Lumped Element

The lumped element model (also called lumped parameter model, or
lumped component model) simplifies the description of the behaviour of

spatially distributed physical systems into a topology consisting of discrete
entities that approximate the behaviour of the distributed system under
certain assumptions. It is useful in electrical systems (including electronics),
mechanical multibody systems, heat transfer, acoustics, etc.
Mathematically speaking, the simplification reduces the state space of the
system to a finite dimension, and the partial differential equations (PDEs) of
the continuous (infinite-dimensional) time and space model of the physical
system into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with a finite number of
parameters.
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External linksElectrical systems[edit]
Lumped matter discipline[edit]
The lumped matter discipline is a set of imposed assumptions in electrical
engineering that provides the foundation for lumped circuit abstraction
used in network analysis.[1] The self-imposed constraints are:
1. The change of the magnetic flux in time outside a conductor is zero.
∂
ϕ
B
∂
t
=
0
{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \phi _{B}}{\partial t}}=0}
2. The change of the charge in time inside conducting elements is zero.

∂
q
∂
t
=
0
{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial q}{\partial t}}=0}
3. Signal timescales of interest are much larger than propagation delay of

electromagnetic waves across the lumped element.
The first two assumptions result in Kirchhoff's circuit laws when applied to
Maxwell's equations and are only applicable when the circuit is in steady
state. The third assumption is the basis of the lumped element model used in
network analysis. Less severe assumptions result in the distributed element
model, while still not requiring the direct application of the full Maxwell
equations.
Lumped element model[edit]
The lumped element model of electronic circuits makes the simplifying
assumption that the attributes of the circuit, resistance, capacitance,
inductance, and gain, are concentrated into idealized electrical components;
resistors, capacitors, and inductors, etc. joined by a network of perfectly
conducting wires.
The lumped element model is valid whenever
L
c
≪
λ
{\displaystyle L_{c}\ll \lambda }
, where
L
c
{\displaystyle L_{c}}
denotes the circuit's characteristic length, and
λ
{\displaystyle \lambda }
denotes the circuit's operating wavelength. Otherwise, when the circuit
length is on the order of a wavelength, we must consider more general
models, such as the distributed element model (including transmission lines),
whose dynamic behaviour is described by Maxwell's equations. Another way
of viewing the validity of the lumped element model is to note that this model
ignores the finite time it takes signals to propagate around a circuit.
Whenever this propagation time is not significant to the application the
lumped element model can be used. This is the case when the propagation
time is much less than the period of the signal involved. However, with
increasing propagation time there will be an increasing error between the
assumed and actual phase of the signal which in turn results in an error in the
assumed amplitude of the signal. The exact point at which the lumped
element model can no longer be used depends to a certain extent on how
accurately the signal needs to be known in a given application.
Real-world components exhibit non-ideal characteristics which are, in reality,
distributed elements but are often represented to a first-order approximation
by lumped elements. To account for leakage in capacitors for example, we
can model the non-ideal capacitor as having a large lumped resistor
connected in parallel even though the leakage is, in reality distributed
throughout the dielectric. Similarly a wire-wound resistor has significant
inductance as well as resistance distributed along its length but we can model
this as a lumped inductor in series with the ideal resistor.

Lumped Element

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The lumped element model (also called lumped parameter model, or

lumped component model) simplifies the description of the behaviour of

2. The change of the charge in time inside conducting elements is zero.

3. Signal timescales of interest are much larger than propagation delay of

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