Introduction To Computer Systems: The Course That Gives CMU Its "Zip"!
Introduction To Computer Systems: The Course That Gives CMU Its "Zip"!
Introduction to Computer Systems
15‐213/18‐243, Spring 2009
1st Lecture, Aug. 25th
Instructors:
Roger Dannenberg and Greg Ganger
The course that gives CMU its “Zip”!
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Overview
Course role and theme
Five realities
Logistics
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Role within CS/ECE Curriculum
CS 412
OS Practicum
CS 213
ECE 243 Foundation of Computer Systems
Underlying principles for hardware,
software, and networking
CS 123
C Programming
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Course Perspective
Most Systems Courses are Builder‐Centric
Computer Architecture
Design pipelined processor in Verilog
Operating Systems
Implement large portions of operating system
Embedded Systems
Implement small‐scale embedded systems
Networking
Implement and simulate network protocols
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Course Perspective (Cont.)
Our Course is Programmer‐Centric
Purpose is to show how by knowing more about the underlying
system, one can be more effective as a programmer
Enable you to
Write programs that are more reliable and efficient
Incorporate features that require hooks into OS
– E.g., concurrency, signal handlers
Not just a course for dedicated hackers
We bring out the hidden hacker in everyone
Cover material in this course that you won’t see elsewhere
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Course Theme:
Abstraction Is Good But Don’t Forget Reality
Most CS courses emphasize abstraction
Abstract data types
Asymptotic analysis
These abstractions have limits
Especially in the presence of bugs
Need to understand details of underlying implementations
Useful outcomes
Become more effective programmers
Able to find and eliminate bugs efficiently
Able to understand and tune for program performance
Prepare for later “systems” classes in CS & ECE
Compilers, Operating Systems, Networks, Computer Architecture,
Embedded Systems
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Great Reality #1:
Int’s are not Integers, Float’s are not Reals
Example 1: Is x2 ≥ 0?
Float’s: Yes!
Int’s:
40000 * 40000 ‐‐> 1600000000
50000 * 50000 ‐‐> ??
Example 2: Is (x + y) + z = x + (y + z)?
Unsigned & Signed Int’s: Yes!
Float’s:
(1e20 + ‐1e20) + 3.14 ‐‐> 3.14
1e20 + (‐1e20 + 3.14) ‐‐> ??
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Computer Arithmetic
Does not generate random values
Arithmetic operations have important mathematical properties
Cannot assume all “usual” mathematical properties
Due to finiteness of representations
Integer operations satisfy “ring” properties
Commutativity, associativity, distributivity
Floating point operations satisfy “ordering” properties
Monotonicity, values of signs
Observation
Need to understand which abstractions apply in which contexts
Important issues for compiler writers and serious application
programmers
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Great Reality #2:
You’ve Got to Know Assembly
Chances are, you’ll never write program in assembly
Compilers are much better & more patient than you are
But: Understanding assembly key to machine‐level
execution model
Behavior of programs in presence of bugs
High‐level language model breaks down
Tuning program performance
Understand optimizations done/not done by the compiler
Understanding sources of program inefficiency
Implementing system software
Compiler has machine code as target
Operating systems must manage process state
Creating / fighting malware
x86 assembly is the language of choice!
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Great Reality #3: Memory Matters
Random Access Memory Is an Unphysical Abstraction
Memory is not unbounded
It must be allocated and managed
Many applications are memory dominated
Memory referencing bugs especially pernicious
Effects are distant in both time and space
Memory performance is not uniform
Cache and virtual memory effects can greatly affect program
performance
Adapting program to characteristics of memory system can lead to
major speed improvements
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Memory Referencing Bug Example
double fun(int i)
{
volatile double d[1] = {3.14};
volatile long int a[2];
a[i] = 1073741824; /* Possibly out of bounds */
return d[0];
}
Memory Referencing Bug Example
double fun(int i)
{
volatile double d[1] = {3.14};
volatile long int a[2];
a[i] = 1073741824; /* Possibly out of bounds */
return d[0];
}
Memory Referencing Errors
C and C++ do not provide any memory protection
Out of bounds array references
Invalid pointer values
Abuses of malloc/free
Can lead to nasty bugs
Whether or not bug has any effect depends on system and compiler
Action at a distance
Corrupted object logically unrelated to one being accessed
Effect of bug may be first observed long after it is generated
How can I deal with this?
Program in Java or ML
Understand what possible interactions may occur
Use or develop tools to detect referencing errors
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Great Reality #4: There’s more to
performance than asymptotic complexity
Constant factors matter too!
And even exact op count does not predict performance
Easily see 10:1 performance range depending on how code written
Must optimize at multiple levels: algorithm, data representations,
procedures, and loops
Must understand system to optimize performance
How programs compiled and executed
How to measure program performance and identify bottlenecks
How to improve performance without destroying code modularity
and generality
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Memory System Performance Example
void copyij(int src[2048][2048], void copyji(int src[2048][2048],
int dst[2048][2048]) int dst[2048][2048])
{ {
int i,j; int i,j;
for (i = 0; i < 2048; i++) for (j = 0; j < 2048; j++)
for (j = 0; j < 2048; j++) for (i = 0; i < 2048; i++)
dst[i][j] = src[i][j]; dst[i][j] = src[i][j];
} }
21 times slower
(Pentium 4)
Hierarchical memory organization (caches)
Performance depends on access patterns
Including how step through multi‐dimensional array
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Great Reality #5:
Computers do more than execute programs
They need to get data in and out
I/O system critical to program reliability and performance
They communicate with each other over networks
Many system‐level issues arise in presence of network
Concurrent operations by autonomous processes
Coping with unreliable media
Cross platform compatibility
Complex performance issues
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Overview
Course role and theme
Five realities
Logistics
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Teaching staff
Instructors
Prof. Roger Dannenberg We’re glad to talk with you, but
Prof. Greg Ganger please send email first or come to
office hours.
TA’s
Ben Blum
Tessa Eng
Jonathan Harbuck
Teddy Martin
Hunter Pitelka
Josh Primera
Sean Stangl
Tom Tuttle
Course Admin
Bara Ammoura (“ECE Course Hub”, Hamerschlag Hall, D‐level, cube A‐10)
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Textbooks
Randal E. Bryant and David R. O’Hallaron,
“Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective”, Prentice Hall 2003.
http://csapp.cs.cmu.edu
This book really matters for the course!
How to solve labs
Practice problems typical of exam problems
Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie,
“The C Programming Language, Second Edition”, Prentice Hall, 1988
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Course Components
Lectures
Higher level concepts
Recitations
Applied concepts, important tools and skills for labs, clarification of
lectures, exam coverage
Labs (6)
The heart of the course
2 or 3 weeks
Provide in‐depth understanding of an aspect of systems
Programming and measurement
Exams (2 + final)
Test your understanding of concepts & mathematical principles
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Getting Help
Class Web Page
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~213
Copies of lectures, assignments, exams, solutions
Clarifications to assignments
Message Board
http://autolab.cs.cmu.edu
Clarifications to assignments, general discussion
The only board your instructors will be monitoring (No blackboard or
Andrew)
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Getting Help
Staff mailing list
15‐213‐[email protected]
“The autolab server is down!”
“Who should I talk to about ...”
“This code {...}, which I don't want to post to the bboard, causes my
computer to melt into slag.”
Teaching assistants
I don't get “associativity”...
Office hours, e‐mail, by appointment
Please send mail to 15‐213‐staff, not a randomly‐selected TA
Professors
Office hours or appointment
“Should I drop the class?” “A TA said ... but ...”
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Policies: Assignments (Labs) And Exams
Work groups
You must work alone on all but final lab (see Syllabus!)
Handins
Assignments due at 11:59pm on Tues or Thurs evening
Electronic handins using Autolab (no exceptions!).
Conflict exams, other irreducible conflicts
OK, but must make PRIOR arrangements with Prof. Dannenberg/Ganger
Appealing grades
Within 7 days of completion of grading.
Following procedure described in syllabus
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Autolab Web Service
Labs are provided by the Autolab system
Autograding handin system developed in 2003 by Dave O’Hallaron
Apache Web server + Perl CGI programs
Beta tested Fall 2003, very stable by now
With Autolab you can use your Web browser to:
Review lab notes, clarifications
Download the lab materials
Stream autoresults to a class status Web page as you work.
Handin your code for autograding by the Autolab server.
View the complete history of your code handins, autoresult
submissions, autograding reports, and instructor evaluations.
View the class status page
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Facilities
Labs will use the Intel Computer Systems Cluster
(aka “the fish machines”)
15 Pentium Xeon servers donated by Intel for CS 213
Dual 3.2 Ghz 64‐bit (EM64T) Nocona Xeon processors
2 GB, 400 MHz DDR2 SDRAM memory
Rack mounted in the 3rd floor Wean Hall machine room.
Your accounts are ready nearing readiness.
Getting help with the cluster machines:
See course Web page for login directions
Please direct questions to your TA’s first
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Timeliness
Grace days
4 for the course
Covers scheduling crunch, out‐of‐town trips, illnesses, minor setbacks
Save them until late in the term!
Lateness penalties
Once grace days used up, get penalized 15%/day
Typically shut off all handins 2—3 days after due date
Catastrophic events
Major illness, death in family, …
Work with your academic advisor to formulate plan for getting back on
track
Advice
Once you start running late, it’s really hard to catch up
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Cheating
What is cheating? (see Syllabus!)
Sharing code: either by copying, retyping, looking at, or supplying a
copy of a file
Coaching: helping your friend to write a lab, line by line
Copying code from previous course or from elsewhere on WWW
Only allowed to use code we supply, or from CS:APP website
What is NOT cheating?
Explaining how to use systems or tools
Helping others with high‐level design issues
Penalty for cheating:
Removal from course with failing grade
Detection of cheating:
We do check and our tools for doing this are much better than you
think!
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Policies: Grading
Exams: weighted ¼, ¼, ½ (final)
Labs: weighted according to effort (determined near the end)
The worse of lab score and exam score is weighted 60%, the
better 40%:
Lab score: 0 ≤ L ≤ 100,
Exam score: 0 ≤ E ≤ 100
Total score: 0.6 min(L, E) + 0.4 max(L,E)
Guaranteed:
> 90%: A
> 80%: B
> 70%: C
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Have Fun!