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Introduction

The document introduces several project management techniques: bar charts, critical path method (CPM), precedence diagrams, and PERT. It provides details on bar charts, their advantages and disadvantages. It also explains CPM in depth - how it links activities logically and sequentially, CPM network rules for activity-on-arrow and activity-on-node diagrams, the concept of critical path and activities, and how precedence diagrams can model complex relationships between construction activities.

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megha
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66 views9 pages

Introduction

The document introduces several project management techniques: bar charts, critical path method (CPM), precedence diagrams, and PERT. It provides details on bar charts, their advantages and disadvantages. It also explains CPM in depth - how it links activities logically and sequentially, CPM network rules for activity-on-arrow and activity-on-node diagrams, the concept of critical path and activities, and how precedence diagrams can model complex relationships between construction activities.

Uploaded by

megha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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09-Aug-18

Prepare by:
INTRODUCTION TO MANAGEMENT Megha Desai,
Civil Eng. Dept.
TECHNIQUES CHARUSAT

MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
• Bar Charts
• Critical Path Method (AON/AOA)
• Precedence Diagrams
• PERT (Programme Evaluation and Review Technique)
• GERT (Graphical Evaluation and review techniques)
• Line of Balance (LOB) Diagrams

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BAR CHART

A graphical description of the project consisting of well-defined collection of tasks.

Advantages of Bar Chart


• Easy to prepare
• Easily understood by all parties
• It shows the total plan in impact form.
• Good communication tool/Used at higher management level
Disadvantages of Bar Chart
• Do not show interrelationships between activities
• Cannot identify critical activities
• Can lead to time and cost increases
• Managing projects becomes difficult without those relationships between activities
• It is difficult to judge the impact of an unexpected event on the rest of the
construction process

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Linked bar chart (Interdependency of activities are showed through links)

CPM – CRITICAL PATH METHOD


CPM – Critical Path Method – It is a method linking the activities that make up the project
execution in a logical, sequential manner such that the execution is both practical and
generally as fast as possible. It is a commonly used for those projects which are repetitive
in nature & where one has prior experience of handling similar projects. It is a
deterministic model & places emphasis on time & cost for activities of a project. Suitable
when occurrence of an activity and time estimates for completing the activities are
deterministic. Networks can be drawn by modelling activities on arrow (AOA) or Activities
on Nodes (AON).

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CPM Network Rules (AOA Diagram)


• Activities are represented on arrow and events on nodes (one arrow for each activity)
• Nodes can be of circular/square or rectangular shape
• One starting event and one ending event in the network
• Precedence/logical relationships among all activities must always be maintained.
Logical dummies for fulfilling complex logical relationships
• No two activities can be identified by the same starting and end events (numbering
dummy for avoiding redundancy)
• Use of Dummies to be minimised in the network (Logical dummies)
• Looping among the activities must be avoided
• Numbering is done in the forward direction
• Try to avoid arrows which cross each other

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CRITICAL PATH
Critical Path of a Network
The critical path is the path through the project network in which none of the activities
have float (total float is zero).
It is the longest path on the network. The duration of project is fixed by the time taken
to complete the path through the network with the greatest total duration.
This path is known as critical path & activities on it are known as critical activities.
A delay in the critical path delays the project. Similarly, to accelerate the project it is
necessary to reduce the total time required for the activities in the critical path.
Dummy activity may be there in the critical path.

Critical Activity: (All floats= 0)


Critical path activities are the project tasks that must start and finish on time to ensure
that the project ends on schedule. A delay in any critical path activity will delay
completion of the project, unless the project plan can be adjusted so that successor
tasks finish more quickly than planned.
Non Critical (sub critical)Activity: (float = +ve)
These are the activities have a certain amount of Float time available to them. If
this activity is delayed, your project can still finish on time.
Super Critical Activity: (float = - ve)
These are the activities have a negative float time available to them due to
constrained project completion date.
Dummy Activity: (Duration= 0)
The activity does not consume any resources, it is introduced only for logical purpose in
network.

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CPM - AON DIAGRAMS

CPM - AON Diagrams


• Activities are represented on nodes and arrows are representing only the
interrelationship between activities
• In Simple AON Diagrams, Finish to Start (F-S) relations is modelled.
• Activity time based calculations are done for network analysis

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PRECEDENCE DIAGRAMS (PD NETWORKS)

Precedence Diagrams (PD Networks)


Construction activities have many complex relations which cannot be modelled
through
simple CPM networks with Finish to Start relations alone. Precedence network is an
AON network with different types of logical relations modelled.
PD networks allow expressing or modelling many relationships between construction
activities. Lead/Lag time between activities can also be modelled.

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