Common Cure For

Harmonics

Steve Zakula
Application Engineering

Results-Driven Roadshow
All rights reserved. - 1 -
© Copyright 2006 ABB.

10/17/2006
 Session Goals

„ Understand what harmonics are.

„ Understand why harmonics may be a concern.
„ Demonstrate the effectiveness of the Low
Harmonic Drive offering.
„ Understand how the Low Harmonic drive
compares to other solutions.
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 WHAT ARE HARMONICS?
A sinusoidal waveform is a pure frequency.
All waveforms have a fundamental frequency.
Harmonics are integer multiples of fundamental
frequency.
The first harmonic is the fundamental frequency.
Any other single frequency waveform contains
harmonics combined with the fundamental
frequency.
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 •For a 60HZ system

Harmonic Number Frequency

5th 300Hz
7th 420Hz
11th 660Hz
13th 780Hz
17th 1020Hz
19th 1140Hz
23th 1380Hz
25th 1500Hz
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A Pure sine wave

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Fundamental with 5th harmonic

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Distortion by the 5th harmonic

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Fundamental with 7th harmonic

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Distortion by the 7th harmonic

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Fundamental with 5th and 7th harmonics

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 Harmonics — Key Concepts

„ Non-linear loads draw current in a periodic

non-sinusoidal or distorted manner
„ Line transients are not harmonics
„ Harmonics or harmonic content is a mathematical
concept implemented to allow quantification and
simplified analysis of non-linear waveforms
„ Harmonics are typically present in both network
currents and network voltages
„ Non-linear current draw creates non-linear voltage as
it flows through the electrical network
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„ Current harmonics → Voltage harmonics

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 ∞

∑h
h=2
2

THD(%) = *100
h1
h = amplitudeharmonic
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Mathematical definition of Total Harmonic Distortion

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 ∞

∑h
h =2
2

TDD(%) = * 100
IL
h = amplitudeharmonic
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Mathematical definition of Total Demand Distortion

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 Harmonic Content, 6- Pulse Drive
PWM Drive Harmonic Input Spectrum

Quantification
Fundamental
Analysis

5th

7th
11th
13th
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Harmonics —

Why worry?
 Harmonics — Why worry?

„ Harmonic Current Distortion —

„ Added heating in transformers and cables, reduces
available capacity
„ May stimulate a resonance condition
„ Excessive voltage
„ Overheating of PF correction capacitors
„ Tripping of PF protection equipment
„ Shutdown / damage to electronic equipment
„ May cause telephone or electronic interference
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 Harmonics — Why worry? (cont.)

„ Harmonic Voltage Distortion —

„ Increased heating in motors and other
electromagnetic equipment
„ Noisy operation of electromagnetic equipment
„ Malfunction of sensitive electronics
„ Nuisance tripping of electronic circuit breakers
„ Equipment downtime
„ Premature component failures
„ Failed transformers, motors and capacitors
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„ Compliance with codes or specifications

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 WHAT CAUSES HARMONIC
DISTORTION?
• NON-LINEAR LOADS - Loads which do not
draw sinusoidal current from the line:

Non-incandescent lighting
Computers
Uninterruptible power supplies
Telecommunications equipment
Copy machines
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Battery chargers
Electronic variable speed drives
Any load with a solid state AC to DC power converter
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 IDEAL 6 PULSE CONVERTER
RECTIFIER

INDUCTOR

AC LINE LOAD

HARMONIC CHARACTERISTIC: h=kq±1

h=harmonic number k=any integer q=pulse number of converter

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h=1*6±1= 5&7...2*6±1= 11&13...3*6±1= 17&19...

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 IEEE 519-1992
Table 10.3
Current Distortion Limits for General Distribution Systems
(120V Through 69,000V)
Maximum Harmonic Current Distortion
in Percent of IL
Individual Harmonic Order (Odd Harmonics)
ISC/IL <11 11<=h<17 17<=h<23 23<=h<35 35<=h TDD
<20 4.0 2.0 1.5 0.6 0.3 5.0
20<50 7.0 3.5 2.5 1.0 0.5 8.0
50<100 10.0 4.5 4.0 1.5 0.7 12.0
100<1000 12.0 5.5 5.0 2.0 1.0 15.0
>1000 15.0 7.0 6.0 2.5 1.4 20.0
Even harmonics are limited to 25% of the odd harmonic limits above
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where
ISC = maximum short circuit current at PCC
IL = maximum demand load current (fundamental frequency component) at PCC
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 Harmonics, Important Terminology

(definitions per IEEE 519-1992)

• Harmonic - A sinusoidal component of a periodic wave or quantity having a

frequency that is an integral multiple of the fundamental frequency.
• Harmonic, characteristic - Those harmonics produced by semiconductor
converter equipment in the course of normal operation.
h = kq ± 1
k = any integer
q = pulse number of the converter
• Point of common coupling (PCC)
Def. 1 - “point of common coupling (PCC) with the consumer-utility
interface.” (current harmonic emphasis)
Def. 2 - “Within an industrial plant the point of common coupling is the point
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between the nonlinear load and other loads.” (voltage harmonic emphasis)
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 Harmonics, Important Terminology (cont.)

• ISC/IL - The ratio of the short-circuit current available at the point of common
coupling, to the maximum fundamental load current.
• Total harmonic distortion (THD) or distortion factor - The ratio of the
root-mean-square of the harmonic content to the root-mean-square value of
the fundamental quantity, expressed as a percent of the fundamental.

sum of the squares of amplitudes of all harmonics

THD = DF = *100%
square of amplitude of fundamental

• Total demand distortion (TDD) - The root-sum-square harmonic current

distortion, in percent of the maximum demand load current (15 or 30 min
demand).
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 Harmonics — A System Issue!
„ Harmonics produced by an individual load are only important to
the extent that they represent a significant portion of the total
connected load (Harmonics are expressed as a percentage)
„ Linear loads help reduce system harmonic levels (percentages)
„ TDD (Total Demand Distortion) equals the THD (Total Harmonic Distortion)
of the nonlinear load multiplied by the ratio of nonlinear load to
the total (demand) load:
NL
TDD = THDNL ⋅
TL
Where TDD = TDD of the system
THDNL = THD of the nonlinear loads
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NL = kVA of nonlinear load

TL = kVA of total load
(nonlinear + linear)
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 PCC Definitions

To other utility customers To other utility customers

PCC1 (Harmonic Current Distortion)
13.8 KV
Substation Transformer
4.16 KV

PCC2 (Harmonic
Voltage Distortion)

480 V

MV PWM M
LV LV
PWM PWM

M M M M
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M
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 Harmonics — By the Numbers

IEEE 519 - 1992

Table 10.2
Low-Voltage System Classification and Distortion Limits

Special General Dedicated

Applications System System
Notch Depth 10% 20% 50%
THD (Voltage) 3% 5% 10%
Notch Area, μVs 16,400 22,800 36,500

Note: Notch area for other than 480 V systems should be multiplied by V / 480.
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Quantification
Analysis
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 Harmonics —

Will it be a problem?
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Harmonics —

What can I do?

 Reactors (Chokes)
„ Simplest and least expensive harmonic reduction
technique
„ May be included in base drive package
„ Often meet harmonic needs provided drive load is a
small portion of total connected load
„ May be implemented with AC line reactors or with DC
link reactors
„ AC line reactors provide better input protection
„ DC link reactors provide load insensitive drive output voltage
„ Both types provide similar harmonic benefits
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„ “Swinging” choke design provides enhanced light load

harmonic performance
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 Reactors, AC Line or DC Link
AC Line
Reactor
„ Different design
M techniques
„ Equal harmonic
reduction for same
normalized
DC Link % reactance
Reactor
„ Typical full load
THD (current) at
M
drive input terminals
28% → 46%
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Existence not position is what is important

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 Introducing the Swinging DC Link Choke (Patent Pending)
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 Introducing the Swinging DC Link Choke (Patent Pending)
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 Introducing the Swinging DC Link Choke (Patent Pending)
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 Introducing the Swinging DC Link Choke (Patent Pending)
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 Introducing the Swinging DC Link Choke (Patent Pending)
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 Introducing the Swinging DC Link Choke (Patent Pending)

„ New “Swinging” DC Link Choke

„ Designed to reduce harmonics at full and
partial loads
„ Perfect for Variable Torque Centrifugal
Loads
„ Equivalent to 5% line reactor
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„ More inductance per volume/weight of

material
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 Introducing the Swinging DC Link Choke (Patent Pending)
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 What is a low harmonic drive

„ Harmonics mitigation built into

the drive
„ Drive equipped with an active
supply unit
„ Integrated LCL line filter
„ Low line harmonic content
„ Total current distortion less
than 5.0%
„ Powerful alternative to
„ Multi-pulse solutions
„ External filter arrangements
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 Active Filter Front End with LCL Filter

L L M

Line Motor
C
inverter inverter Motor
(rectifier)
LCL filter

„ Active Line Inverter (rectifier) removes low

frequencies < 1kHz
„ LCL Filter (passive filter) removes high frequencies >1
kHz. (Current and voltage)
„ Full output voltage is available with 80% input voltage
(400VIn = 480VOut)
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„ No transformer required
„ Not affected by line imbalance
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 Active Front End Drive, Construction
Inverter module

Converter module

Main switch
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Main contactor

LCL-filter module
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 Ultra Low Harmonics Drive
How Does It compare?
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 Active Filter Front End with LCL Filter
6-pulse
„ Active Filter controls line current line current

„ Integrated LCL filter removes 2

(

high frequency harmonics 1

99. 94 9 9.95 99. 96 99.9 7 99 .98 99.9 9

„ Total current distortion less than 1

3.5% to 4.5% guaranteed 2

„ Beats any multi-pulse solution (

without a dedicated transformer 99 .94 99.95 99. 96 99. 97 99.98 9 9.99

„ Meets or exceeds IEEE519-1992 2

standard without additional

t

Active Filter
controlled
harmonic mitigation equipment current
AT THE DRIVE INPUT!!!
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 Harmonic Reduction Summary
Effectiveness of Harmonic Mitigation Techniques
(Assuming 100% Nonlinear Loading, ISC / IL = 60)

THD Harmonic
Technique
(Current) Reduction
No mitigation (reference level) 72% ⎯
3% line reactors (or equivalent DC link reactor) 39% 45.8%
5% line reactors (or equivalent DC link reactor) 33% 54.2%
5% line reactors + 5th harmonic trap filter 12% 83.3%
12 pulse input rectifier with 5% impedance transformer 10% 86.1%
Hybrid filter 7% 90.3%
18 pulse input rectifier with 5% impedance transformer 5% 93.1%
12 pulse input rectifier with 5% impedance transformer
4% 94.4%
+ 11th harmonic trap filter
Active harmonic filter 3.5% 95.1%
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 ACS800 Ultra Low Harmonic Drive

„ Wall-mounted low harmonic

drive ACS800-31
10 - 125 HP

„ Cabinet-built low harmonic

drive ACS800-37
150 – 2800 HP
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 ACS800-37 Ultra Low Harmonic Drive

Example of 1000 HP drive:

Active supply
Incoming section unit with filter
with breaker

Control unit

Motor inverter
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