core
Web programming
HyperText Markup
Language (HTML)
Designing Documents for the
World Wide Web
1 © 2001-2003 Marty Hall, Larry Brown http://www.corewebprogramming.com
Agenda
• Introduction to HTML
• Creating and publishing a Web page
• Validating a document
• Main HMTL elements
• Block-level HTML elements
• Text-level HTML element
• Creating hypertext links
• Adding images to documents
• Building tables
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The World Wide Web
• Definitions
– The World Wide Web
• The set of computers on the Internet that support
HTTP
• Not a separate network
– HTTP
• The HyperText Transfer Protocol
• The language used by a WWW client (e.g. Netscape,
Internet Explorer) to request documents from a WWW
server (i.e. the program running at Web sites like
amazon.com or yahoo.com)
– HTML
• The HyperText Markup Language
• The language used to design web pages
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HyperText Markup Language
• Text Mixed with Markup Tags
– Tags Enclosed in Angle Brackets
(<H1>Introduction</H1>)
• What Does Markup Describe?
– Appearance
– Layout
– Content (Can’t Enforce an Exact Look)
• Changes in HTML 3.2 to HTML 4.0
– Standardization of frames
– Deprecation of formatting elements (vs. style sheets)
– Improved cell alignment and grouping in tables
– Mouse and keyboard events for nearly all elements
– Internationalization features
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HTML Example
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<Title>Home Page for Lawrence M. Brown</Title>
</HEAD>
<BODY BGCOLOR="WHITE">
<H1 ALIGN="CENTER">Home Page for Lawrence M. Brown</H1>
<HR>
<IMG SRC="images/nswc.gif" WIDTH=300 HEIGHT=117
HSPACE=10 VSPACE=5 ALIGN="LEFT" ALT="NSWC Logo">
Senior Network Engineer<BR>
<A HREF="http://www.dt.navy.mil/">
Naval Surface Warfare Center</A><BR>
9500 MacArthur Boulevard<BR>
West Bethesda, Maryland, MD 20817-5700<BR>
<I>email:</I> <A HREF="mailto:[email protected]">
[email protected]</A><BR>
<I>Phone:</I> (301) 277-4648<BR CLEAR="ALL">
<P>
This is my personal home page. For more specific
programming-related resources pages, please see:
<!-- Rest of Sample Page Deleted -->
</BODY>
5 </HTML>
HTML www.corewebprogramming.com
Creating and Publishing
a Web Page
1. Create an HTML document
2. Place the document in a world-accessible
directory (often public_html or www) on a
system running an HTTP server
Unix> cd
Unix> chmod a+x . (Note the ".")
Unix> mkdir public_html
Unix> chmod a+x public_html
3. Access the web page through
http://hostname/~username/filename
• E.g. http://www.apl.jhu.edu/~lmb/test.html
– If the filename is omitted, a system default filename is assumed
(often index.html)
• E.g. http://www.apl.jhu.edu/~hall/ refers to the file
index.html in hall’s public_html directory
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Creating and Publishing
a Web Page, cont.
4.Validate the Document
– Check the syntax using a formal HTML validator
• http://validator.w3.org/
• http://www.htmlhelp.com/tools/validator/
– The version of HTML against which the document is
validated is based on the DOCTYPE
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
– The WWW Consortium recently added advice that Web
pages include information on the character set, even
though ASCII or Latin-1 is the default. The validator at
http://validator.w3.org/ gives warnings if you omit this.
You can ignore such warnings if you wish.
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HTML Document Template
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Main HTML Elements
1.DOCTYPE
2.HTML
3.HEAD
– TITLE element required
– Optional elements:
• BASE
• META
• BGSOUND
• SCRIPT, NOSCRIPT
• STYLE
• LINK
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Main HTML Elements
(Continued)
4.BODY Element
– <BODY BGCOLOR="YELLOW">
– HTML Attributes and Attribute Values
• BACKGROUND
• BGCOLOR
• TEXT
• LINK, VLINK, ALINK
• OnLoad, OnUnload, OnFocus, OnBlur
5.Elements inside BODY element
– <BODY>
Remaining HTML elements
</BODY>
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META Element
• Records document information, forwards
and refreshes pages
– NAME="author"
– NAME="keywords"
– NAME="description"
– HTTP-EQUIV="refresh"
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META Element, Example
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>News Headlines</TITLE>
<META HTTP-EQUIV="REFRESH"
CONTENT="3600">
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<H1 ALIGN="CENTER">News Headlines</H1>
<H2>National News</H2>
Blah, blah, blah.
<H2>International News</H2>
Yadda, yadda, yadda.
</BODY>
</HTML>
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Block-Level Elements
• Headings
– H1 ... H6
– ALIGN
• Basic Text Sections
– P
– ALIGN
– PRE
– WIDTH
– ADDRESS
– BLOCKQUOTE
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Block-Level Elements, cont.
• Lists
– OL
– LI
– UL
– LI
– DL
– DT
– DD
• Tables and Forms (Postponed)
• Misc.
– HR
– DIV
– CENTER
– MULTICOL (Netscape only) www.corewebprogramming.com
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Headings
• Heading Types
– <H1 ...> ... </H1>
– <H2 ...> ... </H2>
– <H3 ...> ... </H3>
– <H4 ...> ... </H4>
– <H5 ...> ... </H5>
– <H6 ...> ... </H6>
• Attributes: ALIGN
– Values: LEFT (default), RIGHT, CENTER
• Nesting tags
– Headings and other block-level elements can contain
text-level elements, but not vice versa
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Headings, Example
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Document Headings</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
Samples of the six heading types:
<H1>Level-1 (H1)</H1>
<H2 ALIGN="CENTER">Level-2 (H2)</H2>
<H3><U>Level-3 (H3)</U></H3>
<H4 ALIGN="RIGHT">Level-4 (H4)</H4>
<H5>Level-5 (H5)</H5>
<H6>Level-6 (H6)</H6>
</BODY>
</HTML>
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Headings, Result
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P – The Basic Paragraph
• Attributes: ALIGN
– LEFT (default), RIGHT, CENTER. Same as headings.
– Whitespace ignored (use <BR> for line break)
• Consecutive <P>’s do not yield multiple blank lines
– End Tag is Optional:
<BODY> <BODY>
<P> Paragraph 1
Paragraph 1 <P>
</P> Paragraph 2
<P> <P>
Paragraph 2 Paragraph 3
</P> </BODY>
<P> Equivalent with Implied Tags
Paragraph 3
</P>
</BODY>
18 HTML
Fully-Specified www.corewebprogramming.com
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Preformatted Paragraphs
• The PRE Element
– <PRE> ... </PRE>
• Attributes: WIDTH
– Expected width in characters. Not widely supported.
• Problem: Special Characters
<PRE>
if (a<b) { Desired Character HTML Required
doThis(); < <
} else { > >
& &
doThat(); " "
} Non-breaking space
</PRE>
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OL: Ordered (Numbered) Lists
• OL Element
– <OL>
<LI>…
<LI>…
...
</OL>
– Attributes: TYPE, START, COMPACT
• List entries: LI
– <LI ...> ... </LI> (End Tag Optional)
– Attributes: (When inside OL) VALUE, TYPE
A sample list:
<OL>
<LI>List Item One
<LI>List Item Two
<LI>List Item Three
20 HTML </OL> www.corewebprogramming.com
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Nested Ordered Lists
<OL TYPE="I">
<LI>Headings
<LI>Basic Text Sections
<LI>Lists
<OL TYPE="A">
<LI>Ordered
<OL TYPE="1">
<LI>The OL tag
<OL TYPE="a">
<LI>TYPE
<LI>START
<LI>COMPACT
</OL>
<LI>The LI tag
</OL>
<LI>Unordered
<OL TYPE="1">
<LI>The UL tag
<LI>The LI tag
</OL>
<LI>Definition
<OL TYPE="1">
<LI>The DL tag
<LI>The DT tag
<LI>The DD tag
</OL>
</OL>
<LI>Miscellaneous www.corewebprogramming.com
21 HTML
</OL>
UL: Unordered (Bulleted) Lists
• UL Element
– <UL>
<LI>…
<LI>…
...
</UL>
• Attributes: TYPE, COMPACT
– TYPE is DISC, CIRCLE, or SQUARE
• List entries: LI (TYPE)
– TYPE is DISC, CIRCLE, or SQUARE
A sample list:
<UL>
<LI>List Item One
<LI>List Item Two
<LI>List Item Three
22 HTML </UL> www.corewebprogramming.com
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UL: Custom Bullets
<UL TYPE="DISC">
<LI>The UL tag
<UL TYPE="CIRCLE">
<LI>TYPE
<UL TYPE="SQUARE">
<LI>DISC
<LI>CIRCLE
<LI>SQUARE
</UL>
<LI>COMPACT
</UL>
<LI>The LI tag
<UL TYPE="CIRCLE">
<LI>TYPE
<UL TYPE="SQUARE">
<LI>DISC
<LI>CIRCLE
<LI>SQUARE
</UL>
<LI>VALUE
</UL>
</UL>
23 HTML www.corewebprogramming.com
Text-Level Elements
• Physical Character Styles
– B, I, TT, U, SUB, SUP, SMALL, BIG, STRIKE, S,
BLINK
– FONT
• SIZE
• COLOR
• FACE
– BASEFONT
– SIZE
• Logical Character Styles
– EM, STRONG, CODE, SAMP, KBD, DFN, VAR, CITE
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Text-Level Elements
(Continued)
• Hypertext Links
–A
• HREF, NAME, TARGET, ...
• Images
– IMG
• SRC (required), ALT, ALIGN, WIDTH, HEIGHT,
HSPACE, VSPACE, BORDER, USEMAP, ISMAP
• Misc. Text-Level Elements
– BR (Explicit line break)
– AREA (Client-side image maps)
– APPLET (Java)
– ...
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Physical Character Styles,
Example
...
<H1>Physical Character Styles</H1>
<B>Bold</B><BR>
<I>Italic</I><BR>
<TT>Teletype (Monospaced)</TT><BR>
<U>Underlined</U><BR>
Subscripts: f<SUB>0</SUB> + f<SUB>1</SUB><BR>
Superscripts: x<SUP>2</SUP> + y<SUP>2</SUP><BR>
<SMALL>Smaller</SMALL><BR>
<BIG>Bigger</BIG><BR>
<STRIKE>Strike Through</STRIKE><BR>
<B><I>Bold Italic</I></B><BR>
<BIG><TT>Big Monospaced</TT></BIG><BR>
<SMALL><I>Small Italic</I></SMALL><BR>
<FONT COLOR="GRAY">Gray</FONT><BR>
<DEL>Delete</DEL><BR>
<INS>Insert</INS><BR>
...
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Physical Character Styles,
Result
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Logical Character Styles,
Example
...
<H1>Logical Character Styles</H1>
<EM>Emphasized</EM><BR>
<STRONG>Strongly Emphasized</STRONG><BR>
<CODE>Code</CODE><BR>
<SAMP>Sample Output</SAMP><BR>
<KBD>Keyboard Text</KBD><BR>
<DFN>Definition</DFN><BR>
<VAR>Variable</VAR><BR>
<CITE>Citation</CITE><BR>
<EM><CODE>Emphasized Code</CODE></EM><BR>
<FONT COLOR="GRAY"><CITE>Gray Citation</CITE></FONT><BR>
<ACRONYM TITLE="Java Development Kit">JDK Acronym</ACRONYM>
...
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Logical Character Styles,
Result
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Hypertext Links
• Links can contain images and other text-
level elements (i.e., <A HREF…> ... </A>)
• Link to Absolute URL
– Use a complete URL beginning with http://
Java is discussed in
<A HREF="http://host/path/chapter2.html">
Chapter 2</A>.
• Link to Relative URL
– Use a filename or relative path to filename
• Interpreted wrt location of current file
Java is discussed in
<A HREF="chapter2.html">Chapter 2</A>.
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Hypertext Links
(Continued)
• Link to Section
– Use a section name (see below) preceded by #
Images are discussed in
<A HREF="#Section2">Section 2</A>.
• Link to Section in URL
– Use absolute or relative URL, then #, then section name
Images are discussed in
<A HREF="chapter1.html#Section2">
Sec. 2 of Chap. 1</A>.
• Naming a Section
– Use <A NAME="..."> and do not include the pound sign
<H2><A NAME="Section2">Images</A></H2>
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IMG: Embedding Images
• Example
<IMG SRC="SomeFile.gif" ALT="My Dog"
WIDTH=400 HEIGHT=300>
• Attributes:
– SRC (required)
– ALT (technically required)
– ALIGN (see <BR CLEAR="ALL">)
– WIDTH, HEIGHT
– HSPACE, VSPACE
– BORDER
– USEMAP, ISMAP
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Image Alignment, Example
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<HTML>
<HEAD><TITLE>Image Alignment</TITLE></HEAD>
<BODY>
<H1 ALIGN="CENTER">Image Alignment</H1>
<TABLE BORDER=1>
<TR><TH>Alignment
<TH>Result
<TR><TH><CODE>LEFT</CODE>
<TD><IMG SRC="rude-pc.gif" ALIGN="LEFT"
ALT="Rude PC" WIDTH=54 HEIGHT=77>
This positions the image at the left side,
with text flowing around it on the right.
<TR><TH><CODE>RIGHT</CODE>
<TD><IMG SRC="rude-pc.gif" ALIGN="RIGHT"
ALT="Rude PC" WIDTH=54 HEIGHT=77>
This positions the image at the right side,
with text flowing around it on the left.
...
</TABLE>
</BODY>
33 </HTML>
HTML www.corewebprogramming.com
Image Alignment, Result
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Tables
• Template
<TABLE BORDER=1>
<CAPTION>Table Caption</CAPTION>
<TR><TH>Heading1</TH> <TH>Heading2</TH></TR>
<TR><TD>Row1 Col1 Data</TD><TD>Row1 Col2 Data</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>Row2 Col1 Data</TD><TD>Row2 Col2 Data</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>Row3 Col1 Data</TD><TD>Row3 Col2 Data</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
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TABLE Element Attributes
• ALIGN
– The ALIGN attribute gives the horizontal alignment of the table as a
whole
– Legal values are LEFT, RIGHT, and CENTER, with LEFT being
the default
• BORDER
– This specifies the width in pixels of the border around the table
– This is in addition to the border around each cell (the
CELLSPACING).
– The default is zero, which also results in the visible 3D divider
between cells being turned off
• CELLSPACING
– This gives the space in pixels between adjacent cells. Drawn as a 3D
line if BORDER is nonzero, otherwise empty space in the
background color is used
– The default is usually about 3
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TABLE Element Attributes
(Continued)
• CELLPADDING
– CELLPADDING determines the empty space, in pixels, between
the cell’s border and the table element
– The default is usually about 1
• WIDTH
– This specifies the width of the table, either in pixels (<TABLE
WIDTH=250>) or as a percentage of the current browser window
width (<TABLE WIDTH="75%">)
• BGCOLOR
– Specify the background color of the table TABLE (also legal for
TR, TD, and TH)
• BORDERCOLOR, BORDERCOLORDARK,
• BORDERCOLORLIGHT
– Non standard attributes supported by IE to specify the colors to user
for the borders
37 HTML www.corewebprogramming.com
TABLE Element Attributes
(Continued)
• BACKGROUND
– This nonstandard attribute supported by IE gives an image file that
will be tiled as the background of the table
– You might want to use style sheets instead.
• RULES
– HTML 4.0 attribute that specifies which inner dividing lines are
drawn
– All are drawn if this attribute is omitted
– Legal values are NONE, ROWS, COLS, and ALL
• FRAME
– Specifies which outer borders are drawn
– All four are drawn if this attribute is omitted
– Legal values are BORDER or BOX (all), VOID (none), ABOVE
(top), BELOW (bottom), HSIDES (top and bottom, despite the
somewhat confusing name), VSIDES (left and right), LHS (left),
and RHS (right) www.corewebprogramming.com
38 HTML
19
Table CAPTION
• Attribute
– ALIGN (Values: TOP, BOTTOM)
• Usage
– An enclosing borderless table may give more flexibility
than the built-in CAPTION.
39 HTML www.corewebprogramming.com
TR: Table Row
• TR is used to define each row in the table
• Each row will then contain TH and/or TD entries
• ALIGN
– ALIGN (legal values LEFT, RIGHT, or CENTER) is used to set the
default horizontal alignment for table cells
• VALIGN
– VALIGN (legal values TOP, MIDDLE, or BOTTOM) is used to set
the default vertical alignment for table cells
• BGCOLOR
– Sets the color for the table row, overriding any values set for the
table as a whole via the BGCOLOR attribute of TABLE
• BORDERCOLOR, BORDERCOLORDARK,
• BORDERCOLORLIGHT
– Supported only by Internet Explorer, these specify the colors to use
for the row borders www.corewebprogramming.com
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20
Table Cells: TH and TD
• COLSPAN
– COLSPAN defines a heading or cell data entry that spans
multiple columns
<TABLE BORDER=1>
<TR><TH COLSPAN=2>Col 1&2 Heading
<TH>Col3 Heading
<TR><TD>Col1 Data
<TD>Col2 Data
<TD>Col3 Data
</TABLE>
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Table Cells: TH and TD
(Continued)
• ROWSPAN
– ROWSPAN defines a heading or cell data entry that spans multiple
rows; similar to COLSPAN
• ALIGN
– LEFT, RIGHT, CENTER, JUSTIFY and CHAR.
– E.g., the following aligns entries on a decimal point
<TD ALIGN="CHAR" CHAR=".">
• VALIGN
– TOP, BOTTOM, MIDDLE
• WIDTH, HEIGHT
– Values in pixels only (no percentages officially allowed)
• NOWRAP
– Use with caution
• BGCOLOR, BACKGROUND
– Same as for TABLE and TR
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Summary
• A DOCTYPE is required to validate the document
• HTML document should have an enclosing HTML
element, a HEAD (TITLE is required) and a BODY
• Documents are composed of block-level and
text-level elements
– Text-level elements must be inside block-level elements, not vice
versa
• Hypertext links, <A HREF="…">,
can be absolute or relative
– A link to a named section is denoted by #section
• Tables are composed of main table element,
<TABLE>; rows, <TR>; table headers, <TH>;
and table data, <TD>
– Use BGCOLOR to give background colors to tables, rows, or cells
– Use ROWSPAN or COLSPAN to join cells
43 HTML www.corewebprogramming.com
core
Web programming
Questions?
44 © 2001-2003 Marty Hall, Larry Brown http://www.corewebprogramming.com
22
