GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ‘MINISTRY OF RAILWAYS RDSO GUIDELINES ON SEISMIC DESIGN of RAILWAY BRIDGES JANUARY, 2015 BRIDGE & STRUCTURES DIRECTORATE RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARDS ORGANISATION LUCKNOW - 226011PREFACE ‘The Guidelines on Seismic Design of Railway Bridges were intially prepared by IT-Kanpur in joint consultation with RDSO in year 2010 and circulated to all the Raiivays fo theie comments. fon the same. Advice were sought from the diferent PSU's and Me:ro Railways as well. The provisions of the ITK-ROSO guidelines were put up before the Bridge andard Committee for its acceptance and subsequent adoption in Bridge rues and other desiga codes. However, in 80" ‘and 81" BSC only avery small portion ofthis Guideline was accepted. Ater obtaining advice from all concerned and aso based upon the provisions of IRC-5, twas fl thatthe response reduction factor used in the IT-K ROSO Guidelines were too conservative. There was @ major disagreement (on Live load factor as well. Accordingly, some design parameters of II-K ROSO guidelines were ‘modified and presented before the 82% BSC in January-2014, The proposed modifications in ITK- ROSO Guidelines were approved by the BSC along wit recommendation to incorporate the new design provisions in allthe relevant Codes and Manuals through correction sips. ‘The current Seismic design provisions of Bridge rules ae based upon IS 1893-1984. IS code was completely revised in 2002 incorporating the latest design philosophy. The new methods of 41893-2002 were based on the international practices and it tk into secount the Flexibility and Duciity ofthe structure while caleulating design forces. Indian Road Congress also adopted the ew IS provisions replacing the old provisions in IRC-6. Indian Railwayshave not yet upgraded its Seismic design codes tothe current indian and international standards. The current provisions of the Bridge rue, where Seismic accelerations are not related tothe flexblty of Bridge isnot very. rational and it has now become obsolete. Provision of ductility in the structure allows us to take lesser forces in the design, a5 the structure can survive severe seismic shaking through large deflections in plastic range, consequently dissipating more energy. But our current Bridge rule ‘does not take any advantage of ductility of the structure in design, giving no incentive for providing ductility features in the Bridge Substructure ‘The provisions of this Guidelines willbe soon incorporated in the Bridge Rules, Codes and Manuals through correction sip. The Guidelines have been simplflee and made more concise so that it can be easly grasped and put to use in the design offices. With the issue of this Guideline, the earlier issued IT-K RDSO Guidelines stands withdrawn. Copan FOZ {€D/ &S/ RDO)CONTENTS, Terminology Fr] ‘Symbols 7 Tntroduetion ‘General Principal ‘Ground Motion ‘Assumptions | “21 Conceptual Consideration az a3 4a 45 a6 ET Resamptons. Conceptual considerations Esty Design Criteria 6.1 Seismic Zone Wap, 6.2 Importance Factor. 6.3 Methods of Calulating Design Seisiz Force. 631 632 633 634 6.35 Regular and Iregular Bridges: 6.3.51 Regular Brdges 6.3.52 lregur Bridges ‘6.4 Seismic Weight and Live Load 6.4.1 Seismic Weight 16.42 Live Load in Seismic Weight 18.4.3 Seismic Mass 16.5. Combination of Seismic Componenis 651 16.8 Damping and soll Properties. 661 66.14ea12 6 6.62 Increase in Alowable Pressure in Sols a7 653 @ 16.6.4 Soil Structure Interaction... 78 167 Combiation of Seismic Design Forces with Other Forces 1920 85 Vertical Waions Ey ai 20 a2 xy 2071 aa ‘Single weds Response Spectrum Method (or Seismic Coefficient Method) 2 77 Elastic Selec Acceleration Cosficient 7a 77 Fundamental Natural Period a5 Tat 35 "72 Maximum Elastic Forces and Deformations 17.2.1 Inert Force Due to Mats of Each Bridge Component 36 773 Design Seismic Force Resutans for Bridge Components 26-27 Response Spectrum Method (Multimode Method) 2 1:1 Elastic Seismic Acceleration Coeffcientin Mode K.. ae ‘8.2 Ineta Force due to Mass of Bridge at Node jin Mode k : 29 ‘8.2.1 Seisric Mass Matrix ‘8.3 Maximum Elastic Forces and Deformations 331 3031 ‘8.4 Design Seismic Force Resultants in Bridge Components En ‘85 Mull-sectional Shaking Time History Method an ‘3:1 Modeling of Bridge 3 9.2 Analyse 9.3 Ground Mion 32 9.3.1 Scairg of Time Histores 19.3.2 Grourd Motions for Two- and Three-Dimensional Analysis 2 9.4 Inerpre'ation of Tme History Analysis Results 2 9.4.1 Linear Analysis 2 ‘94.2 Nonlrear Analysis 3 10. Pushover Analysis 3% 1 ‘Supersractre 2 Ta 2742 [13 ee | 71.33- Verical Hold Down Devices T1314 1312 11.32 Horizontal Linkage Elements 11321 11322 11323 11324 a Subsruciure 72.1 Scour Depth 12.2 Hydrodynamic Force 7224 35 12.22 351037 12.23 Analysis for vortcal Accoleralion| 38 42:3 Design Seismic Force. 12.31 Maximum Elastic Seismic Forces 28 12.3 Design Seismic Force 38 124 Substructure of Continuous Girder Superstructure 38 T4A 38 Taz 38 7243 38 Foundations 39 134 38 732 39 133 39 i Conrections 14:1 Design Force for Connections 14.14 Seismic Zone and th 14.1.2 Selsmie Zone IV ana V 142 Displacements at Connections 14.21 - Separation between Adjacent Units BEeoor 774.3 Minimum Sealing Wid Requirements rc ‘Special Ducile Detailing Requirements for Bridges Substructures ‘Special Devices 16.1 Seismic Isolation Devices a26? Shock Wanamiesion Unis a 217 _| Biidges with Seismic Teoaton a 7a General aa | 17.2 Design Grtria 35 17.3 Analysis Procedure 4546 17.4.1 Non-seismic Lateral Forces: co 7.42 Lateral Restoring Fors... 46 |_| Vertical Load and Rotational Stabity % 17.5 Tess on Isolation System 46 17.5.1 Syslom Characterization Test cm 17.5.2 Protalype Test « 1753 a7 175.4 a 1755 z a7 1758 78 757 8 W758 a “178 System Adequacy a3a9 17,7 Requirements for Elastomeric Bearings 2 77.7.1 Shear Stain Components. for lsolaton Design 7950 7.2 Load Combinations ~ 30 TH.7.3 Construction Requirements 50 +8, _| Posl-Earthquake Operation and inspection 0 ‘Appenbe{A) References 32 ‘Appendix-(8) Relovant Codes and Standards 3 ‘Appendie{C) Ductile Detaling Spectications seer ‘Appendix-(D) Zone Factors fr Some Important Towns ae “Appens-(€) Pushover Analysis 666 “Append {F) Dynamic Earth Pressure 770 ‘Appendix-{G) Simplfied Procedure for Evaluation of Liquefaction Potenial | 71-81 “Appendix (H) Bystom property modification factors 2285 ‘Apperdx-() Post Earthquake Operations and Inspections 68841. Terminology Fer the purpose ofthese guidlines, the following terms are defined Base ‘The level at which inal forces generated in the substuctue and supesructre are wansfered othe foundation ‘Contre of Mase ‘The point through which the resultant ofthe masses of systom acts. This pont carespends tothe center of gravity ofthe syst. Moco ‘Closely Spaced modes of «structure ate those of snarl modes of wiraton whose natural frequencies “ler fom each eer by 10 percent o less ofthe lowor oquarcy. ‘Ctical Damping ‘The minimum damping above which fee baton maton is net oselatoy. ‘Tha fect of ternal Wcton, mpadact elastety of mater sping, sliding, of, In reducing the ampliude of bration and is exprosced os a percnlage of cal damping, Design Acceleration Spectrum Design sooteraton sacrum refers to an average smoothened plot of maximum acoderaton 2s 9 funcion ‘of patra fequeney time period of vibration fora spectied damping ratio fr Eahvakeexctations at the base of single degre of freedom system, Design Basis Earthquake (DBE) Its the Earthquake whch can reasonably be expected i occur at least once during fe design Lie ofthe since Design Horizontal Acceleration Coefcient Inve a horzontal acceeration coeffien that shall be sed to obtain design horizetal seisme free on sires Design Seismic Force ‘The soisc force presrbed by this standard for each bridge component tat shall be usd ns desi. is obiained as the maximum elasbe seam lore dided by the appropiate response reduction factor pected this stander foreach component. Design Selsmic Force Resutant(V) “The force result (remedy ail force, shear force, bending momento osiaal moment) a a cross- ection ofthe bridge ee 1 design sasmt fre er ehking slong a consdered deecion spied onthe Ductity Ductty of @ structure, or is members, is the capacity to undergo large inelastic deformatons without Sonica loss of ser o tess. Ductile Detaling ‘The prefered eheic location and amount of enforcoment i roirfrcod concrete sructures to provse {or adequate duty in tom. In soo structures, I's the deskn of members ae thelr connects 10 ‘make them adequately duct. Eplcentre “The geographical pin onthe srtace ofthe ea vertical above the focus of he eenquske,Focus ‘The point insie earth ont Importance Factor () ‘A factor use to obian the design seismic force depending onthe importance ofthe sructre LUnear Elastic Analysis Aralsis of the stucture considering near properties of the materi and lad-versus deformation characterises ofthe diferent component ofthe sbuctre. Liguetaction Liquetaton i the sat in saturated cohesion less sol wherein the eect shear svengin is reduced to ‘eghable value during an earthquake due o poe pressures caused by vibrations approaching the tial Confining pressure. nbs stuaton, the sal les to behave ike afd mass. Magnitude “The magnitude of earthquake ls 2 number which is a measure of energy released in an earthquake. is Jefined a logarithm tte base 10 ofthe maimum trace amplitude, expressed in mirons, which the Standard sher-perod tersion sesmomole world rgistr due othe earthquake at an penal distance of 100 km Maximum Considered Eartwquake (MCE) ‘Maximum considered earthquake the argast reasonably conceivable earthquake that appears possible Inthe Earthquake Zone. Maximum Elastic Force Resultant (Fm) ‘The force resuitant (namely ail force, shes fore, bending moment of lesions momen! a 9 oss: eton ofthe bridge due fo maximum elase satire free for shaking sng 2 considered econ ‘pplied onthe ech, Maximum Elastic Solomic Fore (F*) ‘The maximum frco in tho bridge component due to the expected sesmic shaking in the consiteres Modal Mass (MA) Modal mass of snctre subject to horizontal verti round maton part of tial selsmie mass of the suture hat selective n moda kof wba, The modal mass for gen mado has 9 unig vive irospecte of sealing of te mode shape Mode Shapes Coefcient (Oy) “The spatial patie of wbalon when the stucture ls braing in ts nam! mode k ie ced as mode ‘shape of vbraion of mode ks coeflent fr ned in "modo. Natural Period [Naural pti ofa stcture is te ped of undamped Vivato, (@) Fundamental Natural Peed: 6 the highest medal time period of vibration slong the considered ‘deco of eainquake moton. (©) Modal Natura Pri: The moda natural poried of mode isthe te paid of wraionn mode k [Normal Mode 5 Mode of vibration at which all is masses att maximum valies of deplacements and rotations ‘simalaneousy, nd they also pass through equlirium postion simultaneous, (Over strength ‘Strength consderng al factors that may cause an inroase, eg. slcl engi boing higher than the pected cnaactrtesvongth, efecto sain hardening sles wih large sears, and eaneele Senay boing higher an specified characterste value faut whore the sip starts hat causes the eathquakePa Effect TT is the secondary effet on shears and moments of frame members due to action ofthe vical loads, Interacting wih te atoalisplacemert of structure resulting fom seis forces. Spectrum Acceleration Coefficient (Salg) This favor denting the design acveleration spectrum ofthe suctre subjected to earthquake ground ‘motion, and depends on natural paredot vératon and damping of srt, [Response Reduction Factor (R) “The factor by which the actual tra fee, that would be generate th stucture were to remain elastic uring the most severe shaking hats aly at hats, shall bo reduced to obtain the design ata ce Response Spectrum [Ris a repeseriaton ofthe maximum response of dealized single degree of roadom systems of ferent Periods fora fied value of damping, dung that earthquake. The maximum respense is ploted gaint {he undamped natural peed and fr vaious damping values, and can be expressed in trmis of matnum ‘absolute acceleration, maximum relate vl or maxnum relative displacement Restrainer ‘seal fd, steel cable, rubber-pregnated chain, or similar dovice that provers a superstructure fom becoming uneeates during an earthquake Seismic Mass ‘Sesmic weight dled by acceleration duo to gravity ‘Seismic Weight (W) “otal dead load pls part of ve load Skew ‘The ange belveen the cenerine of the superstructure and @ horizontal Ine perpendicular to the abutments o beats Soll Profle Factor ‘factor used to obtain the ease aceeration spectrum depending onthe sol profle underneath the structure atthe ste ‘The sable capacly ofa stucture or members to ress the apple loads. ‘tiness of Pore “Tho free reuies to produce unt elermation in the per under a ateral ond appted ats op ‘Subetructure lomonts suchas pers, abutments, ard foundations that support the superstructure ‘Supersucture : The bridge elements supported bythe substuctre, Zone Factor (2) Is @ reasonable estimate of fective peak ground acceleration forthe Maximum Considered Earthquake (ACE) ine Earinquake Zone. "22" iste eflecive peak ground acceleration of Design Bass Earthquake (OBE), "27" is mutipled by the Response acceleration coeficert Si to oblan design sponse Spectum.2. Symbols Stuctural wih inthe Grecton of hyodynamic pressure last selmi acceleration coetcent Sectional area of the subetructire PRre ee a Gross area ofthe column eos secon Elst selmi acceleration coetient of mode he? > ‘As per APPENDIX C, Area of canned core concrte in the rectangular hoop rmeature tos ote side dimensions Ax Wea of e0s8-eetion of crear hoop Structural width perpendicular to hydrodynamic prossure 8 Bended plan dimension or bonded dameter in loaded decton of retanguse beating or dametr of rear bearing, Damping cotent (Table -10) Hydrodynamic free coeicant 6 Fraction of missing mass for P mode Ge Ca Pressure coffens lo estimate fw load due lo stream onthe substructure co 2 Diameter of cove measured tothe ouside of th sal or hoops Thickness of any layer Mois of elastity of concrete EDC Energy desipted per cycle (Fw ~ 11) Ee Earthquake force in x-and ydrection respectively 5 Modul of last of steal F ydrodynamic force on subsruture; (aso, Horizont! force in AM apple st center ‘of mast of suporsnuctire fer ene mm hoezonat delecton of brie along ‘onelered eton of horizontal orcs) Fe nena force due to mass of bdge component undar earthquake shaking along 2 ‘rection Foamy Lateral force aeciaad wth missing mass 4 Characterste strength of conrote at 28 ays in MPafe} & fh ‘oid stesso te! Inertia force vector due to mass of bridge under earthquake shaking slong a rection n made # asim Postive force axinum Negative free Naximum ease force esuants at cross-section de oll modes considered Naximum roe ots Force Povaleraton duet gravy Longer dimension othe rectangular contning hoop measured ts ote face Height of Pe Inpotance Factor uke moss of latomer Fost late stfness, Elastic (unloading) stiffness, toctive sifess resp, (Clause 1942 and Figure 11 ) ‘maler effective sitioess lager effective stipess engin (in meters) of te superstructure lo the adjacent expansion joint o othe dof superstucture. In case of boarings under susponded span, sum of he lenge of the to adjacent portons ofthe supersuctre. Incase o singe span Ingest is equal to the length ofthe superstvture omer of modes of vibration considered ‘otal mass ofthe mode Seismic mass matric ofthe bridge structure Noment Capacity of the columnie section athe fst yl ofthe reinorcing soo ‘Sum ofthe over stength moment capacities ofthe hinges resisting neat loads ‘erage SPT vale ofthe sol role ‘Standard penetration resistance of ayer / Nodal parepation acer of mode kf vation(pb Presse due o fu on submerged suprsucturos 2s Characteristic seergth R—Resyonse Reduction Factor Fores resuants due to fil design elemic force along two principal harzontl ‘recone and song the vertical drecten respectively Sch of spa or spacing of hoops ‘rege lott factor long the cosidered deection Bridge fest factor of mode Ko vation 1 Thitness of layer TT} Fonéamentl natal perio of viva af bridge in consiered docion Te Natrol Period of Vibration of mode T Tota elestomer thickness als) Disiacement a postion s caused inthe ating director of ert fore when the foreecoresponding tothe weight ofthe superstructure and substructure above the ‘gound surface for essmie design is assumed to act inthe acing ection oferta Lateal Shear Force Maxam ease fore resuitant at a cross-section ofa bridge component v ” Vet Design seismic force resultant i any component ofthe Bdge duet all modes conetores 1 Seisnie weight which includes fl dead load ad parte load 16H, 2 Whe of seating at bearing supports at expansion ends ef irs We Wei of waterin a hypothetical enveloping einer around a substructure 2 Selene zone factor {1} Vector consisting of unity one) assocatod with ransational degrees of eedom in ‘he considered Srocon of shaking, and zero associated wih al ether degrees of freedom {5 Distlacement atthe acting poston of neta force ofthe supersbuctres when the force corresponding to 80% ofthe waght ofthe subsruciure above the ground Elrface for sismi design and ll weight ofthe superstuctreporbonsupporiod by iis assumed to actin the acing direction of inertial free (n)a Ding Maximum postive placement Maximum negate deplacement Maximum bearing dsptcement (Figure 11) Yield spacement ‘Additonal vertical load due to selemic overurring ffs, base on peak response Under the design seismic acbon Ratio of natural frequencies of modes / and j, Also equvaent damping rato ($2019.58) Mode shape vector ofthe bide in mode Ko vibration Mose shape coefcent for, degree of treedom in k™ mode of vation “Yld Coretre ‘Not response due to all modes considered Response node #of vibration ‘Maxamum response of mising mass3. Introduction “The present guidlines deal withthe sei design of new Rallvay bridges and these may nt be used for seismic eraluaton of wisting bridges. Bridges and portions there shal be doxgned and ‘consivted, fo rest the offecs of design seizmc fore speced these guidelines a3 a minim The fesign approach adopted Isto ensure at stucure posses a least a minemum strength fo wihtand 8 ‘minor earthquake (1 ‘Type I (Rock or Hard Soil) 20 Type II (Medium Soil) _ 7 Type III (Soft Soil) ( os oer as Spectrum Acceleration Coefficient(Sa/g)k oe» & bt bh £ Fundamental Natural Period Tk (s) Fig 4 Acceleration response spectrum fo 5% damping tobe sed for response spectrum method 28.2 Inertia Force due to Mass of Bridge at Node jin Mode k ‘The effect of seismic shaking can be quantifies as concentrated selomic neta forces and moment arespending to te Vanslatonal and rotational degrees of feecom, respectively, at each nado of he Stscrtsod model of tha brdge srucure (a pial decroced moe! shown in Fy C3). Each mode of ‘zation contibuos to these sesic inertia forces and moments. The maximum east force at)" nade Ink® mode's oven by Fl=me,hAg Te ore vee {Ft} of masnum etic ne fe len nodes node ol vran eo torts satin tng a coir drecton stb obtained ae {i= [ele dn Ae {mn} were = Sosmic mass mato he bide sche as denen Case 8.24, _{@:}- Mode shape vector of vibration mode of the bridge structure obtained from free vibration analysis, Pl = Modal partcipaton factor of vation mode K of the brdge stuetie fr 2 even decton of earthquake shaking fo,}"[att) {0.}"Tolto.} ‘As = Blase selsmle acceleration coefclent for mode Kas defined in Cause 8, 9. = Accaoraton due to gravy, and {1} = Vector consisting of unity (one) associated wih transitional degrees of freedom inthe considered ‘recton of shaking, and ‘zero arcoiated witha other degrees of eedom Node J raement Fig C3 Mathematical Mosel of Bdge 28.2.1 Seismic Mass Matrix ‘The selsmie mass matix ofthe bridge stucture shall be constucted by considering is seismic mass lumped a the nodes of iscretistin. Tho slsmic mass of each bridge cornponent shall be ested a2 er Clause 64, and shall be proportionally dictated the nodes of Gecrvisaton ef thal bdge ‘component 8.3 Maximum Elestic Forces and Deformations ‘The maxinum elas seismic forces in mode K obtained ram Clause 8.2 shall be applied on the bridge and @ liner sate anaysis of the bridge shall be perormed fo evaluate the mananum elate force ‘esulants Fr (eg, Bending moment, shar free and axl fore) and the maxmnum laste deformations (e2, oplacements and rotons) in mode at aferent locaton (or nodes) the bridge Tor 8 Considered recon of earthquake snaking, The maximum elastic fre resutants Far and the maximum elastic deformation, due to all medes consdore, forthe cons dered drecion of earthquake shakirg, shal be obtained by combining those Sas tothe individual modes a folows: (a) i te siructue does not have closty-spaced modes, then the maximum response 2. due to all ‘modes consiered may be estimatod by the square rot of um of squares (SRS) method a: a= say wine, = Absolute value of response in mode, and ‘m= Number of moses being considered (©) the stucire has a few closey ie [1 2arcy+2es] 5 <5 Shear said vera oat afurdoes for, >1 40K} ae ‘Shear strain dust non seme sera dlspacement ‘Shear stan lo seismic tera ieplacoment ‘Shear san dt otation nae °wher, (the bulk modus ofthe elastomer, n the absence of measured data the value of K may be taken '38 2000 MPa. The shape fectr, shal be takon asthe plan area of be elactomer layer dindod by = the area of perma te tobe ‘eis non selmi lata placement resulting fom er tects, ost-tensoning,srinkage and therm 's soem lateral dspiacoment 's éesign rotation and shall ot be less than 0.005 ra, Is total lastomerhickness, Is the material constant, and Is the thickness of layer. is bonded plan dinesion or bonded diameter in loaded direction of rectngulr beating o dame of ereular bearing Benes 17.7.2 Load Combinations ‘The elastomeric bearing shall satsty the folowing load combinations of shear stains: 1625 wenetns 60 te eo Ope 55 her, shear sais are 2s explained in Table 12 above. 17.7.3 Construction Requirements 'n adion to non-selsic construct requement allowing shal be met with (0 Te layers of elastomeric bearings shal ntegraly bond cueg wlanization and cold bonding isnot ‘alowed {@) A Seminte proot loxd test wih 15 tes the dead load and ve load shal be conducted on each ‘earng. There sallb ne buging due to poor lamination, 4) Al bearings shal be tested in combined compression and shear. The bearings may be tested in pars, “The compressive ad shal be average dead load o ll beings ad tay anal be suteced to te {uly reversed cytes of fading athe folal design displacement or 50 of latome thekross, For ‘each group of siniar types of bearings, the efecive stress and EDC shal be averaged. For Indiv bearings, te effective sfnss shal be within 20% of dsign vies and EOC shal rat be eas han 25% of be design value. The avorage value of etlecive sfinessl a goup shall be within 10% of design valu and tho EDC value sat rot be less than 15% of he deg value, ‘Aer al he tests, lhe bearing shall be sully inspected for delet, I ther is ack of bond between rubber and ste, or lina placement fal. or permanent deformation ar sue eracks on rubber ‘at are wider or deeper than 23% rubber hekness, then, the bearing shal be ejected so18. Post-Earthquake Operation and Inspection ‘The response of away vacks and bridges to an earthquake would depend on distance rom epoente and ‘ature of attenvabon. The post-earnquake tain operations in the region shall be cautiously stared tats procedure for post-carthquake operations and inspections explained in Append — st‘Appendix — (A) References 1) IIT-K RDSO Guidelines on Seismic Design of Railway Bridges November 2010 2)"Manual for Railway Enginaeting’, American Ralway Engineering and Maintenance-of Way "Assocation (AREMA), USA, 2007, 9)"AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Speciicatone’, American Associaton of Stale Highway and Transporation Oficial (AASHTO), USA, 2007, 4) Selsmie Design Crier’, Calforria Department of Transportation (CALTRANS), USA, 2005, 5) Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance’, Eurocede 8: Part 2: Bikges, European ‘Commie for Standardization, 2005 6) Bridge Manuar, TRANSIT, Welinglon, New Zeland, 2005. 17) Speciation for Highway Bridges", Pat V Seismic Design Japan Road Associstion, 2008. '8)"Selsmie Design for Ratway Structures, Raiay Technical Research Insite (RTR), Japan, 2000, {9)"Selsmic Design Criteria for High Speed Ral Projet, National Centr for Research on Eathauake Engineering, Tawan, 1992. 10) Murty, C.V.R. and Jain, S.K. “A Proposed Draft for Insian Code Provisions on seismic design for bridges-Pat I Code’ Journal of SrutralEngingering, Vol 26, No, 3, 229-294, 2000, 11) Mary, CV. and Jan, SK. "A Proposed Draft fr Indian Code Provisions on selamic design for ‘widges-Par I Code” Journal of Stet Engineering, VOl2T, No.2. 72-89, 2000, 12) Skier, Rl, Kelly, TE. and Robinson, B, “Seismic lsclaton for Designers and Siuctural Engineer”, Robinson Selsmic Li 19) "AASHTO Guide Specifications for Sesmic Isolation Desgn “American Associaton of State Highway and Transporation Offi (AASHTO), USA 2000, seAppendix — (B) Relevant Codes and Standards “Tho folowing CodeeStndads are necessary snc o hese galne: 1) IRC#.2014 Standard Spectcation and Code of Practice for Road Bridges, 2)1RC-89 (Pat I) Standard Speciation and Code of (Pat Il) Practe for Road Bridges Section Die Bearings, 2002 2)1RS Code of Pracloe For Plain, Reinforced &Prestessod Concrote For General Bridge ‘Consiveton, Thid Revsion, 2008, 4)1RS Code of Pracice For the Design of Sub-Stuctures ard Foundation of Bridge, Second Revision 2008, {5)1RS Code of Practice For the Design of Stel or Wrought Irn Bridges Carrying Rall Read oF Pedesan Taf, Second Revision, 2008 6)1RS Brie Rules spectying the Loads for Bridge Design of Super Structure and Sub- Rules ‘Stucure of bidges, Second Revision, 2008 17) 15 1899 (Par) Ciera for Earthquake Resistant Design of Stctres, Pa | General Provons ‘and Busing, 2002 {8)18 13020 Ductle tating of Reinforced Concote Sucre Subjected to Seismic Fores-Code of races, 1093 3‘Appendix — (C) Ductile Detailing Specifications (Clause 15.0) C-1. General ‘The detaiing rules given have been chosen with the intention that reliable plastic hinges should form at the top and bottom of each pier column, or atthe bottom only of @ single stom pier under horizontal loading and that the bridge should remain elastic between the hinges (Fig. A-1). The aim is to achieve a reliable ductile structure. Repair of Plastic hinges is relatively easy. Design strategy to be used is based on assumption thatthe plastic response will occur In the substructure. However, in case of a wall type substructure, the nonlinear behavior ‘may occur in the foundation-ground system. C-2. Specification (C-2:1 Minimum grade of concrete should be M25 (fa = 25 MPa). €-2.2 Stee! reinforcement of grade Fe 416 (see IS 1786: 1985) or less shall be preferred. However, high strength deformed steel bars of grades Fe 500, having elongaticn more than 14.5 percent and conforming to other requirements of IS 1786 : 1985 may also be Used forthe reinforcement. C3, Layout (2) The use of circular column is preferred for better plastic hinge performance and ase of construction, (bYThe bridge must be proportioned and detailed by the designer so that plastic hhinges occur only at the controled locations (6.9, pier column ends) and not in other ‘uncontrolled places. C-4, Longitudinal Reinforcement ‘The area of the longitudinal reinforcement shall not be less than 0.8 percent nor ‘more than 6 percent, of the gross cross section area Ay, Splicing of flexural region is not ppermited inthe plastic hinge region. Lap shall not be located within a distance of 2 times. the maximum column cross-sectional dimension from the end at which hinging can occur. ‘The splices should be proportioned as a tension splice. C-4.1 The reduction of longitudinal reinforcement at mid-height in piers should not be carried out except in tall por. Ey€-42 In case of high bridge piers such as of height equal to 30m or more, the reduction of reinforcement at mid height may be done. In such cases the following ‘method should be adopted: () The curtailment of longitudinal reinforcement shall not be carried out in the section six times the least lateral column dimension from the location where Plastic hinge is likely to occur. (i) The interval between hoop ties Is specified to be less than 150mm in a reinforcement position. The interval between hoop ties shall not change ‘abruptly, the change must be gradual C5. Transverse Reinforcement ‘The traneverse reinforcement for circular columns shall consist of spiral or circular hoops. Continuity of these reinforcements should be provided by either (Fig. A -2(a) or A. (b)} (a)Welding, where the minimum length of weld should be 12 bar diameter, and the ‘minimum weld throat thickness should be 0.4 times the bar diameter. (b) Lapping, where the minimum length of lap should be 30 bar diameters and ‘each end ofthe bar anchored with 135° hooks with a 10 diameter extension into the confined core. Splicing ofthe spiral reinforcement in the plastic hinge region should be avoided, In rectangular columns, rectangular hoops may be used. A rectangular hoop is @ closed stimup, having a 135° hook with a 10 diameter extension at each end that is ‘embedded in the confined core (Figure A-2.c). When hoop ties are joined in any place ‘ther than a comer the hoop ties shall overlap each other by a length 40 bar diameter of the reinforcing bar which makes the hoop ties with hooks as specified above. Joint portion of hoop ties for both circular and rectangular hoops should be staggered. C6, Design of Plastic Hinge Regions C-6.1 Seismic Design Force for Substructure Provisions given inthis Appendix forthe ductile detaling of RC members subjected to seismic forces shall be adopted for supporting components of the bridge. The design shear force a the critical section(s) of substructures shal be the lower of the folowing (a) Maximum shear force that develops when ss(i) The substructure has maximum moment thatt can sustain (Ze, the ‘verstrength plastic moment capacity as per Clause 6.2) in single-column or single-pier type substructure, (i) Plastic moment hinges are formed in the substructure so as to form a collapse mechanism in mutiple-column frame type or muttple-pier type substructures, Jn which the plastic moment capacity shall be the overstrength plastic moment capacity as per Clause 6.2 {na single-column type or pier type substructure, the critical section is atthe bottom of the column or pier as shown in Figure A-1 (a) and, in mult-column frame-type ‘substructures or mult-pier substructures, the critical sections are atthe bottom andlor top Of the columns/piers as shown in Figure A-1 (b). €-6.2 Over strength Plastic Moment Capacity ‘The over strength plastic moment capacity at a reinforced concrete section shall be taken as 1.3 times the utimate moment capacity based on the usual partial safely factors ecommended by relevant design codes for materials and loads, and on the actual dimensions of members and the actual reinforcement detaling adopted. €-8.3 Special Confining Reinforcement: ‘Special confining reinforcement shall be provided at the ends of pier columns where plastic hinge can occur. This transverse reinforcement should extend for a distance from the point of maximum moment over the plastic hinge region over a length ‘fe The length éshall not be less than, (a) 1.5 times the column diameter or 1.5 times the larger cross sectional dimension where yielding ocours (b) 116 of clear height of the column for frame pier (i.e when hinging can occur at both ‘ends of the column) (6) 114 of clear height ofthe column for cantilever pi ‘one end of the column) (Le when hinging can occur at only (4) 600 mm C-84 Spacing of Transverse Reinforcement ‘The spacing of hoops used as special confining reinforcement shall not exceed (0) 115 times the least lateral dimension ofthe cross section of column, (i) 6 times the diameter of the longitudinal bar, 56‘The parallel legs of rectangular stirups shall be spaced not more than 1/3 of the ‘smallest dimension of the concrete core or more than 360 mm centre to centre. If the length of any side of the stirups exceeds 350 mm, a cross tie shall be provided. ‘Altematively, overlapping stirups may be provided within the column, C-6.5 Amount of Transverse Steel to Be Provided (€-6.5.1 The area of cross section, Ass, of the bar forming circular hoops or spiral, to be Used as special confining reinforcement, shall not be less than ‘Whichever isthe greater where ‘Ass= area of cross-section of circular hoop 'S= pitch of spiral or spacing of hoops in mm ‘De= Diameter of core measured to the outside ofthe spiral or hoops in mm {ee characteristic compressive strength of concrete ‘yield stress of steel (of circular hoops or spiral) ‘Ap gross area ofthe column cross section €-8.52 The total area of cross-section of the bar forming rectangular hoop and cross ties, Aesto be used as special confining reinforcement shall not be less than 24h] 41.0] 4 raatwhere ‘n= longer dimension ofthe rectangular confining hoop measured to its outer face ‘A= Area of confined core concrete in the rectangular hoop measure to its outer side dimensions, \Note: Crosstios where used should be ofthe same diameter as the peripheral hoop bar ‘and A, shall be measured as the overall core area, regardless the hoop area. The hooks of erossties shall engage peripheral longitudinal bars. '©-6.5.3 Unsupported length of rectangular hoops shall not exceed 300mm. C-£.54 For ductile detailing of hollow cross-section of pler special iterature may be referred. Some of the provisions for hollow RC piers are |) For hollow cylindrical piers, inthe plastic hinge region, the ratio of internal diameter to thickness should not exceed 8.0, i) For wall type hollow piers, in the plastic region, the rato of clear width ofthe wall to thickness should not exceed 8.0. C-7. Design of Components between the Hinges ‘Once the position of the plastic hinges has been determined and these regions detailed to ensure a ductile performance, the structure between the plastic hinges is designed considering the capacity ofthe plastic hinges. The intention here is: () To reliably protect the bridge against collapse so that it will be available for service after a major shaking (i) To localize structural damage to the plastic hinge regions where it can be Controlled and repaired, The process of designing the structure between the plastic hinges is known as “capacity design” €-7.1 Column Shear and Transverse Reinforcement To avoid a brite shear failure design shear force for pier shall be based on ‘overstrength moment capacities ofthe plastic hinges and given by: vue a Fwhere TIM® =the sum ofthe oversrength moment capacies of the hinges resisting lateral toads, as detailed. In case of twin por this would be the sum ofthe overstrenath moment capacities atthe top and bottom of the column. For single stom plers the overstrength ‘moment capacity atthe bottom only shouldbe used. ‘= clear height of the column in the case of a column in double curvature; height to calculated point of contra-flexure in the case of a column in single curvature, Outside the hinge regions, the spacing of hoops shall not exceed half the least lateral dimension of the column, nor 300 mm, C-8. Design of Joints: Beam-column joints should be designed properly to resist the forces caused by axial loads, bending and shear forces in the joining members. Forces in the joint should be determined by considering a free body of the joint with the forces on the joint member ‘boundaries properly represented, ‘The joint shear strength should be entirely provided by transverse reinforcement Where the join is not confined adequately (Le. where minimum pier and pile cap width is less than three column diameters) the special confinement requirement should be satisfied €-84 Dusctity ofall the joints in the structure may be ensured by offsotting the splices / couplers where the area of reinforcement provided is at least twice the required by analysis staggered 600 mm minimum. ‘C-82 The pier ~ foundation jint or the slab ~ per jlnt (in case of integral slab — bridges) must be checked for principal tensile stress in the concrete around the junction, follwing {an appropriate prevaling method. The un-cracked jint may be designed By Keeping the principal stresses inthe joint region below direct tension strength of concrete the joint ‘camot be prevented from cracking, additional verical stirups may be added to the ‘extemal concrete region around the column ‘The joint stresses may be assumed to disperse 145 around the column as per prevailing practices. 8Earthquake Say — Earthquake Force Potential Plastic linge Regions (©) Muttcolumn of frame type substructuresFig. C-4: Potential locaton of plastic hinges in substrucures. sioee a5 ; 2) Welding in Circular hoops (b) Lapping in circular hoops. eet (©) Rectangular hoops (Fig. C2: Transverse renforcament in column (Clause ©-4) 6‘Appendix — (D) Zone Factors for Some Important Towns (Clause 8.1) Town ‘Zone | Zone Factor Z | Town ‘Zone _| Zone Factor Z ors ii [ore Kanchpuram | [16 Anaad [ose Konout [ose [Aine [oso Keno | ore ‘ohio n__|oxo Kohn v [oss ‘nor wv faze Kota [ox ‘bls w__[oze Kot fos ‘Aner wv faze Kuro) [oso Asansa [oe Lehn im fors ‘Arona nfo Lash IN [oze Baan foe Modus 070 [senasee 1 fas Mane v [oa ‘Barn Ww fora Mangalore [06 ‘erly [ose erghye wv foze Basu in [ose Moradabs v—_|oze rains wa Mas i [os6 hia [a0 Mysore fo Bhopal [a0 Napa w_ [oso ‘Bhubaneswar [wl [ a6 Noganunasiger | [0.40 om vas Naina woz i, im [ase Nes tore hacer [ase Neto [ore sot fox Csmanatad [os ‘uanaiboe woe ein [ore Badin [oe Pata at [ose Cate [ai Pana Ww [ozs Cana whoa ata wfaze ‘Ghornat foe Ponsa nfo ord for Pane fas Coins [oe ar 0:10 ‘use aii [16 Rabat 016 ‘ao fei Ranch 0 Darbar v [eae Rood 028 Darsing Ww [eae Rows [ow ‘Ohawod Te Saye v [oss ‘ete Din wee ‘Sion ni [ox Dharenpa im [are ‘Sin Ww faze Deh ww [aae Seon [a Duran foe Sopa i [0s6. ‘Gaia w [oe ‘Sinagar v Teas‘Soman vase ‘Sunt more ‘G00 u_ [ore Tors [eae co [oo Teo v6 oo n_ [ore Thane [oa ‘crak Ww [oze Thane 1 [soe yeabod [ox “Trwenannapuren [W036 Ing vas Tuegpat [at [040 atta in [ox6 Thierens —[ | 0.36. 7 1 [or ‘sso [eo anebeaor [ox Vases [ese hae [ox Vara [ere odhour 1 [ow Voto nif Seta vfs: Vispowad [ee Kalra nw [ox Vietnam —[w—[610 Kalpata more 6Appendix — (E) Pushover Analysis (Clause 10.0) E-1 Pushover analysis is performed to expctly ascertain the deplacemen’ capacity ofthe ‘dae structure. This anafsis is exoaind forthe rinoread nneretn shuchnos, Thi a done vit the help of ste noninear analy, in whlch roniear popertes of concrete and ‘etforcng sto are used. The displacement capacly sha be greater than fe deplacoment ‘demand The procedure explained herein ss based on Calvan (2006). E:2 Displacement demand “Tho dsplcement demand is tice the east depacement obtained wsing 3 inear analysis ‘This placement demand is doubled due to use offer 22 i the selmi force calulton for Sear analysis. The single mode metDod (Clause 0) oF multmade method (Cause 100) may be used a5 per the requrements of Clause 8.1. From the dplacemert demand, 3. the \feplacomentducity demand oblined 28 wornosar her, vis yield ceptacement ofthe system om A in postion ote formaion of plastic hinge. E-3 Displacement capacity The lca displacement capacty of a member is obtained fom is curvature capacty, which is etermines ftom vie moment curvature (M- ©) analysis. The expected svess san curve ot ‘ateral propertes of concrete and sel are used. Fr conned sonerete, the Manders mode! shown in Fg. E-1 used, andthe sress ain model shown in Fig. E-2 i used for stool The moment curvature analysis cians the curvatures assoc wit a range of moments or @ ‘cosssecton, based en he sain compatly force eqastrim condtons The M-@ cave (Fs, 3) can be idealized with an elastic pececty past: cre to alate the paste moment ‘epacly of a cross-section. The iealzed plate mament capaciy ss obtained ty balancing the ‘seas between the actual cuve and the idealized curve Beyond the fest rinercing ar Vs pont Fig £3)Fig E+ Sos stain mode! for concrete Fig E-2 Stess san modelo steel Fig. E-3 Moment curvature (M-> ) curve Here, iy she plastic moment capaci, Mis he et rlrcng bar yet point Mis he expected ‘ominal moment capacty, fy isthe curvature capacty atte fale Int slate defined asthe concrete Sivan reaching eof the eoilnement revorang ste! reaching the red ulate sain el Siri, isthe ealzed yield curvature defied by an east erect plastic epreseraton of N> curve (Fig, €-3, The iealzod paste curvature capac, , which i assumed corsant over paso hinge length, Le given by d= f=. Te hinge length, Lein mm is given By Lo= 0.084 + 0.022f0420.044rdy for columns (mm, MP) Le= 6+ 004Afede {or horizontally olted fared columns CaHore, i the gap between the isolated lar and the soft ofthe bet cap. With erence to Fig. = 4. the plastic rotation capacty, Ge = Lex ge and ole Ten el ple carat th conn en by : Aceay tae hore, Av fs the idealized veld displacement of he column (Fg E-4). Fig, E- Lateral dsplacoment capac of fixed bese column ‘Tho displacement capacty Ac thus oblained shall be grate than the demand A obtained from tinea tate anal. The above descrbed procedure to obtain the deplacerren capacty ora cantlver column. fe athe base nc re at th top. Slay, analyte cen be done tor nes fixed clu. Fora frame type sutaructire, M+ carve i to be ave for each member and the ‘nals becomes more iwoWed, fr which hlp of standard software mov be eared It shale ensued that the flexral hinge occurs prior to shear fur of clu, and hence the nominal! shear capaciy shall be greater than the shear force coresponcig to plane ngs “Simiary, capacity protection shal be provided lo te other adjacent compete sich a8 ent ‘ap, pb cap et‘Appendix — (F) Dynamic Earth Pressure (Clause 12.3.1) F-4. Dynamic earth pressure on abutments, Active yesige a Graiey Wall Figure F 1: Seismic Active Earth Pressure on Retaining Walls F444 Lateral Earth Pressure The pressure from earth fil behind retaining walls ding an carhquake shal be a8 gven in F110 F144. Inthe analysts, cbesion hes been neieted. This ‘stumplon son canservatve side F411 Active Pressure Due to Earth fil The genera conditions encounter forthe dosgn of retaining wal are ilystratod in Fig. F 1. The ttl active pressure exerted against the wal shall bo the ‘maximo of the wo given byte flowing expression: Whore the comic active earth pressure coefcent Kc given by 7-__25'(6-0-p) [i alg DG=O=D] Fo Sco! Feel P+0)"||* bcos P= O)costi—B sand where Y= unit wight of ol (uh) Height wan) ‘oan of ton fst (9 {8 sane of ition between sol and abutment () ‘Aeaste seismic coef see Clause 81] Acai scam concert its valve big ten consist troupoi ne aby ana of 4 4 o=tax eval 029A @) Posekli ope ange) {=sope of valo the verte negative as shown *) F.1.1.2 Point of Application From the wi! pressure computed as above subiract the static ‘ve pressure obtained by puting A,= Ay = 0 = 0 inthe expression ven by equation 1 and 2. The remainder ithe dynamic nerment. The sae component ofthe (ll pressure shal be ‘applied at an elevation H above the base ofthe wall The point of apoeaton ofthe dynamic Increment shal be assumed to beat mine of te wal. F.1.2 Passive Pressure Due to Earth fil The total passive pressure against the was ‘hal be the minimum of the wo given by the following expression Eg= hit 2 AK Wher the seismic passive eth presse cooficlnt Kies given by - cosG-0+)__. [stalgrO)anlg=OV "= cosBeos® feos(@= +6)" Veos(@= f+) costi- )F.1.22 Point of application From the state passive pressure obanes by puting k= k= = O in he expression gon by equation F.3 and F4, aubvacs the lll pressixe computed a8 shove. The remainder s the dynamic decrement The sates component ofthe lla pressure thal be applied stan elevation 13 above the base ofthe wall The ont of application ofthe {amie decroment shal bo ascumed tobe alan clovation 0.68 H above the base ofthe wal F.1.3 Active Pressure Due fo Uniform Surcharge The ache pressive asst te wall ‘ue 0a unm surcharge of nest ape untae fhe nnd earth i suatace shel bo Hews p (12 AK Seay tt) F.1.3.4 Point of application The dynamic nerement i active pressure de to wnarn Surcharge shal be apples at a vation of 0.08 above te Base ef ie wal le the sae {empenent shat be apie al mega wal F.14 Passive Pressure Due to Uniform Surcharge The pase pressure st the walle tea unto stage of nest ape unt are he nce oar hal be. geo B (Eq) (x) cost) F.1.4.1 Point of application Tho dynamic decroment in passve pressures due to uniform sircharge shall be applied at an elevation of 0.6¢h above the base ofthe walls wie th state ‘companion! shall be applied at mi-haght ofthe wal F.2 Effect of Saturation on Lateral earth Pressure 2.4 For saturated earth he saturate unit eight of he sol shal be adoped in the Equation F.3 F.2.2 For aubmerged earl the dynamic increment (ar decrements atv and passive earth pressures during earthquakes shal be found tom expressions given i equation F.2 and Fath {ho folowing mouieatons: 2) The value of Bahall be taken asthe value 12 of 3 fr dry back 1b) The vale of sha be taken as ftw: “tal rere Ye saturated unit weight of 28 (kNIn®) Ya = submerged unt weigh of so Nn) «‘Ans elaste seismic coeient ‘Ay sverical seismic cooticent= 2 An ©) Buoyant unt weight shallbe used in equation F.1 and F..a the case maybe 4) From the value of earth prssure found out as above, subtact the vale of earth pressure Setermined by puting AV = Ar= 0 = Obut uking buoyant unt weigh. The romandor shal Be ‘namie nezement| F.2.3 Hydrodynamic pressure on account of water contained in arti shall nt be considered separately asthe effect of aecleraton on water has been considered nde. F.3 Partially Submerged Backfil The situations wih partial submerged backll may be handed by weighing uni weighs based on the volume of sol inthe fare wedge above and beiow the plats suave se shown in Figure Fe Equation F.7shallbe used to calculate 8 using Ys nslead of Ym. Then foal seve. and "passin pressure canbe oblaied rom equation F4 and F.2 using equivalert unit walt (fe) FA Concrete or Masony Ine Fores - Concrete or masonry inertia forces due to ‘hrzonal and voreal earthquake accelerations are the prodvts ofthe weight of wall and the hereon! and ‘vericalselomiccoetciens respec, NOTE - To ensure adequate factor of safety under actnquako condo, the sign shal be such ‘hat the factor of safety again sling shall be 1.2 andthe reat ef al the forces incluso, earthquake force shal fl within the mle Ywee-fourths of the base with provided In axon, bearing pressure in sol should nt excaed he permis link Notes: (1) Exact solution when ry =0 (2) Approximte Seton when 0 Figure F 2: Efectve uit weight fr partly aubnerged bacflsAppendix — (G) Simplified Procedure for Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential (Clause 13.3) G-1 Cohesionless Soils Due tothe difculies in oblaining and laboratory testing of undisturbed representative samples from most potently Iquefale see, Ina testing le aten relied upon for assessing the lguetacton ‘potent of cohesion tess sols. Laquefacion pote assessment procedures ‘involving both the SPT and CPT are wey sed in practee The most common procecie oad in engineeing pracce forthe assessment of hqvefacton polenta of sands and sits is the ‘Simpied Procedure The proceawe may be used wih ether SPT blow coun, CPT tp resistance or shear wave vloly measured within the dopost as dscuscod blow. ‘Stop 1: The subsurface data used to assess fquofactin suscoptbily shoud incude the locaton ofthe war tbo, ether SPT low count (1, ofp rosstanee of @ standard CPT cone (qa 0 the shear wave veioety, mean gan size (Ox), unt weight, a fines content ofthe sil (percent by weight passing te IS Standard Sieve No. 75) ‘Step 2: Evaite he tl veri stos (and eect vertical sess (oor a poterialy Seoeatl yr win te depos. ‘Step 3: The ovina eatin cn uted 1 eval sess etn act -0.00765: for: <9.15 m and 1174-00267 for 9.15 <2 <23 m wheres the depth below the ground surface in meters. ‘Stop 4: Coleus tne critical stress ratioinduced by the des earthquake, CSR, 2s; CSR = 0.65(05u/ BA2,/2) Where cr and Fae the fot! and effective verca stresses, erpecvely, at depth athe ‘peak porzortal ground acceleration (PHA), and gis the acceleration due to gravy. inthe absence of ste speci estimates of ann, the PHGA may be estimated by amu 21S), whore isthe zone factor obtained from Tablo-3 a= descrbed earl, I's the imporanoe factor as per ‘ablo-4 and Salgis spectral acceleration cofientoblanos rom Clause 91. Fer estimating the vorbcal fla and fective stesses, the water table stuld be assumed at the Nghest [Bezometie devation Ika to be encountered ring the operational ie ofthe dam or the fembarkment except where there Isa fee standing water column For assessing kqvtaclon potential of sl ayers undemesth fee standing wale column, the eight of ree sending water ‘Should be neglected and water table shoud be assumed at be so srace For assessing iquetaton suseptbilly using the SPT go to Stp 5a forthe CPT goto Stop Sb, ‘2d the shear wave velo 900 Sep Se, 1 compute eye eacance rao (CRY) fx My 7.5 tcarhquakes, Cyleresstanes rato, CRR for ses for earthquakes of ahex magnitudes or for Shes undorbin by ner-horzonal sll layers oF whore wrtcal offecive stess exceeds ‘mosphere pressures estimated by multlying CRs by thee correction factors, Km Ke and 1 Yespoctvaly. Here corecton factors for magne sloped statgraphy and effective sess nhas been denoted with symbols Ke, Ke and Kc, rospectvely. These correction factors are ‘oblained tom figures G-1,-2 and 6. ‘Step Sa: valuae the standarczed SPT bow count Na) which he standard penetration tet blow coun for a hammer with an effciancy of 60 percent. Speceaons of te “landardzed” equipment cresponding fo an efficiency of 60 percent are gven in Talo G-l inthe absence of tak spose F ‘energy measurement. The standardzed SPT bow eaunt is obtaned fam he equation No=N.Ca Where Cais the product of various corecton factors. Crection factors recommended by various investigators for some common SPT configuratons are proved in Table G2. Calculate ne normatied stancoraized SPT blow coun, (Ni) ule (Ni) = CaN, where (Mis the standardize tow ccunt normalized to an efecive overburdon pressure of SBKPa in order to cininate the influence of confining pressure, Sess normalization factor Cys ealeated fam folowing express ‘Subjected to Cx < 2, whore Ps isthe atmospheric pressure. However Proposed by Liao and Whitman (198) may also be used. closed-form exetession 6,=9.79[V0;F ‘The Creal Resistance Ratio (CAR) rte resistance ofa sol layer agains iuetacton is estimated from Figure A for epresentave (Ria value othe depos Step 5b: Calculate normalized cone tip resistance, (qc), using (wha K,(P, a )'(g./,) ‘nar gis the measured cone Up resistance corrected for thi ayers exponent has a value of 5 for sand and 1 fr ay, and eis the coecton facr for gran characte estimated ae Tots Ke0 fork <164and K, =-O403/! +5.581/2 ~21.6372 433.751, -17.88 for], > 1.64, ‘The sol behavior ye index I, gion by = Y(@47—logOF + (.22 + log FP cae woe O=[(g.-0, AR /0%)'.F aed nae he se vals a describes Fovece ‘The GRR or 320 layers estimated trom Figure AG using the (ea value representative ofthe layer. [fNq,-2,)}<100, ris tre measured sleeve tieton ler. Assess suscepti of sale Kauetacon using n‘Athough sos with 226 are deemed non-iqvefale, such deposits ray soften and deform dung, ‘earthquakes. General guidance isnt avaabe fo deal wih such posses. Sotiening and detormabily of dopests with L>2.6 should thus be vested on a material spectic bose ‘Step 5c: Cede nomad sheer wove velo. Ya fr oan sande wing: V, = V-x(P/a!)” subjeced io Fas 13% ‘The CAR for aso ayers ostiatod from Figur G-7 using the Va valu roprosertatve of theayer. ‘Avpropriate CRA) curve shouldbe used in this assessment depending on the fines content ofthe layer. Step €: Correct CARR, stor earthquake magna (Mb), stress level ar for nial static shear sing orecton factors fx and, respectvely,accortng te cRR RR sv where, kf, fe are corecton factor, respectively for magntude corscton (Figure Get), ‘tectve oveburcen cortecton (Figue 6-2) and sloping ground carecton (Figure G-2). in ombaaton wth Figure G-t. The Crit Suess rao CRR7e's essed rom Fg G9 fr [SPT Figure G8 for CPT and Figure G- for shear wave valet daa ‘Step 7: Caeuste the factor of safety against ntl Uqueacton, FS. 2s FS= CRRICSR Were CSRs 2s estimated in Step 4 and CARs om Stop 62, 6 or . When the design ground ‘mobon le covservalve, earthqvake-elated permanant ground defomaton ie gonealy mat FSzL1 G-2 Cohesive Soils Cohesive sols ae oten doomed to be nor-iqueabe any one ofthe fofowing conten isnot ised (Figure G-83): + Percent (oy weight) ethan 5 jn <15 % 335% sins 0930 lahore wf the Liquid Limit and and ws is the Natural More Content, respectvly. These nations are colecvely refered fo asthe Chinese Criteria. Since tho Chinese Crisrla are not ‘Says conservative, Sed eal recommend te folowing lleralve (Four 6-3) “Cohesive sols shouldbe considered quale Hw < 27%, < 12 % and wis0.85 X we wher 'Sthe Pasty index a* Liquefaction susceptbty of sos shuld be considered marginal wi < 47%, ec 20% and wine 0.85 m, where leis the Pasty Index and for such sols iquetacton suscoptbiy shoul! be obtained from laboratory testing of unstorbod epresentaiva samples Cohesive sos shouldbe considered non-quefable fw % or h2:20% or Wn20.85 20, where le 1 tho Pasty Index ‘Table G1: Recommended “Standardized” SPT Equipment r [_____ Sement | —~“tandard Speitcaton] ‘Sampler ‘Standard spli-spoon sarpier wih (a) Gute ‘ameter = 51 mi, and nse Diameter = 35 mm (constant ie, no r0om fer nes inthe baal) Dei Rode ‘or Alaype for depths los tan 15:2 mi Neo F INWype for reser desis ( Hanmer ‘Standard (eae) hammer: (a) dop hammer By weight = 65 kg (c) drop = 750 mm (d) divers 0% of th thooretcal potential energy Rope Two wraps of ope around he puly Borehoe 100 0 80%m diameter borehole Da Bit Upward datecion of ering mud (cone of afed crag i) ‘Blow Count Rate {301040 Blows per minute Peneivaton Ressant Count Measured over range of 150 10 480 wn ol penetration note ground (fe eqismen meth above spestatons 1= i na onen kr ec a ee fi (2) specteaon is sana esa a AST 8 todd‘Table G-2: Comecton Factors fr Non-Standard SPT Procedures and Equipment ‘Goren for ‘Gorecion Facor ‘Nonstandard Hanmer Type ‘Gar =0.75 for Dr with rope and ploy (OPtedoughnut hammer, ER =energy | Ht =139 fr OH wih tiptoe and ER = 00. ratio) ‘Nonslandard Hammer Weight or paw, Height ofa BAT (height ofan mm; W’=hammor ‘weight inks) ‘Nonsiandard Sampler Sel siandard ‘Ger=1 0 for loose sand samples with oom for Ines, but used without ners (Ces #120 or donee sand [Nenana Sarr So no Gis =000 for looe ard liners, but liners are used) i eke Ser Rod torah Ta OTST a eng ‘Nonstandard Borst Dametor Ceoat for rn bre Siar (m0 =1.1 for 290 mm borehole damoter 54s r a Saoasws _ eee Ita Mars a eS N “Workshop @ Arango (1996) ; asi) i 3 eee das ipcenisantee semanas gt & Youtaa 10 ; a 5 arias scenes een rere eo %15] 1.09) 10. f Figure G-&: Correction fora static shear (Not: nt stati hear fran ‘embankment may be estimated tom Figure A) ”el eT on-[ats mr s2soe | cane te BZ {opera} suet Bsa) Figure G-4 Intl static shear under an enibankmentFigure G-5 Relationship between CR and (N,)a forsand for My 75 earthquakes ~os os CRRre & me { 2 iiaores SG 10200 280300 (0m Figure 6-6: Relationship between CRR and (qa)afor Mx 75 earthquakes ‘un aa an: Tee eS: eduste by ‘ing CSAbY Wf? S12 3558s & ORR & Gyelle Stress or Resistance Ratio, CSA or CAR ° ‘Overburden Stress-Corrected Shear Wave Velocity, Vsr, mvs Fue G7: Relatonship between CAR and Ve for My 7.5 earthquakos »Lquetiie than Sym 15 Figure G-8a: The Chinese Criteria (Seed eta, 2003) Tost tWyso.8sw, Yiueiable tW0.85W, 37 47 100 wom) Figure G-8b: Proposal of Seed et al. (2003) aAppendix —(H) System property modification factors H-4 General : Kema= Keeton Kime Kox hans enar= Orr hamor and Qen= Qc hence ‘These facts are given by Dama hatte Dean ences eat Rent Dat ha Dent Dat ann Rac Reon Damar heaton anasoX Hanne Hanne Renee Arner Amana hetooK ana co maior Rak hse Lamson. Where, {factors t acount for efecto temperature = factors account or efecto aging ‘v= factors to account fr elec of velocity (eluting fe, fr elastomeric beatings) {n= foctrs account for etfet of travel (we) ‘= favor » account for foc of contamination nsing system) crag = facts to account for effect of scragging bearing (in elastomeric yetoms) H.2 Elastomeric bearings ( Factors fore Factors fori mur Establahed by est Aw 1.0 br Keane Qs Anae= 1.0 nach Esabished by test nasy® See Table G 23 2Table H 2.1: Valve of nm ewe Km | a ‘Low Damping | a a ‘tural rubber gh-Damping rubber wih small fern between scapged and | 12 | 42 nscragged properies| ¢ gh-Damping rubber wih lage difference between seragged ani | 13 | 73 ‘nscragged properties Ted = Weoprene 3030 Table H 2.2: Value of dans Moimum Temp ad en Oe Ke = HoRe'| HORE | LORE | HORS'| HORE | LORE a 1 | «| w | mw | om | 1 ° Cae pena | ease “0 sua elfosaufeatayn [peau [eitezen | me 0 ws | 20 | 1s | 20 | a | a3 ORB = High damping rubber bearing LORS = Low damping uber bearing * Large diference in seragged a unsraaged properties (more than 25%) * smaterencesin scrapped and unscreened properiesTable H 2.3: Value of deans nem a Ke ORB WaAR ORB wih ORB win | HORE wore | ee018 85015 | Lone wit 6 or 0.15 10 2 15 10 2 8 1.3 Siding Isolaon system Factors for hm Factors for an nace does 0200 aw = 10 f0r Keane Qe mwa See Table H3.1 Ras Soe Table 43.2 nec See Table 3:3 ant S00 Tab H3 ‘oble H—3.1: Vale of aaa Tom ‘riicatod Tbricated ‘Bat teriaces Prre: PIFE Condon | Sealed | Unsealed | Sealed | Unsealed | Sealed | Unsealed Normal wa 2.5 || | z 2 Severe as ma Tal tS | 25 aTable H= 32: Vale howe ane ‘Uiuircated | Lubricated | imetaiic aa pire. | Weroces ‘Sealed with alos sel surface Tacng down 10 To To ‘Sealed with laniossteol surface facng up 4 a a ‘Unsealed wit sales sew! ssfae facing down A 30 cy P ‘Unsealed wit staness see surface facing up Nei Aiowed | NetAtowed | Net ‘lowed ‘Table H—3.3: Value of Zany Comite Travel = ‘Unibrested | Lubrieated ‘Bieta ierfaces oy a a 7005 2010 va vA "To bo esiablshed by teat 32010 1a 30 “To bo esiblshed by tat + Test data based on 18-inch shoe, cessed by 116 inch ad bonded. Table H= 34: Vale of fou ig Toe a a Unset | Ltd | angers a wo | 10 _ a 13 __| Tobe estabished by. 40 12 15 inal =” is | 20 85APPENDIX! Post-Earthquake Operations and Inspections 1.0 - Post Earthquake Operations and inspections “The response of raiway tracks and bridges to an earthquake would depend on distance from ‘epicenter and nature of attenuation. The post-eartnquske train operations in the region shall be outioualy started 1.4 - Operations ‘ter an earthquake is reported, the operating department shal notiy all the trains and engines. \wthin'S0 km radius of the reporting area to either stop or run at resticted speed of 10 Kmph(depencing upon intensity reported ftom the area) unti magnitude and eplcenter(and — ( corresponding response level) Nave been determined by the Senior Divisional Engineer of the section, After determination of the magnitude and epicenter, response levels given in Table 1 and 2 will gover the operations. ‘Table ~1 Specitiod Radius of Different Earthquake Earthquake Magnitude | Response | Spectied Level Radius (Richter) 0-499 T No action 30-59 7 ‘OK aie 1 60k " 240 km Wr > To0rabove | |) _ * Ae dioctod by CBE, but not loco than the redius specified for Earthquakes of magritiale between 6.0 ~6.99 of Richlor scale.‘Table ~2 Details of Response Level Response ar Detalle Resume maximum operation speed. The reed for inspections wil be | determined by Sr. DEN responsibie fr maintenance of P.Way. ‘AI wains and engines wil run at resticied speed of 30 Kmph over all Major, Important and Gieder bridges wihin the specified radius of the | epicenter until inspections have been made ty PWI, Asst PW and ADEN and appropriate speeds established by consuling sectional Sr. DEN, ‘Al wane and Engines win the spectied radus ofthe epicenter must stop ‘and may net proceed untl proper Inspections nave been performed by PIL fF Asst PWI or BRI or ADEN and sppropriate speed. resvictions Ml | estabishes by consulting Sectional Sr. DEN for damaged bridges and ‘ther locations. On all important and Mejor bridges, before relaxation of the speed to normal, detalled inspection shouldbe caried out by Sectional Sr. DEN and an Engineer deputed by CBE together. 12- Post Earthquake Inspection “The folowing lst provides a general guideline for an inspectin procedure: 1.2.1-Track and Roadbed During the post-sarthquake inspection, following items shall be observed: © Line, surface and cross level iregulaties caused by embankment sides or liquefaction ‘© Track buckling or pull apart due o sll movement ‘© Offset across faut rupture © Disturbed ballast © Cracks or slope fallures in embankments © Slides andlor potential sles in cus, including loose rocks that could fll in an atlershock ‘© Scour due to tsunami in coastal area Potential for scour or ponding agains! embankment due fo changes in water course 1.2.2-Bridges Following an earthquake, inspectors may need to travel by rail between bridges. River bed may get flooded, hence, {o quickly reach the bearings; atemate access ‘routes shall be made. In ste! bridges folowing shall be observed carefully: © Displaced or damaged bearings © Stretched or broken anchor balls © Distress in viaduct tower ”© Buckled courns or bracings © Tension distress in main members or bracing. © Displaced substructure elements “Concrete bridge inspection shall include the folowing ©. Displacement at bearings .©. Displaced substructure elements ‘© Cracks in superstructure ‘©. Gracks in sibstructure Inspection team shal also lok for items which may fallon track. At an ROB, attention shall be glven to reduced span al bearings, damages to column and Restrainer ‘system. I thers area adjacent buldings to raivay track, then such buldings shal also 'be inspected b ensure if they can withstand aftershocks. Inspection team shall also ook for damages to the power ines passing over the track EI