5.0 Results and Discussion.

Experiment 1: The Characteristics of a Transmission Line.

Part A: Transmission Line Short Circuit Test.

Phase 1 (R) Phase 2 (Y) Phase 3 (B)

Voltage, V (V) 19.0 17.8 18.5

Current, I (A) 4.98 4.98 4.99

Power, P (W) 54 53 50

Table 1

1) Calculate the average value of Z, R and X (Zmean, Rmean, Xmean). These values are the model
value.

Phase 1.

𝑉𝑘 19.0
Z= = 4.98 = 3.82 Ω
𝐼𝑘

𝑃 54
R = 𝐼² = = 2.18 Ω
4.98²

X = √𝑍 2 − 𝑅 2 = √(3.82)2 − (2.18)² = 3.14Ω

Phase 2.

𝑉𝑘 17.8
Z= = 4.98 = 3.57 Ω
𝐼𝑘

𝑃 53
R = 𝐼² = = 2.14 Ω
4.98²

X = √𝑍 2 − 𝑅 2 = √(3.57)2 − (2.14)² = 2.86 Ω

𝑉𝑘 18.5
Z= = 4.99 = 3.71 Ω
𝐼𝑘

𝑃 50
R = 𝐼² = = 2.01 Ω
4.99²

X = √𝑍 2 − 𝑅 2 = √(3.71)2 − (2.01)² = 3.12 Ω

Thus,

Zmean = (3.82 + 3.57 + 3.71) / 3 = 3.70 Ω

Rmean = (2.18 + 2.14 + 2.01) / 3 = 2.11 Ω

Xmean = (3.14 + 2.86 + 3.12) / 3 = 3.04 Ω

2) Determine the real line length, L in km by the aid of the calculated XMODEL in (1) and the
predetermined impedance scale stated in the theory previously. Then, compare with the
transmission length the Line Model MV 1420 is representing. (Given the real line reactance, X is
0.40 Ω/phase/km)

0.4L = XMODEL (17.5)

(3.04)(17.5)
L= = 133 𝑘𝑚
0.4

From real line specification the ‘Long’ length is 136km, but the measurement we got is L = 133km.
The large difference in them is due to the line impedance and load impedance. If the load
impedance is equal to the line impedance, then given any signal source connected will produce the
exact impedance and will have the exact amount of current drawn from it regardless the line length.
So, in conclusion we could not get the right amount is due to different value of impedance.
3) Determine the cross-section area of the copper for the real line by the aid of the calculated
RMODEL in (1), calculated line length, L in (2) and the predetermined impedance scale in the theory
previously. (Given the copper resistivity of the real line, ρ is 0.0017 Ω mm2/m or 17 Ω mm2/km).
Then, round off to the nearest standard value and choose a suitable area from the series:

16, 25, 35, 50, 70, 95, 120, 150, 185, 240, 300, 400 mm2.

𝜌𝐿 (17)(133)
A =17.5𝑅𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙 = (17.5)(2.11)
= 61.23𝑚𝑚²

Since 61.23 ≈ 60, thus, the suitable area will be 70mm²

Part B: Transmission Line No Load Test.

Phase 1 (R) Phase 2 (Y) Phase 3 (B)

Icm (A) 1.58 1.56 1.58

Ice (A) 0.61 0.60 0.61

Table 2

1) Calculate the mean values of Icm and Ice.

∑ 𝐼𝑐𝑚
Mean of 𝐼𝑐𝑚 = 3

1.58+1.56+1.58
𝐼𝑐𝑚 = 3

𝐼𝑐𝑚 = 1.57𝐴

∑ 𝐼𝑐𝑒
Mean of 𝐼𝑐𝑒 = 3

0.61+0.60+0.61
𝐼𝑐𝑒 = 3

𝐼𝑐𝑒 = 0.61𝐴
2) Calculate the mutual capacitance of the real line by using the following equation if the rated
voltage is 77kV.

𝐼𝑐𝑚 . 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 = 𝑉𝑝ℎ 2𝜋𝑓𝐶𝑚

Also calculate the mutual inductance per kilometre, cm and compare with the value previously
mentioned in the theory.

𝐼𝑐𝑚 .𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒

1.57(20)
𝐶𝑚 = 77𝑥103 (2𝜋)(50)

𝐶𝑚 = 1.298𝜇𝐹

Mutual capacitance per kilometre

𝐶𝑚
𝑐𝑚 =
𝐿

1.298𝑥10−6
𝑐𝑚 =
136

𝑐𝑚 = 9.544𝑛𝐹/𝑘𝑚

The value 9.544nF/km is slightly bigger than the theoretical value given of 9.5nF/km probably due
to the approximation method used by the transmission model for simplicity of depicting the
transmission line.

3) Calculate the earth capacitance of the real line by using the following equation if the rated
voltage is 77kV.

𝐼𝑐𝑒 . 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 = 𝑉𝑝ℎ 2𝜋𝑓𝐶𝑒

𝐼𝑐𝑒 .𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒

0.61(20)
𝐶𝑒 = 77𝑥103 (2𝜋)(50)

𝐶𝑒 = 504.335𝑛𝐹
Experiment 2: Voltage Drop of the Line.

Part A: Resistive Load.

No Load Voltage , VNL = 125.6 V

pf = 1.0 IT, A 1A 2A 3A

pf = 1.0 Voltage , V 121.8 118.3 115.8

pf = 1.0 Regulation, VR 3.12 6.17 8.46

Table Part A

The higher the current, the higher the voltage regulation.

Part B: Inductive Load.

No Load Voltage , VNL = 124.6 V

pf = 0.6 ind IT, A 1A 2A 3A

pf = 0.6 ind Voltage, V 118.0 112.4 110.3

pf = 0.6 ind IT, A 1.42 2.60 3.36

pf = 0.6 ind Voltage 5.59 10.85 12.96

Table Part B

The higher the current, the higher the voltage regulation

No Load Voltage , VNL = 125.2 V

pf = 0.6 cap IT, A 1A 2A 3A

pf = 0.6 cap Voltage, V 127.6 129.1 129.6

pf = 0.6 cap IT, A 1.29 2.16 2.65

pf = 0.6 cap Voltage -1.88 -3.02 -3.40

Table Part C

Discussion.

1) Based on Graph 1, VR in part B is decreasing while VR in part C is the only one increasing
compare to the other part resulting in a maximum charging current at that instant in time.

VR vs IT
135

130

125
Voltage (V)

120
Resistive
115
Capacitive

110 Inductive

105

100
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Current (A)

Graph 1
2) Based on Graph 2, voltage regulator in part A is between 2.5 to 7.5 while voltage regulator in
part B is between 3.8 to 11.5 and voltage regulator for part C is between 0.7 to 2.0 which is closer
to zero hence is more stable the secondary voltage and the better the regulation it will provide.

%VR vs IT
14

12

10
Voltage regulation (%)

6
Resistive
4
Capacitive
2
Inductive
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
-2

-4

-6
Current (A)

Graph 2

3) In RL (resistor-inductor), when there is existence of resistor and inductor in a circuit because

4)

a) When XL is larger XC, the circuit turned inductive which the voltage lead current by 90°.

b) When XC is larger than XL, the circuit become capacitive which the current leads voltage by
90°.

c) When XC is equal to XL, the point at which this occurs is called the Resonant Frequency point
where a series RLC circuit this resonance frequency produces a Series Resonance.