟐 − 𝒌𝟑 (𝒖𝟑 − 𝒖𝟐 ) − 𝑭𝟐 = 𝟎
𝝑𝒖𝟐

−𝒌𝟏 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒌𝟏 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒌𝟐 𝒖𝟐 + 𝒌𝟑 𝒖𝟐 − 𝒌𝟑 𝒖𝟑 = 𝑭𝟐

−𝒌𝟏 𝒖𝟏 + (𝒌𝟏 + 𝒌𝟐 + 𝒌𝟑 )𝒖𝟐 − 𝒌𝟑 𝒖𝟑 = 𝑭𝟐 02

𝝑𝝅
= 𝒌𝟑 (𝒖𝟑 − 𝒖𝟐 ) + 𝒌𝟒 𝒖𝟑 − 𝑭𝟑 = 𝟎
𝝑𝒖𝟑

−𝒌𝟑 𝒖𝟐 + (𝒌𝟑 + 𝒌𝟒 )𝒖𝟑 = 𝑭𝟑 03

From Equation 1, 2 and 3

𝒌𝟏 −𝒌𝟏 𝟎 𝒖𝟏 𝑭𝟏
[−𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟏 + 𝒌𝟐 + 𝒌𝟑 −𝒌𝟑 ] [𝒖𝟐 ] = [𝑭𝟐 ]
𝟎 −𝒌𝟑 𝒌𝟑 + 𝒌𝟒 𝒖𝟑 𝑭𝟑

4. Figure shows a bar fixed at both ends subjected to

E, A P
an axial load. Determine the displacement at the
L/2 L/2
loading point and the corresponding stress using L
Rayleigh- Ritz method.

Step 1: Formulation of PE functions

 = SE + WP
EA l ∂u 2
 = ∫0 (∂x ) dx − p um 01
2

Step 2: Selection of Displacement Model

𝑢 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 02
BC-1 x = 0, u=0 then a0=0
BC-2 x = L, u = 0  0 = 𝑎1 𝐿 + 𝑎2 𝐿2
𝑎1 = −𝑎2 𝐿
𝑢 = −𝑎2 𝐿𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2  𝑢 = 𝑎2 (𝑥 2 − 𝐿𝑥) 03
𝜕𝑢
= 𝑎2 (2𝑥 − 𝐿)
𝜕𝑥
 𝜕𝑢 2
(𝜕𝑥 ) = 𝑎22 (4𝑥 2 + 𝐿2 − 4𝐿𝑥) 04
𝐿 𝐿2 𝐿2 𝐿2
𝑥 = →→→ 𝑢 = 𝑢𝑚 = 𝑎2 ( − ) →→ 𝑢𝑚 = −𝑎2 05
2 4 2 4

Step 3: Substitute in PE
EA l 𝐿2
 = ∫0 𝑎22 (4𝑥 2 + 𝐿2 − 4𝐿𝑥)dx + p 𝑎2
2 4
E a22 L3 p a2 L2
 = + 06
6 4

Step 4: Applied Minimum Potential Energy

∂ 2E a2 L3 p L2
= + =0
∂x 6 4
3𝑝
𝑎2 = − 07
4𝐸𝐴𝐿
Substitute in Equation 03
3𝑝
𝑢=− (𝑥 2 − 𝐿𝑥) 08
4𝐸𝐴𝐿
𝐿 3𝑝𝐿
𝑥= 𝑢 = 𝑢𝑚 = −
2 16𝐸𝐴
Position (x) 𝜕𝑢 3𝑝 3𝑝
Strain= =− (2𝑥 − 𝐿) Stress = − (2𝑥 − 𝐿)
𝜕𝑥 4𝐸𝐴𝐿 4𝐴𝐿
x=0 3𝑝 3𝑝
4𝐸𝐴 4𝐴
x=L/2 0 0
x=L 3𝑝 3𝑝
− −
4𝐸𝐴 4𝐴

5. Figure shows a bar fixed at both ends subjected to continuous axial load.
Determine the displacement at the loading point
F
and the corresponding stress using Rayleigh- Ritz E, A P
method.
L
Step 1: Formulation of PE functions
 = SE + WP
EA l ∂u 2 L
 = ∫0 (∂x ) dx − ∫0 Fudx 01
2

Step 2: Selection of Displacement Model

𝑢 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 02
BC-1 x = 0, u=0 then a0=0
BC-2 x = L, u = 0  0 = 𝑎1 𝐿 + 𝑎2 𝐿2
𝑎1 = −𝑎2 𝐿
𝑢 = −𝑎2 𝐿𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2  𝑢 = 𝑎2 (𝑥 2 − 𝐿𝑥) 03
𝜕𝑢
= 𝑎2 (2𝑥 − 𝐿)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 2
(𝜕𝑥 ) = 𝑎22 (4𝑥 2 + 𝐿2 − 4𝐿𝑥) 04
L Fa2 L3
∫0 F𝑎2 (𝑥 2 − 𝐿𝑥)dx = −
6
05

Step 3: Substitute in PE
EA l Fa2 L3
 = ∫0 𝑎22 (4𝑥 2 + 𝐿2 − 4𝐿𝑥)dx +
2 6
E a22 L3 F a2 L3
 = + 06
6 6

Step 4: Applied Minimum Potential Energy

∂ 2E a2 L3 F L3
= + =0
∂x 6 6
𝐹
𝑎2 = − 07
2𝐸𝐴
Substitute in Equation 03
𝐹
𝑢=− (𝑥 2 − 𝐿𝑥) 08
2𝐸𝐴
𝐿 3𝐹𝐿2
𝑥= 𝑢 = 𝑢𝑚 = −
2 8𝐸𝐴
Position (x) 𝜕𝑢 𝐹 𝐹
Strain= =− (2𝑥 − 𝐿) Stress = − (2𝑥 − 𝐿)
𝜕𝑥 2𝐸𝐴 2𝐴
x=0 𝐹𝐿 𝐹𝐿
2𝐸𝐴 2𝐴
x=L/2 0 0
x=L 𝐹𝐿 𝐹𝐿
− −
2𝐸𝐴 2𝐴

6. A cantilever beam of span L is subjected to a

P
point load at free end. Derive an equation for the E, I, L
deflection at free end by using Rayleigh- Ritz
method. Assume polynomial function

Step 1: Formulation of PE functions

 = SE + WP
2
EI l ∂2 y
 = ∫0 (∂x2 ) dx − pym 01
2

Step 2: Selection of Displacement Model

𝑦 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎3 𝑥 3 02
BC-1 x = 0,y=0 then a0=0
𝜕𝑌
BC-2 x = 0, = 0 then a1=0
𝜕𝑥
𝜕2 𝑌
BC-3 x=L = 0 0 = 2𝑎2 + 6𝑎3 𝐿
𝜕𝑥 2
𝑎2 = −3𝑎3 𝐿
𝑦 = −3𝑎3 𝐿𝑥 2 + 𝑎3 𝑥 3  𝑦 = 𝑎3 (𝑥 3 − 3𝐿𝑥 2 ) 03
𝜕𝑦
= 𝑎3 (3𝑥 2 − 6𝐿𝑥)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕2 𝑦
= 6𝑎3 (𝑥 − 𝐿)
𝜕𝑥 2
2
𝜕2 𝑦
(𝜕𝑥 2 ) = 36𝑎32 (𝑥 2 + 𝐿2 − 2𝐿𝑥) 04
𝑥 = 𝐿 →→→ 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑚 = 𝑎3 (𝐿3 − 3𝐿3 ) →→ 𝑌𝑚 = −2𝑎3 𝐿3 05
Step 3: Substitute in PE
EI l
 = ∫0 36𝑎32 (𝑥 2 + 𝐿2 − 2𝐿𝑥) + 2𝑎3 𝐿3 𝑃
2
 = 6EIa23 L3 + 2𝑎3 𝐿3 𝑃 06

Step 4: Applied Minimum Potential Energy

∂
= 12EIa3 L3 + 2𝐿3 𝑃 = 0
∂x
𝑃
𝑎3 = − 07
6𝐸𝐼
Substitute in Equation 03
𝑃
𝑦=− (𝑥 3 − 3𝐿𝑥 2 ) 08
6𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝐿3
𝑦𝑚 =
3𝐸𝐼

7. A cantilever beam of span L is subjected to a uniformly F

distributed load. Derive an equation for the deflection at
E, I, L
free end by using Rayleigh- Ritz method. Assume
polynomial function
Step 1: Formulation of PE functions
 = SE + WP
2
EI l ∂2 y L
 = ∫0 (∂x2 ) dx − ∫0 Fydx 01
2

Step 2: Selection of Displacement Model

𝑦 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎3 𝑥 3 02
BC-1 x = 0, y=0 then a0=0
𝜕𝑌
BC-2 x = 0, = 0 then a1=0
𝜕𝑥
𝜕2 𝑌
BC-3 x=L = 0 0 = 2𝑎2 + 6𝑎3 𝐿
𝜕𝑥 2
𝑎2 = −3𝑎3 𝐿
𝑦 = −3𝑎3 𝐿𝑥 2 + 𝑎3 𝑥 3  𝑦 = 𝑎3 (𝑥 3 − 3𝐿𝑥 2 ) 03
𝜕𝑦
= 𝑎3 (3𝑥 2 − 6𝐿𝑥)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕2 𝑦
= 6𝑎3 (𝑥 − 𝐿)
𝜕𝑥 2
2
𝜕2 𝑦
(𝜕𝑥 2 ) = 36𝑎32 (𝑥 2 + 𝐿2 − 2𝐿𝑥) 04
L 3Fa3 L4
∫0 F𝑎3 (𝑥 3 − 3𝐿𝑥 2 )dx = − 4
05

Sep 3: Substitute in PE
EI l 3Fa3 L4
 = ∫0 36𝑎32 (𝑥 2 + 𝐿2 − 2𝐿𝑥) +
2 4
3Fa3 L4
 = 6EIa23 L3 + 06
4

Step 4: Applied Minimum Potential Energy

∂ 3FL4
= 12EIa3 L3 + =0
∂x 4
𝐹𝐿
𝑎3 = − 07
16𝐸𝐼
Substitute in Equation 03
𝐹𝐿
𝑦=− (𝑥 3 − 3𝐿𝑥 2 ) 08
16𝐸𝐼
𝐹𝐿4
𝑦𝑚 =
8𝐸𝐼

8. Simply supported beam subjected to point load at the P

centre. Derive an equation for maximum deflection EI

L
 using trigonometrical function by Rayleigh Ritz method

Step 1: Formulation of PE functions

 = SE + WP
2 2
EI l ∂ y
 = 2 ∫0 ( 2 ) dx − pym 01
∂x

Step 2: Selection of Displacement Model

𝜋𝑥
𝑦 = C sin 02
𝐿
BC-1 x = 0 then y =0
BC-2 x=L then y =0
𝜕𝑌
BC-3 x = L/2 then =0
𝜕𝑥
𝜋𝑥
𝑦 = C sin 03
𝐿
𝜕2 𝑦 𝜋2 𝜋𝑥
= −𝐶 sin
𝜕𝑥 2 𝐿2 𝐿
2
𝜕2 𝑦 𝜋4 𝜋𝑥
(𝜕𝑥 2 ) = 𝐶 2 𝐿4 sin 𝐿
04
𝐿
𝑥 = →→→ 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑚 = 𝐶 05
2

Step 3: Substitute in PE
l 2𝜋 4
 = EI
2 ∫0
𝐶 4 sin 𝜋𝑥
𝐿
− Cp
𝐿
C2 EIπ4
 = − 𝑝𝐶 06
4L3

Step 4: Applied Minimum Potential Energy

∂ 2C EIπ4
= − 𝑝=0
∂x 4L3
2𝑃𝐿3
𝐶= 07
𝐸𝐼𝜋4
Substitute in Equation 03
2𝑃𝐿3 𝜋𝑥
𝑦= sin 08
𝐸𝐼𝜋4 𝐿
2𝑃𝐿3
𝑌=
𝐸𝐼𝜋4

9. Simply supported beam subjected uniform distributed F

load on the beam. Derive an equation for maximum
EI
L
 deflection using trigonometrical function by Rayleigh Ritz method

Step 1: Formulation of PE functions

 = SE + WP
2 2
EI l ∂ y
 = 2 ∫0 ( 2 ) dx − ∫0L F y dx 01
∂x

Step 2: Selection of Displacement Model

𝜋𝑥
𝑦 = C sin 02
𝐿
BC-1 x = 0 then y =0
BC-2 x=L then y =0
𝜕𝑌
BC-3 x = L/2 then =0
𝜕𝑥
𝜋𝑥
𝑦 = C sin 03
𝐿
𝜕2 𝑦 𝜋2 𝜋𝑥
= −𝐶 sin
𝜕𝑥 2 𝐿2 𝐿
2
𝜕2 𝑦 𝜋4 𝜋𝑥
(𝜕𝑥 2 ) = 𝐶 2 𝐿4 sin 𝐿
04
𝐿
𝑥 = →→→ 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑚 = 𝐶 05
2
L L 𝜋𝑥 2FCL
∫0 p y dx = ∫0 p C sin 𝐿
dx =
π

Step 3: Substitute in PE
l 2𝜋 4
 = EI
2 ∫0
𝐶 4 sin 𝜋𝑥
𝐿
− 2FCL
π𝐿
2
EIπ4
 =C − 2FCL
06
4L3 π

Step 4: Applied Minimum Potential Energy

∂ 2C EIπ4 2FL
= − =0
∂x 4L3 π
4𝐹𝐿4
𝐶= 07
𝐸𝐼𝜋5
Substitute in Equation 03
4𝐹𝐿4 𝜋𝑥
𝑦= sin 08
𝐸𝐼𝜋5 𝐿
4𝐹𝐿4 𝐹𝐿4
𝑌𝑚 = =
𝐸𝐼𝜋5 76.52 𝐸𝐼
10. A cantilever beam of span L is subjected to a F
uniformly distributed load. Derive an equation for the
E, I, L
deflection at free end by using Gelerkin technique.
Assume polynomial function.

Step 1: Formulation of DE functions

∂4 y
EI −F=0 01
∂x4

Step 2: Selection of Displacement Model

𝑦 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎3 𝑥 3 + 𝑎4 𝑥 4 02
BC-1 x = 0, y=0 then a0=0
𝜕𝑌
BC-2 x = 0, = 0 then a1=0
𝜕𝑥
𝜕2 𝑌
BC-3 x=L = 0 0 = 2𝑎2 + 6𝑎3 𝐿 + 12𝑎4 𝐿2
𝜕𝑥 2
𝑎2 = −3𝑎3 𝐿 − 6𝑎4 𝐿2 03
𝜕3 𝑌
BC-4 x=L 3 = 0 0 = 6𝑎3 + 24 𝑎4 𝐿
𝜕𝑥
𝑎3 = −4 𝑎4 𝐿 04
Substitute (4) into (3)
𝑎2 = −3(−4 𝑎4 𝐿) 𝐿 − 6𝑎4 𝐿2
𝑎2 = 12 𝑎4 𝐿2 − 6𝑎4 𝐿2
𝑎2 = 6 𝑎4 𝐿2 05
Substitute equation 4 and 5 in equation 1
𝑦 = 6 𝑎4 𝐿2 𝑥 2 − 4 𝑎4 𝐿𝑥 3 + 𝑎4 𝑥 4
𝑦 = 𝑎4 (𝑥 4 − 4 𝐿𝑥 3 + 6𝐿2 𝑥 2 ) 06
𝑤1 = 𝑥 4 − 4 𝐿𝑥 3 + 6𝐿2 𝑥 2

𝜕𝑦
= 𝑎4 (4𝑥 3 − 12 𝐿𝑥 2 + 12𝐿2 𝑥 )
𝜕𝑥
𝜕2 𝑦
= 𝑎4 (12𝑥 2 − 24 𝐿𝑥 + 12𝐿2 )
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕3 𝑦
= 𝑎4 (24𝑥 − 24 𝐿)
𝜕𝑥 3
𝜕4 𝑦
= 24𝑎4 07
𝜕𝑥 4

Sep 3: Substitute in DE and equating to R

EI 24𝑎4 − F = R 08
Step 4: Applied Galerkin technique (weight residual technique)
l
∫0 w1 R dx = 0 09
l
∫0(𝑥 4 − 4 𝐿𝑥 3 + 6𝐿2 𝑥 2 )(EI 24𝑎4 − F)dx = 0

EI 24𝑎4 − F = 0
F
𝑎4 = 10
24EI
Substitute in equation 6
F
𝑦= (𝑥 4 − 4 𝐿𝑥 3 + 6𝐿2 𝑥 2 ) 11
24EI
Maximum deflection is at x = L
F
𝑦= (𝐿4 − 4 𝐿𝐿3 + 6𝐿2 𝐿2 )
24EI
F3𝐿4
𝑦𝑚 =
24EI
F𝐿4
𝑦𝑚 =
8EI

11. A cantilever beam of span L is subjected to a

P
point load at free end. Derive an equation for the E, I, L
deflection at free end by using Galerkin method.
Assume polynomial function
Step 1: Formulation of DE functions
∂4 y
EI =0 01
∂x4

Step 2: Selection of Displacement Model

𝑦 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎3 𝑥 3 + 𝑎4 𝑥 4 02
BC-1 x = 0, y=0 then a0=0
𝜕𝑌
BC-2 x = 0, = 0 then a1=0
𝜕𝑥
𝜕2 𝑌
BC-3 x=L = 0 0 = 2𝑎2 + 6𝑎3 𝐿 + 12𝑎4 𝐿2
𝜕𝑥 2
𝑎2 = −3𝑎3 𝐿 − 6𝑎4 𝐿2 03
𝜕3 𝑌 −𝑃 −𝑃
BC-4 x=L = = 6𝑎3 + 24 𝑎4 𝐿
𝜕𝑥 3 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
−𝑃
𝑎3 = − 4 𝑎4 𝐿 04
6𝐸𝐼
Substitute (4) into (3)
−𝑃
𝑎2 = −3( − 4 𝑎4 𝐿) 𝐿 − 6𝑎4 𝐿2
6𝐸𝐼
 𝑃𝐿
𝑎2 = + 12 𝑎4 𝐿2 − 6𝑎4 𝐿2
2𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝐿
𝑎2 = + 6 𝑎4 𝐿2 05
2𝐸𝐼

Substitute equation 4 and 5 in equation 1

𝑃𝐿 −𝑃
𝑦 = ( + 6 𝑎4 𝐿2 )𝑥 2 + ( − 4 𝑎4 𝐿) 𝑥 3 + 𝑎4 𝑥 4
2𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼

𝑃𝐿 𝑃
𝑦= 𝑥 2 + 6 𝑎4 𝐿2 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 − 4 𝑎4 𝐿𝑥 3 + 𝑎4 𝑥 4
2𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼
𝑃 2 𝑥3
𝑦= (𝐿𝑥 − ) + 𝑎4 (6𝐿 𝑥 − 4 𝐿𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 )
2 2
06
2𝐸𝐼 3

𝑤1 = 6𝐿2 𝑥 2 − 4 𝐿𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4

𝜕𝑦 𝑃 3𝑥 2
= (2𝐿𝑥 − ) + 𝑎4 (12𝐿2 𝑥 − 12 𝐿𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 3 )
𝜕𝑥 2𝐸𝐼 3
𝜕2 𝑦 𝑃 6𝑥
= (2𝐿 − ) + 𝑎4 (12𝐿2 − 24 𝐿𝑥 + 12𝑥 2 )
𝜕𝑥 2 2𝐸𝐼 3

𝜕3𝑦 𝑃 6
= (0 − ) + 𝑎4 (24 𝐿 + 24𝑥 )
𝜕𝑥 3 2𝐸𝐼 3
𝜕4 𝑦
= 24𝑎4 07
𝜕𝑥 4

Sep 3: Substitute in DE and equating to R

EI 24𝑎4 = R 08

Step 4: Applied Galerkin technique (weight residual technique)

l
∫0 w1 R dx = 0 09
l
∫0(𝑥 4 − 4 𝐿𝑥 3 + 6𝐿2 𝑥 2 )24𝑎4 dx = 0

𝑎4 = 0 10
Substitute in equation 6
𝑃 𝑥3
𝑦= (𝐿𝑥 2 − ) + 0(6𝐿2 𝑥 2 − 4 𝐿𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 )
2𝐸𝐼 3
 𝑃 𝑥3
𝑦= (𝐿𝑥 2 − )
2𝐸𝐼 3

Maximum deflection is at x = L
𝑃 𝐿3
𝑦𝑚 = (𝐿𝐿2 − )
2𝐸𝐼 3

𝑃𝐿3
𝑦𝑚 =
3𝐸𝐼

12. Use Galerkin method to find the displacement E,A, L

P
of the system shows in Fig.

Step 1: Formulation of DE functions

∂2 u
EA =0 01
∂x2

Step 2: Selection of Displacement Model

𝑢 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 02
BC-1 x = 0, y=0 then a0=0
𝜕𝑌 𝑃
BC-2 x = L, = = 𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 𝐿
𝜕𝑥 𝐴𝐸

𝑃
𝑎1 = − 2𝑎2 𝐿
𝐴𝐸
Substitute in 2
𝑃𝑥
𝑢 = − 𝑎2 (𝑥 2 − 2𝐿𝑥)
𝐴𝐸
𝑃𝑥
𝑢= − 𝑎2 (𝑥 2 − 2𝐿𝑥) 03
𝐴𝐸

𝑤1 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝐿𝑥

𝜕𝑢 𝑃
= − 𝑎2 (2𝑥 − 2𝐿)
𝜕𝑥 𝐴𝐸

𝜕2 𝑢
= 2𝑎2
𝜕𝑥 2
Sep 3: Substitute in DE and equating to R
2𝐸𝐴𝑎2 = 𝑅 04
Step 4: Applied Galerkin technique (weight residual technique)
l
∫0 w1 R dx = 0 05
l
∫0(𝑥 2 − 2𝐿𝑥) 2𝐸𝐴𝑎2 dx = 0

𝑎2 = 0 06
Substitute in equation 6
𝑃𝑥
𝑢= − 0(𝑥 2 − 2𝐿𝑥)
𝐴𝐸
𝑃𝑥
𝑢=
𝐴𝐸
Maximum deflection is at x = L
𝑃𝐿
𝑢𝑚 =
𝐴𝐸

13. Use Galerkin method to find the displacement of the E,A, L

F
system shows in Fig.

Step 1: Formulation of DE functions

∂2 u
EA +F=0 01
∂x2

Step 2: Selection of Displacement Model

𝑢 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 02
BC-1 x = 0, y=0 then a0=0
𝜕𝑌
BC-2 x = L, = 0 = 𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 𝐿
𝜕𝑥

𝑎1 = −2𝑎2 𝐿
Substitute in 2
𝑢 = 𝑎2 (𝑥 2 − 2𝐿𝑥) 03

𝑤1 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝐿𝑥

𝜕𝑢
= 𝑎2 (2𝑥 − 2𝐿)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕2 𝑢
= 2𝑎2
𝜕𝑥 2

Sep 3: Substitute in DE and equating to R

2𝐸𝐴𝑎2 + 𝐹 = 𝑅 04
Step 4: Applied Galerkin technique (weight residual technique)
l
∫0 w1 R dx = 0 05
l
∫0(𝑥 2 − 2𝐿𝑥) (2𝐸𝐴𝑎2 + F) dx = 0

(2𝐸𝐴𝑎2 + F) = 0 06
F
𝑎2 = −
2𝐸𝐴

Substitute in equation 6
F
𝑢=− (𝑥 2 − 2𝐿𝑥)
2𝐸𝐴
F
𝑢= (2𝐿𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )
2𝐸𝐴
Maximum deflection is at x = L
𝑃𝐿2
𝑢𝑚 =
2𝐴𝐸

14. A simply supported beam is subjected UDL as F

shown in Figure. Determine the maximum
EI
deflection using Galerkin method. L

Step 1: Formulation of DE functions

∂4 y
EI −F=0 01
∂x4

Step 2: Selection of Displacement Model

𝜋𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐶 sin 02
𝐿
𝜋𝑥
𝑤1 = Sin
𝐿

𝜕𝑦 𝜋 𝜋𝑥
=𝐶 Cos
𝜕𝑥 𝐿 𝐿
𝜕2 𝑦 𝜋2 𝜋𝑥
= −𝐶 sin
𝜕𝑥 2 𝐿2 𝐿
𝜕3 𝑦 𝜋3 𝜋𝑥
= −𝐶 Cos
𝜕𝑥 3 𝐿3 𝐿
𝜕4 𝑦 𝜋4 𝜋𝑥
=𝐶 Sin
𝜕𝑥 4 𝐿4 𝐿

Sep 3: Substitute in DE and equating to R

𝜋4 𝜋𝑥
EI 𝐶 Sin −F=R 08
𝐿4 𝐿

Step 4: Applied Galerkin technique (weight residual technique)

l 𝜋𝑥 𝜋4 𝜋𝑥
∫0 Sin 𝐿
(EI 𝐶
𝐿4
Sin
𝐿
– F)dx = 0
l 𝜋4 𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥
∫0(EI 𝐶 𝐿4 Sin2 𝐿
– F Sin
𝐿
)dx = 0
2πx
l 𝜋4 1−cos
L 𝜋𝑥
∫0(EI 𝐶 𝐿4 ( 2
)– F Sin
𝐿
)dx = 0

𝜋4 𝐿 L
EI 𝐶 +F (−1 − 1) = 0
𝐿4 2 π

𝜋4 2FL
EI 𝐶 − =0
2𝐿3 π

4FL4
𝐶=
𝐸𝐼𝜋5

4FL4 𝜋𝑥
𝑦= sin
𝐸𝐼𝜋5 𝐿

Maximum deflection is at x = L/2

4FL4 𝜋
𝑦= sin
𝐸𝐼𝜋5 2
4FL4
𝑦𝑚 =
𝐸𝐼𝜋5

15. Figure shows a bar fixed at both ends subjected

E, A P
to an axial load. Determine the displacement at the
L/2 L/2
loading point and the corresponding stress using L
Galerkin method. (E=1, A= 1, L=2 and p = 2)
 d ∂u x=0 and u=0
EA =0
dx ∂x x=L then u=0

Multiply by  (virtual displacement) and integrate by parts

L d ∂u
∫0 EA dx  = 0
dx ∂x

∂u L L ∂u ∂
[EA ] − ∫0 EA dx = 0
∂x 0 ∂x ∂x

L ∂u ∂
P1 − ∫0 EA dx = 0
∂x ∂x

Assume trail function

𝑢 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 02
BC-1 x = 0, y=0 then a0=0
BC-2 x = L, 𝑦 = 0 = 𝑎1 + 2𝑎2 𝐿 = 0
𝑎1 = −2𝑎2 𝐿
𝑢 = −2𝑎2 𝐿𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2
𝑢 = 𝑎2 (𝑥 2 − 𝐿𝑥)

16. Estimate the three strains for given problem

𝑑𝑢 0.015−0.01
0.013 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 6
=
0.012 0.000833
𝑑𝑣 0.012−0.01
𝑦 = 𝑑𝑦 = 4
= 0.0005
4 mm
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 0.011−0.01
0.011 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 6
+
0.01 0.013−0.01
=0.000917
6 mm 4

0.01 0.015
17. Estimate the three strains and three stress for given problem. Assume given
problem is plane stress method. (E=210 GPa,  =0.3) (continuation with
previous problem)

 x   
  E 1  0   x 
 
 y    1 0   y 
  1   1    
2

 xy  0 0   xy
 2  

 x   
 1 0.3 0  0.0008333 226.9154
  210e3  
 y   0.3 1 0   0.0005   173.0746  MPa
  1  0.3  1  0.3  
2

 xy  0 0   0.000917  74.06538
 2 

18. Solve x, y and z values using Gauss elimination method for the following
equation
2x  4 y  2z  2
4 x  9 y  3z  8
 2 x  3 y  7 z  10

2x  4 y  2z  2
y  z  4 R2 ’ R2-2R1
y  5 z  12 R3 ’ R3+R1

2x  4 y  2z  2
y  z  4
4z  8 R3 ’’ R3’ - R2’

2x  4 y  2z  2
y  z  4
z  2 Divide by 2

2x  4 y  4  2
y  2  4 Substitute Z values
z  2

2x  4 y  4  2
y  2 Y value obtained
z  2
 2 x  8  4  2 Substitute y and z values
y  2
z  2

x = -1, y= 2 and z= 2