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MGMT Info System: Information Technology Algorithmic Information and Communication Technology

The document discusses several types of information systems: 1. A management information system (MIS) is a system that provides information to help manage organizations effectively and involves people, documents, technologies, and procedures. 2. A transaction processing system processes and monitors data transactions in a database to ensure consistency. 3. A decision support system (DSS) supports business decision making by helping decision makers compile useful information from various sources. 4. An executive information system (EIS) specifically supports senior executives by providing easy access to internal and external information relevant to strategic goals.

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Saurabh Bandil
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94 views5 pages

MGMT Info System: Information Technology Algorithmic Information and Communication Technology

The document discusses several types of information systems: 1. A management information system (MIS) is a system that provides information to help manage organizations effectively and involves people, documents, technologies, and procedures. 2. A transaction processing system processes and monitors data transactions in a database to ensure consistency. 3. A decision support system (DSS) supports business decision making by helping decision makers compile useful information from various sources. 4. An executive information system (EIS) specifically supports senior executives by providing easy access to internal and external information relevant to strategic goals.

Uploaded by

Saurabh Bandil
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MIS:

INFORMATION SYSTEM

An information system (IS) is any combination of information technology and people's activities using
that technology to support operations, management, and decision-making. [1] In a very broad sense, the
term information system is frequently used to refer to the interaction between people, algorithmic
processes, data and technology. In this sense, the term is used to refer not only to the information and
communication technology (ICT) an organization uses, but also to the way in which people interact with
this technology in support of business process.

MGMT INFO SYSTEM

A management information system (MIS) is a system or process that provides information


needed to manage organizations effectively [1]. Management information systems are regarded to
be a subset of the overall internal controls procedures in a business, which cover the application
of people, documents, technologies, and procedures used by management accountants to solve
business problems such as costing a product,service or a business-wide strategy. Management
information systems are distinct from regular information systems in that they are used to
analyze other information systems applied in operational activities in the organization.[2]
Academically, the term is commonly used to refer to the group of information management
methods tied to the automation or support of human decision making, e.g. Decision Support
Systems, Expert systems, and Executive information systems.[2] Early on, business computers were
mostly used for relatively simple operations such as tracking sales or payroll data, often without much
detail. Over time these applications became more complex and began to store increasing amounts of
information while also interlinking with previously separate information systems. As more and more
data was stored and linked man began to analyze this information into further detail, creating entire
management reports from the raw, stored data. The term "MIS" arose to describe these kinds of
applications, which were developed to provide managers with information about sales, inventories, and
other data that would help in managing the enterprise. Today, the term is used broadly in a number of
contexts and includes (but is not limited to): decision support systems, resource and people
management applications, ERP, SCM, CRM, project management and database retrieval application.

OFFICE AUTOMATION SYSTEM

Office automation refers to the varied computer machinery and software used to digitally create,
collect, store, manipulate, and relay office information needed for accomplishing basic tasks and
goals. Raw data storage, electronic transfer, and the management of electronic business
information comprise the basic activities of an office automation system.[1] Office automation
helps in optimizing or automating existing office procedures.
The backbone of office automation is a LAN, which allows users to transmit data, mail and even
voice across the network. All office functions, including dictation, typing, filing, copying, fax,
Telex, microfilm and records management, telephone and telephone switchboard operations, fall
into this category. Office automation was a popular term in the 1970s and 1980s as the desktop
computer exploded onto the scene.[2]

Office Automation Software is a class of software sold initially in the 1980s. The goal of the software was
to create a "Paperless Office" and allow groups of workers to share documents and files electronically.
Typical packages included a word processing package, file storage, and calendar. Packages were
available from a number of companies including:

• IBM_PROFS

• Data General-CEO ( Data General)

• Digital Equipment Corporation – all-in-one

• Wang laboratories- Office Information System

Transaction processing system (TPS),

A Transaction Processing System or Transaction Processing Monitor is a set of information


which process the data transaction in database system that monitors transaction programs (a
special kind of program). The essence of a transaction program is that it manages data that must
be left in a consistent state. E.g. if an electronic payment is made, the amount must be either both
withdrawn from one account and added to the other, or none at all. In case of a failure preventing
transaction completion, the partially executed transaction must be 'rolled back' by the TPS. While
this type of integrity must be provided also for batch transaction processing, it is particularly
important for online processing: if e.g. an airline seat reservation system is accessed by multiple
operators, after an empty seat inquiry, the seat reservation data must be locked until the
reservation is made, otherwise another user may get the impression a seat is still free while it is
actually being booked at the time. Without proper transaction monitoring, double bookings may
occur. Other transaction monitor functions include deadlock detection and resolution (deadlocks
may be inevitable in certain cases of cross-dependence on data), and transaction logging (in
'journals') for 'forward recovery' in case of massive failures.

Transaction Processing is not limited to application programs. The 'journaled file system'
provided with IBMs AIX Unix operating system employs similar techniques to maintain file
system integrity, including a journal.
Decision support systems (DSS)

A decision support systems (DSS) is a computer-based information system that supports


business or organizational decision-making activities. DSSs serve the management, operations,
and planning levels of an organization and help to make decisions, which may be rapidly
changing and not easily specified in advance.

DSSs include knowledge-based systems. A properly designed DSS is an interactive software-


based system intended to help decision makers compile useful information from a combination
of raw data, documents, personal knowledge, or business models to identify and solve problems
and make decisions.

Typical information that a decision support application might gather and present are:

 inventories of information assets (including legacy and relational data sources, cubes,
data warehouses, and data marts),
 comparative sales figures between one period and the next,
 projected revenue figures based on product sales assumptions.

Executive Information System (EIS)


An Executive Information System (EIS) is a type of management information system intended
to facilitate and support the information and decision-making needs of senior executives by
providing easy access to both internal and external information relevant to meeting the strategic
goals of the organization. It is commonly considered as a specialized form of a Decision Support
System (DSS) [1]

The emphasis of EIS is on graphical displays and easy-to-use user interfaces. They offer strong
reporting and drill-down capabilities. In general, EIS are enterprise-wide DSS that help top-level
executives analyze, compare, and highlight trends in important variables so that they can monitor
performance and identify opportunities and problems. EIS and data warehousing technologies
are converging in the marketplace.

In recent years, the term EIS has lost popularity in favour of Business Intelligence (with the sub
areas of reporting, analytics, and digital dashboards).
knowledge based system (KBS)
KBS,

Knowledge-based system is a program for extending and/or querying a knowledge base system. A
knowledge-based system as a computer system that is programmed to imitate human problem-solving
by means of artificial intelligence and reference to a database of knowledge on a particular subject.

Knowledge-based systems are systems based on the methods and techniques of Articifal Intelligent.
Their core components are the knowledge base and the inference mechanisms. While for some authors
expert systems, case based reasoning systems and neural networks are all particular types of
knowledge-based systems, there are others who consider that neural networks are different, and
exclude it from this category.

Expert system
An expert system is software that attempts to provide an answer to a problem, or clarify
uncertainties where normally one or more human experts would need to be consulted. Expert
systems are most common in a specific problem domain, and is a traditional application and/or
subfield of artificial intelligence. A wide variety of methods can be used to simulate the
performance of the expert however common to most or all are 1) the creation of a knowledge
base which uses some knowledge representation formalism to capture the Subject Matter
Expert's (SME) knowledge and 2) a process of gathering that knowledge from the SME and
codifying it according to the formalism, which is called knowledge engineering. Expert systems
may or may not have learning components but a third common element is that once the system is
developed it is proven by being placed in the same real world problem solving situation as the
human SME, typically as an aid to human workers or a supplement to some information system.

Expert systems were introduced by researchers in the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project,
Edward Feigenbaum, PI, with the Dendral and Mycin systems. Principal contributors to the
technology were Bruce Buchanan, Edward Shortliffe, Randall Davis, William vanMelle, Carli
Scott, and others at Stanford. Expert systems were among the first truly successful forms of AI
software. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] The topic of expert systems has many points of contact with general
systems theory, operations research, business process reengineering and various topics in applied
mathematics and management science.

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