IP: Global Internet

Teknologi Jaringan
Komputer
Johny Moningka
([email protected])
Fakultas Ilmu Komputer
Universitas Indonesia
Semester 2003/2004
Versi: 1.01

Agenda

Global Internet (Bab 4.3)

Subnetting => Bab 4.3.1
Classless Routing (CIDR) => Bab 4.3.2

2 Versi: 1.1

1
 Evolutions

Struktur Internet 1990-an.

Tree, centered pada suatu backbone.
National Science Foundation (US) funded.

Stanford NSFNET backbone

ISU

BARRNET MidNet
regional Westnet … regional
regional
Berkeley
PARC UNL KU
NCAR UNM

UA

3 Versi: 1.1

Evolutions (continued)

Internet (saat ini): multipel backbone =>

network providers.
Sulit untuk dibuat strukturisasi =>
kumpulan network dari berbagai hirarkis

Stanford Service Providers ISU

BARRNET MidNet
regional Westnet … regional
regional
Berkeley
PARC UNL KU
NCAR UNM

UA

4 Versi: 1.1

2
 Virtual Geographies
Dikenal dua cara utk identifikasi host di
Internet:
Internet domain names (digunakan oleh orang,
publikasi dsb, string karakter, mudah di-ingat,
dengan, sub-subdomain, subdomain, domain dst.
mis.: telaga.cs.ui.ac.id).
IP address: network number sbg domain
(diproses dan dimengerti oleh router).
Hirarkis: cara terbaik untuk strukturisasi
forwarding paket IP di Internet
Bagaimana hirarki didefinisikan untuk dapat
dimengerti oleh router dan skalabilitas besar?
5 Versi: 1.1

Review: IP Class Address

ˆ IP Addresses occupy the following valid

ranges according to Class
class
A 0 network host
1.0.0.0 –
127.255.255.255
B 10 network host 128.0.0.0 –
191.255.255.255
C 110 network host 192.0.0.0 –
223.255.255.255
D 1110 multicast address 224.0.0.0 –
239.255.255.255
32 bits

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3
 Problem: Scope of IP Address Space
Contoh:
Suatu organisasi memerlukan 1000 alamat IP. Satu kelas
C tidak cukup (hanya 254 hosts). Jika menggunakan kelas
B terlalu besar (64 K hosts), banyak IP address tidak
digunakan. (Note: hanya 16.000 kelas B yang ada!)
Masalah:
Tidak efisien alokasi pemakaian alamat IP.
Terlalu banyak network untuk routing table (setiap network
mempunyai 1 entry)
Q: Bagaimana mengalokasikan alamat IP utk perusahaan
dengan 1000 komputer?
Q: Bagaimana dengan perusahaan yg menggunakan 10
komputer dan merencanakan kelak akan menggunakan
1000 komputer?
7 Versi: 1.1

IP Address Evolutions: Subnetting

Menambahkan level address/routing hierarcy: subnet
Subnet masks: menentukan bagian mana yang menjadi network id
(numbers)
Subnets visible to routers only within site
Original Net ID Host ID
1 0
Address
Subnetted Net ID Subnet ID Host ID
1 0
Address
Network number Host number

Class B address

111111111111111111111111 00000000

Subnet mask (255.255.255.0)

Network number Subnet ID Host ID

Subnetted address
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 Network Mask: subnetting

10001100.10110011.11110000.11001000 140.179.240.200 Class B IP Address

11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 255.255.000.000 Class B Subnet Mask
--------------------------------------------------------

10001100.10110011.00000000.00000000 140.179.000.000 Network Address

10001100.10110011.11011100.11001000 140.179.220.200 IP Address

11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000 255.255.224.000 Subnet Mask
--------------------------------------------------------
10001100.10110011.11000000.00000000 140.179.192.000 Subnet Address
10001100.10110011.11011111.11111111 140.179.223.255 Broadcast Address

Menggunakan 3 bits subnet mask, jumlah subnetworks yang dibangun adalah: 2^n – 2

=> 2^3 – 2 = 6 subnetworks.

9 Versi: 1.1

Subnet Mask

11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 8 1’s

Class A:
Class B: 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 16 1’s

Class C: 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 24 1’s

• Class A subnet mask: 255.0.0.0

• Class B subnet mask: 255.255.0.0
• Class C subnet mask: 255.255.255.0

10 Versi: 1.1

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 Subnet Example (1)

What is the subnetwork address if the

destination address is 128.2.4.12 and the
subnet mask is 255.255.240.0?
Apply the AND operation
10000000 00000010 00000100 00001100
11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000
---------------------------------------------------------------
10000000 00000010 00000000 00000000
Î 128.2.0.0 subnetwork address

Note: 240 = 128+64+32+16

11 Versi: 1.1

Subnet Example (2)

Subnet mask: 255.255.255.128
Subnet number: 128.96.34.0
128.96.34.15 128.96.34.1
H1
R1
Subnet mask: 255.255.255.128
128.96.34.130 Subnet number: 128.96.34.128

128.96.34.139
128.96.34.129
H2
R2
H3 Forwarding table at router R1
128.96.33.1
128.96.33.14 Subnet Number Subnet Mask Next Hop
Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0 128.96.34.0 255.255.255.128 interface 0
Subnet number: 128.96.33.0 128.96.34.128 255.255.255.128 interface 1
128.96.33.0 255.255.255.0 R2

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 Supernetting
Class A and B addresses are almost depleted.
Class C is available, but most organization
needs more than 256 hosts in the network.
Solution: use supernetting.
Combine several class C networks to create a
supernetwork (less number of 1’s than default mask)
A supernet mask is reverse of a subnet mask.

11111111 11111111 11111111 111 00000 Subnet Mask

11111111 11111111 11111111 000 00000 Default Mask

11111111 11111111 11111000 000 00000 Supernet Mask

13 Versi: 1.1

IP Address Evolution Continued

Subnets memberikan kemudahan routing

dan penggunaan alokasi IP address
“dalam” organisasi” (intra domain).
TIDAK mengurangi masalah alokasi IP
address global => tekanan terhadap
persediaan kelas B.

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 IP Addressing: CIDR
Solusi: CIDR => Classless Inter-Domain Routing
Eliminasi “class” dalam IP address => hanya mengenal
subnet
address format: a.b.c.d/x, where x is # bits in network
portion of address, atau x => subnet masks.

network host
part part
11001000 00010111 00010000 00000000
Notation: 200.23.16.0 / 23
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IP addresses: Get from ISP’s

Network (network portion):

get allocated portion of ISP’s address
space:
ISP's block 11001000 00010111 00010000 00000000 200.23.16.0/20

Organization 0 11001000 00010111 00010000 00000000 200.23.16.0/23

Organization 1 11001000 00010111 00010010 00000000 200.23.18.0/23

Organization 2 11001000 00010111 00010100 00000000 200.23.20.0/23

... ….. …. ….

Organization 7 11001000 00010111 00011110 00000000 200.23.30.0/23

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 CIDR: Classless Inter-Domain Routing
Address format:
<IP address/prefix P>
The prefix denotes the upper P bits of the IP address.
Idea - use aggregation - provide routing for a
large number of customers by advertising one
common prefix.
This is possible because nature of addressing is
hierarchical
Summarization reduces the size of routing
tables, but maintains connectivity.
Aggregation
scalability and survivability of the Internet

17 Versi: 1.1

Problem : Routing Table Size

Without CIDR:
232.71.0.0 232.71.0.0 Global Internet
232.71.1.0 service 232.71.1.0 All routers
232.71.2.0 provid 232.71.2.0 must learn
….. er …..
all internal
232.71.255.0 232.71.255.0
routes

With CIDR:
232.71.0.0 service Global Internet
232.71.1.0 provid 232.71.0.0/16 All routers
232.71.2.0 er
…..
need only learn
232.71.255.0 “summary” address

18 Versi: 1.1