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Man Chester Encoding

Manchester encoding is a technique used to encode clock and data information in a synchronous bit stream for transmission. It works by assigning transitions in the signal at the center of each bit to represent either a 0 or 1. This allows the receiving device to extract the clock signal and correctly decode the bits. While it doubles the necessary bandwidth, Manchester encoding provides reliable transmission for Ethernet and other digital communications by ensuring frequent transitions that clocks can use to synchronize.

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99 views3 pages

Man Chester Encoding

Manchester encoding is a technique used to encode clock and data information in a synchronous bit stream for transmission. It works by assigning transitions in the signal at the center of each bit to represent either a 0 or 1. This allows the receiving device to extract the clock signal and correctly decode the bits. While it doubles the necessary bandwidth, Manchester encoding provides reliable transmission for Ethernet and other digital communications by ensuring frequent transitions that clocks can use to synchronize.

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Chinmoy Ghosh
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Manchester Encoding

Manchester encoding (first published in 1949) is a synchronous clock encoding technique


used by the physical layer to encode the clock and data of a synchronous bit stream. In
this technique, the actual binary data to be transmitted over the cable are not sent as a
sequence of logic 1's and 0's (known technically as Non Return to Zero (NRZ)). Instead,
the bits are translated into a slightly different format that has a number of advantages
over using straight binary encoding (i.e. NRZ).

In the Manchester encoding shown, a logic 0 is indicated by a 0 to 1 transition at the


centre of the bit and a logic 1 is indicated by a 1 to 0 transition at the centre of the bit.
Note that signal transitions do not always occur at the ‘bit boundaries’ (the division
between one bit and another), but that there is always a transition at the centre of each bit.
The Manchester encoding rules are summarised below:

Original Data Value Sent


0 to 1 (upward transition at bit
Logic 0
centre)
1 to 0 (downward transition at bit
Logic 1
centre)

Note that in some cases you will see the encoding reversed, with 0 being represented as a
0 to 1 transition. The two definitions have co-existed for many years. The Ethernet Blue-
Book and IEEE standards (10 Mbps) describe the method in whih a Logic 0 is sent as 0 to
1 transition, and a Logic 1 as a one to zero transition (where a zero is represented by a
less negative voltage on the cable). Note that because many physical layers employ an
inverting line driver to convert the binary digits into an electrical signal, the signal on the
wire is the exact opposite of that output by the encoder. Differential physical layer
transmission, (e.g. 10BT) does not suffer this inversion.

The following diagram shows a typical Manchester encoded signal with the
corresponding binary representation of the data (1,1,0,1,0,0) being sent.

The waveform for a Manchester encoded bit stream carrying the sequence of bits
110100.

Note that signal transitions do not always occur at the 'bit boundaries' (the division
between one bit and another), but that there is always a transition at the centre of each
bit.The encoding may be alternatively viewed as a phase encoding where each bit is
encoded by a postive 90 degree phase transition, or a negative 90 degree phase transition.
The Manchester code is therefore sometimes known as a Biphase Code.

A Manchester encoded signal contains frequent level transitions which allow the receiver
to extract the clock signal using a Digital Phase Locked Loop (DPLL) and correctly
decode the value and timing of each bit. To allow reliable operation using a DPLL, the
transmitted bit stream must contain a high density of bit transitions. Manchester encoding
ensures this, allowing the receiving DPLL to correctly extract the clock signal.

The bi-phase Manchester encoding can consume up to approximately twice the


bandwidth of the original signal (20 MHz). This is the penalty for introducing frequent
transitions. For a 10 Mbps LAN, the signal spectrum lies between the 5 and 20 MHz.
Manchester encoding is used as the physical layer of an Ethernet LAN, where the
additional bandwidth is not a significant issue for coaxial cable transmission, the limited
bandwidth of CAT5e cable necessitated a more efficient encoding method for 100 Mbps
transmission using a 4b/5b MLT code. This uses three signal levels (instead of the two
levels used in Manchester encoding) and therfore allows a 100 Mbps signal to occupy
only 31 MHz of bandwidth. Gigabit Ethernet utilises five levels and 8b/10b encoding, to
provide even more efficient use of the limited cable bandwidth, sending 1 Gbps within
100 MHz of bandwidth.

Example of Manchester Encoding

The pattern of bits " 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 " encodes to " 01 10 10 10 10 01 01 10".

Another more curious example is the pattern " 1 0 1 0 1 etc" which encodes to "10 01 10
01 10 " which could also be viewed as "1 00 11 00 11 0 ". Thus for a 10 Mbps Ethernet
LAN, the preamble sequence encodes to a 5 MHz square wave! (i.e., One half cycle in
each 0.1 microsecond bit period.)

Thinking more about sending bits

A transmission rate of 10 Mbps implies that each bit is sent in 0.1 microseconds. For a
coaxial cable, the speed at which the signal travels along the cable is approximately 0.77
times the speed of light (i.e. 0.77x3x10E8). A bit therefore occupies 23 metres of cable.
Under the same conditions the smallest frame would be 13.3 km!

If you wish to do the same calculation for a twisted pair cable, you would have to take
into consideration that the propagation speed is slower at 1.77x10E8 (0.59c). Increasing
the bit rate, for example using 100BTx, decreases the time available to send each bit into
the wire, but does not change the speed at which the edge of the bits travel through the
cable!

Gorry Fairhurst - Date: 01/03/2007 EG3567


Differential Manchester encoding (also known as CDP; Conditioned Diphase
encoding) is a method of encoding data in which data and clock signals are combined to
form a single self-synchronizing data stream. It is a differential encoding, using the
presence or absence of transitions to indicate logical value. This gives it several
advantages over standard Manchester encoding:

• Detecting transitions is often less error-prone than comparing against a threshold


in a noisy environment.
• Because only the presence of a transition is important, polarity is not. Differential
coding schemes will work exactly the same if the signal is inverted (wires
swapped). (Other line codes with this property include NRZI, bipolar encoding,
biphase mark code, coded mark inversion, and MLT-3 encoding).

A '1' bit is indicated by making the first half of the signal equal to the last half of the
previous bit's signal i.e. no transition at the start of the bit-time. A '0' bit is indicated by
making the first half of the signal opposite to the last half of the previous bit's signal i.e. a
zero bit is indicated by a transition at the beginning of the bit-time. In the middle of the
bit-time there is always a transition, whether from high to low, or low to high. A reversed
scheme is possible, and no advantage is given by using either scheme.

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