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Power Series Example

The radius of convergence is the distance from the center of a power series to the nearest singularity. It can be calculated using the Ratio Test by finding the limit as n approaches infinity of the ratio of the coefficients. Alternatively, if the series is the Taylor series of a function f, the radius of convergence is the distance from the center to the closest singularity of f in the complex plane, as long as f is sufficiently well-behaved.

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112 views2 pages

Power Series Example

The radius of convergence is the distance from the center of a power series to the nearest singularity. It can be calculated using the Ratio Test by finding the limit as n approaches infinity of the ratio of the coefficients. Alternatively, if the series is the Taylor series of a function f, the radius of convergence is the distance from the center to the closest singularity of f in the complex plane, as long as f is sufficiently well-behaved.

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neil
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A Quick Note on Calculating the Radius of Convergence

The radius of convergence is a number ρ such that the series

∞
X
an (x − x0 )n
n=0

converges absolutely for |x − x0 | < ρ, and diverges for |x − x0 | > 0 (see Fig.1).

Series Series Series


Diverges Converges Diverges
x
x0−ρ x0 x0 +ρ

Series may
converge OR diverge
at |x−x0|=ρ

Figure 1: Radius of convergence.

Note that:

• If the series converges ONLY at x = x0 , ρ = 0.

• If the series converges for ALL values of x, ρ is said to be innite.

How do we calculate the radius of convergence? Use the Ratio Test.

∞
X bn+1
Ratio Test : bn converges if lim < 1.
n=0
n→∞ bn

So
∞
X
an (x − x0 )n
n=0

converges for x such that

an+1 (x − x0 )n+1

an+1
lim < 1 ⇒ lim
|x − x0 | < 1.
n→∞ an (x − x0 )n n→∞ an

EXAMPLE: Find the radius of convergence of the power series

∞
X (x + 1)n
.
n=0
n2n

To nd the radius of convergence, use the ratio test:

(x + 1)n+1 /((n + 1)2n+1 ) (x + 1)n+1 n2n


  
n
|x + 1|
1 > lim
n n
= lim

n+1 n
= lim

n→∞ (x + 1) /(n2 ) n→∞ (n + 1)2 (x + 1) n→∞ 2(n + 1)
1
⇒1 > |x + 1|.
2
Thus, the series converges absolutely for |x + 1| < 2 or −3 < x < 1, and diverges for |x + 1|>2. The radius of
convergence about x0 = −1 (recall the general series is in terms of (x − x0 )n ) is ρ = 2.
Left for students: what can you say about convergence at the endpoints?
Alternatively, we can exploit the singularities! If the series is a Taylor series of some function, f, i.e.

∞
X
f (x) = an (x − x0 )n ,
n=0

f (n) (x0 )
where an = n! , then the radius of convergence is equal to the distance between x0 and the singularity of f
that is closest to x0 in the complex plane, as long as the function f is suciently nice. The desired notion of
niceness is beyond what can be stated here but is found in most standard complex variables textbooks. Most
functions you are familar with will work, e.g.
1
ex , sin(x), 1
1−x and any polynomial are nice.
A singularity is any point where the function is not dened.

EXAMPLE: Consider
∞
1 X
f (x) = 2
= an (x − x0 )n .
1+x n=0

The singularities of f are where 1 + x 2 = 0,


i.e. x = ±i. We look at the distance between x0 and these
singularies. Assuming
p x0 ∈ R the distance to each is the same so lets compute the distance
√ to i. This distance
is |x0 − i| = x20 + 1. So√if x0 = 0, the radius of √
convergence of the above series is
√ 0 + 1 = 1. If x0 = 2, the
radius of convergence is 5 (so converges in (2 − 5, 2 + 5).

1 An −2
exception is h(x) = e−x . Though strictly not dened at x = 0, as x → 0, h(x) → 0. In fact as x → 0, h(n) (x) → 0, for
every positive integer n and so the Taylor series of h centred at x = 0 would just be zero. Another exception is h(x) = |x|.

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