Hydrology and Hydraulic calculation

for Minor Bridge

( Existing Ch : 55+521
Design Ch : 53+935)
 Minor Bridge at Km: 55+521

Discharge Calculations by Dicken's Formula:-

Preparation of Catchment Area Plan:

A catchment plan showing the river/stream , contours and spot levels was prepared for
determining the physiographic parameters as follow:

Physiographic Parameters:

Catchment Area (M) = 168.000 sq km

Discharge Calculations :

3/4
Discharge Q = CM , As per Dickens Formula

Where
Q = The Peak run-off in cum/sec C, As per IRC SP13,pg No.07
C= 12 11 - 14 , if the annual rainfall is 60-120 cm
M = 168.0 Sq.km 14 - 19 , more than 120 cm
22 in Western Ghats
.'. Q = 12 x 168.0 3/4
= 559.97 cu.m/sec
48
 Minor Bridge at Km: 55+521

Bed Slope / Longitudinal Slope of River Bed :

S. No. length LBL

1 0 286.116
2 36.96 286.876
3 99.87 286.559
4 139.54 287.177
5 210.98 287.373
6 247.78 287.529
7 288.94 287.570

Bed slope = 0.0050

Bed Profile

286.930
285.851
284.773
0 36.96 99.87 139.54 210.98 247.78 288.94
 Minor Bridge at Km: 55+521
Discharge Calculations as per Area-velocity Method :-

Q = A x V
Where A = Cross Sectional Area
V = Velocity, calculated from Manning's formula
2/3 1/2
= 1xR xS
n
R = Hydraulic Mean depth = A/P
P = Wetted Perimeter
S = Bed Slope, measured over a long reach
n = Coefficient of rugosity (vide Table 3 , SP-13,pg34)
Cross Section details at km. 55+521 : 24.0m from PCL on Left side
Flow direction : Left to Right
Actual Modified Average
Bed Bed Height Horizontal Area Difference Wetted
Si.No Chainage H.F.L level Level Height (h) distance (sq.m) in height Perimeter
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
sqrt(8*8+1
m m m m m (7 x 8) (h1-h2) 0*10)
289.700
1 0 289.700 289.700 289.700
2 6.29 289.700 288.132 288.132 1.568 0.784 6.293 4.934 0.784 6.342
3 11.46 289.700 287.540 287.540 2.160 1.864 5.165 9.628 1.080 5.277
4 16.09 289.700 287.177 287.177 2.523 2.341 4.635 10.853 0.477 4.660
5 21.56 289.700 287.623 287.623 2.077 2.300 5.465 12.569 0.041 5.465
6 28.23 289.700 287.680 287.680 2.020 2.048 6.667 13.657 0.251 6.672
7 34.07 289.700 287.845 287.845 1.855 1.937 5.847 11.329 0.111 5.848
8 38.68 289.700 287.585 287.585 2.115 1.985 4.604 9.139 0.048 4.604
9 43.60 289.700 287.539 287.539 2.161 2.138 4.927 10.534 0.153 4.929
10 48.51 289.700 287.550 287.550 2.150 2.155 4.906 10.575 0.017 4.906
11 53.72 289.700 287.832 287.832 1.868 2.009 5.212 10.471 0.147 5.214
12 58.15 289.700 289.700 289.700 0.000 0.934 4.430 4.138 1.075 4.559
1.863 107.83 58.475

Area of Cross-Section, A , (sq.m) = 107.83

Wetted Perimeter, P (m) = 58.475
Hydraulic Mean Depth (m),R = A/P = 1.84
Longitudinal Slope, S = 0.0050
Velocity of Stream, V (m/sec) = 3.048 ,as per manning's formula ; n = 0.035
Discharge, Q = A x V (cu.m/sec) = 328.63

290.000

288.000
R.L (m)

286.000

284.000
0 6.29 11.46 16.09 21.56 28.23 34.07 38.68 43.60 48.51 53.72 58.15
Chainage(m)
 Minor Bridge at Km: 55+521
Discharge Calculations as per Area-velocity Method :-

Q = A x V
Where A = Cross Sectional Area
V = Velocity, calculated from Manning's formula
2/3 1/2
= 1xR xS
n
R = Hydraulic Mean depth = A/P
P = Wetted Perimeter
S = Bed Slope, measured over a long reach
n = Coefficient of rugosity (vide Table 3 , SP-13,pg34)
Cross Section details at km. 55+521 : 85.0m from PCL on Left side

Actual Modified Average

Bed Bed Height Horizontal Area Difference Wetted
Si.No Chainage H.F.L level Level Height (h) distance (sq.m) in height Perimeter
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
sqrt(8*8+1
m m m m m (7 x 8) (h1-h2) 0*10)
289.700
1 0 289.700 289.700 289.700
2 5.00 289.700 288.043 288.043 1.657 0.828 5.000 4.142 0.828 5.068
3 8.95 289.700 287.883 287.883 1.817 1.737 3.953 6.866 0.909 4.056
4 15.00 289.700 287.744 287.744 1.956 1.886 6.051 11.415 0.149 6.053
5 21.09 289.700 287.437 287.437 2.263 2.109 6.083 12.832 0.223 6.087
6 28.11 289.700 287.434 287.434 2.266 2.264 7.022 15.901 0.155 7.024
7 34.36 289.700 287.373 287.373 2.327 2.296 6.251 14.355 0.032 6.251
8 38.85 289.700 287.579 287.579 2.121 2.224 4.494 9.995 0.072 4.495
9 43.05 289.700 287.684 287.684 2.016 2.068 4.191 8.669 0.156 4.194
10 45.00 289.700 289.700 289.700 0.000 1.008 1.955 1.971 1.060 2.224

1.825 86.147 45.452

Area of Cross-Section, A , (sq.m) = 86.1

Wetted Perimeter, P (m) = 45.452
Hydraulic Mean Depth (m),R = A/P = 1.90
Longitudinal Slope, S = 0.0050
Velocity of Stream, V (m/sec) = 3.104 ,as per manning's formula ; n = 0.035
Discharge, Q = A x V (cu.m/sec) = 267.41

290.000
R.L (m)

288.000

286.000
0 5.00 8.95 15.00 21.09 28.11 34.36 38.85 43.05 45.00
Chainage(m)
 Minor Bridge at Km: 55+521

Discharge Calculations as per Area-velocity Method :-

Q = A x V
Where A = Cross Sectional Area
V = Velocity, calculated from Manning's formula
2/3
= 1xR x S 1/2
n
R = Hydraulic Mean depth = A/P
P = Wetted Perimeter
S = Bed Slope, measured over a long reach
n = Coefficient of rugosity (vide Table 3 , SP-13,pg34)
Cross Section details at km. 55+521 : 18.0m from PCL on Right side

Actual Modified Average

Bed Bed Height Horizontal Area Difference Wetted
Si.No Chainage H.F.L level Level Height (h) distance (sq.m) in height Perimeter
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
sqrt(8*8+1
m m m m m (7 x 8) (h1-h2) 0*10)
289.700
1 0 289.700 289.700 289.700
2 7.33 289.700 288.106 288.106 1.594 0.797 7.326 5.84 0.797 7.369
3 15.09 289.700 287.335 287.335 2.365 1.980 7.761 15.36 1.183 7.851
4 18.99 289.700 286.559 286.559 3.141 2.753 3.906 10.75 0.773 3.982
5 24.92 289.700 286.928 286.928 2.772 2.956 5.922 17.51 0.203 5.925
6 30.50 289.700 286.920 286.920 2.780 2.776 5.582 15.50 0.180 5.585
7 37.71 289.700 287.052 287.052 2.648 2.714 7.209 19.57 0.062 7.209
8 42.96 289.700 287.147 287.147 2.553 2.600 5.253 13.66 0.113 5.254
9 49.65 289.700 287.486 287.486 2.214 2.384 6.689 15.94 0.217 6.693
10 56.58 289.700 288.277 288.277 1.423 1.819 6.928 12.60 0.565 6.951
11 61.68 289.700 289.700 289.700 0.000 0.712 5.105 3.63 1.107 5.224
2.149 130.36 62.043

Area of Cross-Section, A , (sq.m) = 130.4

Wetted Perimeter, P (m) = 62.043
Hydraulic Mean Depth (m),R = A/P = 2.10
Longitudinal Slope, S = 0.0050
Velocity of Stream, V (m/sec) = 3.325 as per manning's formula ; n= 0.035
Discharge, Q = A x V (cu.m/sec) = 433.429

290.000

288.000
R.L (m)

286.000

284.000
0 7.33 15.09 18.99 24.92 30.50 37.71 42.96 49.65 56.58 61.68
Chainage(m)
 Minor Bridge at Km: 55+521
Discharge Calculations as per Area-velocity Method :-

Q = A x V
Where A = Cross Sectional Area
V = Velocity, calculated from Manning's formula
2/3 1/2
= 1xR xS
n
R = Hydraulic Mean depth = A/P
P = Wetted Perimeter
S = Bed Slope, measured over a long reach
n = Coefficient of rugosity (vide Table 3 , SP-13,pg34)
Cross Section details at km. 55+521 : 86.0m from PCL on Right side

Actual Modified Average

Bed Bed Height Horizontal Area Difference Wetted
Si.No Chainage H.F.L level Level Height (h) distance (sq.m) in height Perimeter
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
sqrt(8*8+1
m m m m m (7 x 8) (h1-h2) 0*10)
289.700
1 0 289.700 289.700 289.700
2 5.00 289.700 287.605 287.605 2.095 1.047 5 5.2375 1.047 5.109
3 10.91 289.700 287.147 287.147 2.553 2.324 5.908 13.73 1.277 6.044
4 16.50 289.700 287.159 287.159 2.541 2.547 5.594 14.248 0.223 5.598
5 22.90 289.700 286.876 286.876 2.824 2.683 6.402 17.173 0.136 6.403
6 29.39 289.700 286.994 286.994 2.706 2.765 6.488 17.939 0.082 6.489
7 42.31 289.700 288.074 288.074 1.626 2.166 12.918 27.980 0.599 12.932
8 46.00 289.700 289.700 289.700 0.000 0.813 3.69 3.000 1.353 3.930

2.049 99.309 46.505

Area of Cross-Section, A , (sq.m) = 99.3

Wetted Perimeter, P (m) = 46.505
Hydraulic Mean Depth (m),R = A/P = 2.14
Longitudinal Slope, S = 0.0050
Velocity of Stream, V (m/sec) = 3.361 as per manning's formula ; n= 0.035
Discharge, Q = A x V (cu.m/sec) = 333.776

290.000

288.000
R.L (m)

286.000

284.000
0 5.00 10.91 16.50 22.90 29.39 42.31 46.00
Chainage(m)
 Minor Bridge at Km. 55+521
Discharge calculation by Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Method

1 Description
Name and Number of Subzone - Luni Subzone - 1(a)
Location at Site - Km : 53+935

2 Design data
Catchment Area (A) = 168.000 sqkm from Toposheet
Length of Longest Stream (L) = 33.600 km from Toposheet
Unit Duration of Unitgraph (tr) = 1.0 hr
Loss Rate = 0.5 cm/hr From CWC report

3 Computation of Equivalent Stream Slope (S)

Reduced Reduced
Sl. No. distance levels Li Di Di-1 + Di Li(Di-1 + Di)
(kms) (m) (kms) (m) (m) (mxkm)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 0.000 287.000 0.000 - -
2 8.700 300.000 8.700 13.00 13.00 113.10
3 18.340 320.000 9.640 33.00 46.00 443.44
4 24.350 340.000 6.010 53.00 86.00 516.86
5 28.600 360.000 4.250 73.00 126.00 535.50
6 33.600 477.000 5.000 190.00 263.00 1315.00

S 2923.90
Slope (S) = ∑ Li(Di-1+Di) = 2.590 m/km
L2
4 Determination of Synthetic 1-hr Unitgraph Parameters
tr = 1.0 hr
0.409 0.432
Basin Lag tp = 0.257*(A^ *S^ ) = 3.152 hrs ~ 3.500 say
Peak of the
Unit -0.893
Hydrograph qp = 2.165 * (tp) = 0.71 cumec/sqkm
W 50 = 2.654 * (qp)-0.921 = 3.65 hrs
W 75 = 1.672 * (qp)-0.816 = 2.22 hrs
W R50 = 1.245 * (qp)-0.571 = 1.52 hrs
-0.559
W R75 = 0.816 * (qp) = 0.99 hrs
0.612
Base width TB = 6.299 *(tp) = 12.72 hrs 13.000 say
tm = tp + tr/2 = 4.00 hrs
Qp = qp x A = 118.83 cumec
 Minor Bridge at Km. 55+521
UG Ordinates from above formulae
X-value Y-value
0 0.00 0 0.00
tm-W R50 2.48 Qp*0.5 59.41
tm-W R75 3.01 Qp*0.75 89.12
tm 4.00 Qp*1.0 118.83
tm+W 75-W R75 5.23 Qp*0.75 89.12
tm+W 50-W R50 6.13 Qp*0.5 59.41
TB 13.00 0 0.00

y = 2.684x2 + 19.47x - 0.342

140.00

120.00

100.00
Q in Cumecs

80.00
Series1
60.00
Series2
40.00
Poly. (Series1)
20.00
Log. (Series2)
0.00

-20.000.00 5.00 10.00 15.00

y = -99.2ln(x) + 250.8
Time in hrs

UG Ordinates from graph(from equation for rising and recession limb)

values
values from from the
the first Second Adjusted
Abcissa equation equation values
0 0.00 0.00 0.0
1 21.81 21.81 16.0
2 49.33 49.33 32.0
3 82.22 82.22 52.0
4 113.28 113.28 110.0
5 91.14 91.14 57.0
6 73.06 73.06 45.0
7 57.77 57.77 40.0
8 44.52 44.52 36.0
9 32.84 32.84 30.0
10 22.38 22.38 23.0
11 12.93 12.93 16.0
12 4.30 4.30 9.0
13 -3.64 -3.64 0.00
Σ 601.94 601.94 466.00
Depth (d) = 1.29 1.29 1.00
Σ Qi = A*d /0.36* tr = 466.67
 Minor Bridge at Km. 55+521
UG Ordinates from graph

Time in Synthetic Unit Hydrograph

hours Adjusted values
120
0 0.00
110.00
1 16.00 100
2 32.00
3 52.00 80

Q in Cumecs
4 110.00
5 57.00 60 57.00
52.00
6 45.00 45.00
40 40.0036.00
7 40.00 32.00 30.00
8 36.00 20 23.00
9 30.00 16.00 16.00
9.00
10 23.00 0 0.00 0.00
11 16.00 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
12 9.00
Time in hours
13 0.00

5 Design Storm Rainfall As per the steps followed in Page No.23

Design Storm Duration (TD)= 1.1* tp = 1.1 x 3.5 = 4.00 say
100 year-24hour Point rainfall = 25 cm from plate 10 (Step 1)
Conversion factor for TD-hour i.e 4.00 = 0.640 from fig.10 (Step 2)
.'. 100 Year TD - Hour Point Rainfall = 16.00 cm

Storm Areal Rainfall

From Annexure 4.2 , page 41 of CWC Publication for sub zone 1(a) - step 3
Areal reduction factor corresponding to storm duration TD i.e hours 4.0 and C.A of sq.km 168
= 0.757
.'. 100 year TD hour Areal Rainfall = 12.112 cm
From page 40 of CWC Publication for sub zone 1(a) - step 4
Time Distribution of input storm
14.000

Distribution
Storm 12.000
coefficient from
rainfall in
Annexure4.3 or
Cm 10.000
Time Fig 11
1 2 3
8.000
0.40 0.48 5.838
0.80 0.57 6.952
6.000
1.20 0.67 8.067
1.60 0.76 9.181
4.000
2.00 0.85 10.295
2.40 0.88 10.683
2.000
2.80 0.91 11.070
3.20 0.94 11.434
0.000
3.60 0.97 11.773
0.40 0.80 1.20 1.60 2.00 2.40 2.80 3.20 3.60 4.00
4.00 1.00 12.112
 Minor Bridge at Km. 55+521
depths of storm water at every one hour Step 5

Rainfall
Increment
Time Rainfall (Cms) Cms
1 7.51 7.51
2 10.30 2.79
3 11.25 0.96
4 12.11 0.86
Base flow = 0.05 cumecs / sqkm As per Cl. 3.6 Page No. 17
.'. Total Base flow for C.A = 0.05 x 168.0 = 8.400 Cumecs

As per Cl. No. 5.1 (b) of Page No.24, for water way of bridges are to be designed for a maximum flood of
100-year return period.

100 year flood peak

Rainfall
Excess
Gross
Time in Loss ordinate
SUG ordinates rainfall
hours rate s
Increments
Rainfall Arrange Reverse
Excess ment Sequence
0 0.00 0 0 0.36
1 16.00 7.51 0.5 7.009 2.29
2 32.00 2.79 0.5 2.286 7.01
3 52.00 0.96 0.5 0.457 0.46 0.46
4 110.00 0.86 0.5 0.360 7.01
5 57.00 2.29
6 45.00 0.36
7 40.00
8 36.00
9 30.00
10 23.00
11 16.00
12 9.00
13 0.00

Adding above calculated base flow of 8.400 cumecs.

 Minor Bridge at Km. 55+521

7 Computation of Design Flood Hydrograph

total
SUG Direct surface runoff(cumec) due to rainfall Base Flow Total
Time Surface
ordinates excess (cumecs) flow
flow
(cumec
0.360 2.286 7.009 0.457
0 0.000 0.000 0.00 8.400 8.40
1 16.000 5.759 0.000 5.76 8.400 14.16
2 32.000 11.518 36.572 0.000 48.09 8.400 56.49
3 52.000 18.718 73.144 112.151 0.000 204.01 8.400 212.41
4 110.000 39.595 118.860 224.302 7.310 390.07 8.400 398.47
5 57.000 20.517 251.434 364.491 14.619 651.06 8.400 659.46
6 45.000 16.198 130.288 771.038 23.756 941.28 8.400 949.68
7 40.000 14.398 102.859 399.538 50.253 567.05 8.400 575.45
8 36.000 12.958 91.430 315.425 26.040 445.85 8.400 454.25
9 30.000 10.799 82.287 280.378 20.558 394.02 8.400 402.42
10 23.000 8.279 68.573 252.340 18.274 347.47 8.400 355.87
11 16.000 5.759 52.572 210.283 16.447 285.06 8.400 293.46
12 9.000 3.240 36.572 161.217 13.705 214.73 8.400 223.13
13 0.000 0.000 20.572 112.151 10.508 143.23 8.400 151.63

8 100 Year Peak Discharge 949.68 cumecs

Design Flood Hydrograph

Design Flood Hydrograph

1000
900
800
700
Q in cumecs

600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 3 6 9 12 15
Time in hours
Design Discharge :-

Design discharge :

Discharge
Formula from Units
catchment
Emperical formula 559.97 Cumecs
SUH 949.70 Cumecs
A-V method (at SOC) 433.43 Cumecs

Max. discharge = 949.70 Cumecs

As per Cl.103 of IRC 005 - 1998

Design discharge = 949.70 Cumecs

Design discharge for foundation design :

As per cl. 703.1.1 of IRC 78: 2000

Catchment area Increase over design

(in km2) discharge in percent
0- 3000 30 %
3000 - 10000 30 - 20
10000 - 40000 20 - 10
>40000 10 %

Design discharge for foundation = 1.3 x 949.70

1235.00 Cumecs
Calculation for fixing design discharge & HFL

100 year freak flood discharge = 949.70 Cumecs

Cross Section Details at 24.0m from PCL on Left side Flow direction : Left to Right
3-AREA - VELOCITY METHOD
HFL taken as R.L. 291.539 m

Sl. Actual Bed Modified Bed Average Horizontal Area Difference

No Chainage level Level Height Height (h) distance (sq.m) in height 7.955

1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
sqrt(8*8+
m m m m m (7 x 8) (h1-h2) 10*10)
1 0 291.539 291.539
2 6.29 288.132 288.132 3.407 1.703 6.293 10.719 1.703 6.519
3 11.46 287.540 287.540 3.999 3.703 5.165 19.124 1.999 5.538
4 16.09 287.177 287.177 4.362 4.180 4.635 19.375 0.477 4.660
5 21.56 287.623 287.623 3.916 4.139 5.465 22.618 0.041 5.465
6 28.23 287.680 287.680 3.859 3.887 6.667 25.916 0.251 6.672
7 34.07 287.845 287.845 3.694 3.776 5.847 22.079 0.111 5.848
8 38.68 287.585 287.585 3.954 3.824 4.604 17.604 0.048 4.604
9 43.60 287.539 287.539 4.000 3.977 4.927 19.593 0.153 4.929
10 48.51 287.550 287.550 3.989 3.994 4.906 19.595 0.017 4.906
11 53.72 287.832 287.832 3.707 3.848 5.212 20.054 0.147 5.214
12 58.15 291.539 291.539 0.000 1.853 4.430 8.210 1.994 4.858

TOTAL sqm 204.89 m 59.21

Hydraulic mean depth = R = A/P = 204.89 / 59.22 = 3.460 m

R2/3 = 3.46^0.667 = 2.288 m

1/2
S = 0.005^0.5 = 0.071
n = = 0.035
2/3 1/2
V = 1/n*R *S = 1/0.035*2.29*0.0709 = 4.64 m/sec
Q=A*V 204.89*4.64 = 950.00 cumecs >More than 949.70 O.K.
Hence adopt HFL 291.540 m
Discharge 950.00 cumecs
 Minor Bridge at Km: 55+521
Linear water way & Afflux :-

1. Linear Water Way:

3
Design discharge = 950.00 m /s
Unobstructed Velocity of river = 4.64 m/s
HFL = 291.540 m
Bed level = 287.177 m
Depth of water (u/s) = 4.36 m
Afflux from Molesworth = 0.000 m
Velocity of approach = 4.64 m/s
2
Head due to velocity of approach (V / 2g) = 1.10 m
Total head = 1.10 m
Velocity through vent (2gh) = 4.64 m/s
Linear water way required = 52.18 m
Proposed vent way (3x19.86xCos16°-2x1.1-2x1.2) = 52.67 m o.k

2. Check for Afflux

As per Cl. 2.2.7 of Pocket Book for Bridge Engineers published by

Indian Road Congress, New Delhi

By Molesworth formula

  Au  
2
Afflux =
 V2
 + 0.015  ×   − 1
17 .89   Ae  

Velocity, V = 4.64 m/sec

2
Unobstructed area, Au = 204.89 m
2
Effective vent area, Ae = 206.83 m
Afflux = 0.000 m

3. Fixing of RCL (As per table 12.1 of IRC: SP - 13)

Vertical clearance (Vc) required = 1.20 m

Bottom of deck level to be provided = 292.740 m