06 Lateral Dynamics Y Axis

Reference Manual
The Ultimate
www.bmwcenternet.com Driving Machine®
BMW
Technical Training
Chassis Dynamics
BMW of North America, LLC

Technical Training
ST1115
8/1/12
Information Status: August 01, 2012
Course Code: ST1115 Chassis Dynamics
The information contained in the training course materials is solely intended for partici-
pants in this training course conducted by BMW Group Technical Training Centers, or
BMW Group Contract Training Facilities.
This training manual or any attached publication is not intended to be a complete and all
inclusive source for repair and maintenance data. It is only part of a training information
system designed to assure that uniform procedures and information are presented to all
participants.
For changes/additions to the technical data, repair procedures, please refer to the current
information issued by BMW of North America, LLC, Technical Service Department.
This information is available by accessing TIS at www.bmwcenternet.com.
© 2012 BMW of North America, LLC. The BMW name and logo are registered trademarks. All rights reserved.
Table of Contents
Lateral Dynamics (Y Axis)
Subject Page
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Steering Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Steering Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Steering System Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Recirculating-Ball Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Rack-and-Pinion Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Electric Power Steering (EPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Versions of Electric Power Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Column Mounted EPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
System Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
EPS with APA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Distinction from Active Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Features of Electric Power Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Improved Handling Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Greater Driving Comfort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Greater Driving Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Better Environmental Credentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Simplifications for the Vehicle Manufacturer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
System Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
EPS System Circuit Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
System Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
Steering Torque Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
EPS Control Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Electric Motor with Position Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Reduction Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Steering Rack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Initial Print Date: 08/12 Revision Date:

Subject Page
Principles of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
EPS Input Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
EPS Output Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
DME Functions Used by EPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Intelligent Alternator Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Speed-Dependent Power Steering Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Active Steering Wheel Return . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Active Damping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Damping Roadwheel Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Damping Steering Input from Driver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Damping of Steering Input by EPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
Active Roadwheel Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
Status Shutdown in the Event of Faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Coordination of Specified Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Supplementary Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Protection Against Overload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
End Stop as Software Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Service Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

Replacing an EPS System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Intelligent Alternator Control and EPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Active Steering Wheel Reset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Protection Against Overload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Step-down Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Shutdown in the Event of Faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Electrical Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
EPS System (FXx) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

Basic Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
System Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Active Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
EPS with 12V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
EPS with 24V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
24V EPS System Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
24V EPS and Active Steering Wiring Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
Variable Sport Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

F25 Steering Angle Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
F25 EPS Wiring Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
Subject Page
Integral Active Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
Signals from External Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
Control and Modulation of Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
Distributed Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
Components of Integral Active Steering w/ Hydraulic Steering . . . . . .74
Rear Axle Steering Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
Functions of Integral Active Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
Low Speed Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
High Speed Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
Handling Stabilization by IAL when Understeering . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
Handling Stabilization by Integral Active Steering Under µ-split
Braking Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
Integral Active Steering Special Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
Automatic Snow Chain Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
Active Steering (AS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
Changes to Active Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
Cumulative (total) Steering Angle (virtual ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
Electronically Controlled Bypass Valve (EVV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
Yaw-Rate Control Plus (GRR+) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
Special Feature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
Difference to Yaw Moment Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
Model: 5 and 6 Series (E6X), 3 Series (E9X)
Production: From Start of Production
After completion of this module you will be able to:
• Understand Steering Ratio
• Understand the Concept of Active Steering
• Identify and Locate Active Steering Components
• Diagnose Concerns on Active Steering Systems
• Perform Alignments on Vehicles Equipped wit Active Steering
4
Introduction
At BMW, steering systems have become an increasingly complex topic. This training
module is designed to review basic steering technology and to introduce the latest
technology used in current BMW models.
A steering system must be able to convert a turning motion input by the driver at the
steering wheel into a change of steering angle at the steered wheels on the vehicle.
This is the essential requirement of a steering system irrespective of whether it is a sim-
ple, conventional steering system or the latest modern BMW Group steering system.
Steering systems must have the following characteristics:

• The construction of the steering gearbox/ rack and pinion must enable the vehicle
to respond to the slightest steering adjustments.
• When the steering wheel is released, the wheels must return to the center position
(straight-ahead travel).
• The steering geometry must follow the Ackermann rule, i.e. when the left and right
wheels are at full lock, the extension of the wheel axes must intersect the extension
of the rear axle.
• The steering system must compensate for uneven road surfaces while ensuring
that the driver remains in control.
• To achieve the best possible handling, the steering system must have a low
steering ratio (i.e. number of steering wheel turns from lock to lock).
5
Steering Fundamentals
Steering Ratio
In order to better understand basic steering theory it is necessary to understand
steering ratio. Steering ratio is the relationship between the number of turns of the
steering wheel in comparison to the amount of steering angle change that occurs
at the front wheels.
For example, if the steering wheel is turned through 360 degrees of rotation and
the front wheels turn through an arc of 20 degrees, the steering ratio is therefore 18:1.
In other words, it takes 18 degrees of steering wheel rotation to achieve 1 degree of
steering movement at the front wheels.
A “high” steering ratio (which is less direct) such as 18:1 dictates that a large amount
of steering input is required to steer the vehicle through turns. A ratio of 18:1 is good for
high road speeds. This is due to the fact that there would be no excessive movement
of the front wheels when making lane changes. Therefore, a numerically “high-ratio”
is optimal for higher road speeds.
In contrast, when driving a lower speeds such as parking, a “low-ratio” steering , such as
10:1, would be better. Less input at the steering wheel would aid parking and be more
comfortable for the driver. Also, low speed maneuvers such as low speed corners or
avoiding road debris would be greatly improved. A “low-ratio” is also referred to as a
“more direct” steering ratio.
6
Vehicles designed for racing, such as Formula 1 cars, use a “low-ratio” steering setup.
These types of vehicles would not benefit from a higher steering ratio. Tight, high-speed
turns require a “quick” response from the steering system.
In order to achieve the “best of both worlds”, some BMW vehicles have been equipped
with a “variable-ratio” rack and pinion steering system. This is a purely mechanical
system which uses a rack and pinion unit that has teeth of different “pitch” throughout
the length of the rack gear.
The teeth on the outer ends of the rack gear are more tightly spaced and the teeth in the
center of the rack gear are more loosely spaced. This gives the effect of a “high-ratio”
(less direct) when driving on the highway. At low speeds when more turning angle is
required, the teeth on the outer end of the rack allow for a “lower-ratio” (more direct)
steering which is more responsive during the required maneuvers.
7
Steering System Types
As far as steering systems are concerned, they are two basic types of steering
mechanisms used on BMW Group vehicles. These include the following:
• Recirculating-ball steering - This is also known as “ball and nut” or the more
common term being “steering box”. This arrangement has been in use on early
models usually the 5 and 7 series. The last vehicles in production to use this type
of steering arrangement was the E38 and E39. The 8-cylinder E39 (540i) utilized
the steering box, while the 6-cylinder E39 (528i/530i etc.) use a “rack and pinion”
steering design.
• Rack and Pinion steering - The more common steering gear design is the rack and
pinion which is more versatile and lighter in weight. This is used on all current
BMW models.
Recirculating-Ball Steering
A low friction endless row of balls transmits forces between the steering worm and steer-
ing nut. The steering nut exerts a force on the steering shaft via gear teeth. A variable
ratio is also possible with this steering gear.
An extensive and wide-ranging development history lies behind the modern steering
systems used nowadays incorporating power steering assistance.
8
Rack-and-Pinion Steering
Rack-and-pinion steering essentially consists of a pinion and toothed rack. The steering
ratio is determined by the ratio between the number of pinion revolutions (steering wheel
turn) and the rack travel. The steering ratio varies with the rack travel and corresponding
gearing of the rack. Steering corrections and operating forces are dealt with by this system.
NOTES
9
Electric Power Steering (EPS)
The main difference between hydraulic and electric power steering systems is in the
method of generating the power assistance force that reduces the amount of force that
the driver has to apply to the steering wheel.
With a conventional power assisted (hydraulic) steering system, a pump is driven either
by a belt running off the engine or by an electric motor. The pump is part of a hydraulic
system which generates the fluid pressure/flow that is used to produce the power assis-
tance for steering. A control valve in the power steering rack varies the pressure to
decrease the effort requirered to turn the steering gear.
On some BMW vehicles, this control pressure is reduced by increasing vehicle speed
via an electronically controlled bleed off valve (Servotronic). However; hydraulic power
assisted steering systems utilize a reservoir, hydraulic fluid, pump, hoses/lines, cooler,
hydraulic valve/steering rack, Servotronic valve, purpose built steering shaft and column.
Electric power steering systems produce the power assistance force directly by means
of an electric motor that transmits its torque either to the steering column or the steering
gear. Therefore, such systems generally require extra gearing to connect the electric
motor to the existing steering system components.
Otherwise, the basic design of the steering system is the same (e.g. rack-and-pinion
steering gear for both hydraulic and electric power steering systems).
The steering characteristics, e.g. amount of steering force required, progression of steer-
ing force, feedback from the road, are subject to strict development specifications that
have resulted in continual optimization of the hydraulic power steering systems so far
used. The new electric power steering systems have to match up to the outstanding
steering characteristics of BMW vehicles that BMW owners have come to experience.
10
Versions of Electric Power Steering
The table below categorizes EPS systems on the basis of the mounting position of the
servo unit consisting of electric motor and reduction gearing. With the advent of EPS,
the method of generating the power assistance for steering changes from hydraulic to
electrical means.
Index EPS with APA C-EPS
Vehicles Z4 (E89) Z4 (E85, E86)
Manufacturer ZF ZF
Type of Motor Brushless Motor Brushless Asynchronous Motor
Location of Motor and Upper Part of Steering Column

Parallel to Steering Rack
Reduction Mechanism Inside Passenger Compartment
Design of
Belt and Ball Screw Drive Worm Shaft and Gear
Reduction Mechanism
EPS with APA refers to the electric power steering with axial parallel arrangement or the
location of the motor on the rack and pinion versus the column mounted motor (C-EPS)
system used on E85/E86
E89 EPS with APA System E85 C-EPS System
11
Column Mounted EPS
Electric Power Steering (EPS) was used for the first time by BMW in the E85 Z4. It pro-
vides the typical BMW power assisted steering characteristics and “feel”. The EPS is a
very direct, sporty steering element with a change-over between normal and “Sport”
mode by the Dynamic Driving Control (Sport) button.
The EPS system in the E85/E86 differs from the conventional hydraulic power assisted
steering system by utilizing a column mounted servo unit (motor) and electrical/electronic
components to provide power assisted steering while retaining a complete mechanical
connection. The EPS is a "dry system", the hydraulic components and oil are not required.
The programmed EPS control functions are influenced by vehicle speed and provide
additional benefits regarding steering tuning, absorption adjustments and active steering
return characteristics.
The advantages of EPS are:
• Reduces CO2 emissions

• Less power consumption
• Less maintenance and assembly
• Improved driving dynamics
• Increased comfort
• Increased driving safety
• Weight reduction
• Environmentally friendly (Less oil leaks)
Index Explanation Index Explanation
1 EPS Control Module 4 Steering Rack
2 EPS Electric Motor 5 Steering Gears
3 Lower Steering Column 6 Steering Angle Sensor
12
Improved Driving Dynamics:
• The EPS Electric Motor provides good power assisted steering control
characteristics.
• Active return to center.
• Switchable steering characteristic (Dynamic Driving Control).
• Use of light weight sport steering wheels (1kg less than other steering wheels).
Increased Driving Comfort:

• Decouples unnecessary steering oscillations (from road disturbances) while
maintaining relevant road feel information (different road conditions) to the driver.
• Speed dependent steering assist force (parking vs. high speed driving).
Increased Driving Safety:

• EPS provides a direct mechanical connection to the steering gear,
conveying direct road.
• Feel.
• Speed dependent steering actively absorbs left/right roll.
Increased Environmental Compatibility:

• Reduced fuel and engine power consumption
• Leak free "dry system"
System Components
The EPS system is divided into 3 component groups:
• Upper steering column assembly

• Steering gear with rack
• Lower steering spindle
13
E85 / E86 Column Mounted EPS

1 Magnet Wheel 6 Steering angle sensor
Shipping/service steering locking pin. Must
2 Steering torque sensor 7 remove after installing column.
3 ESP control module 8 EPS housing
4 Electric motor 9 Driven gear
5 Worm gear shaft 10 Torsion bar
The electric motor and the worm gear in the servo unit produce a new acoustic pattern
in the passenger compartment.
The system acoustics can be heard in particular situations:
• When the steering wheel is spun quickly
• When the steering wheel is turned while the car is stationary
• When the steering wheel is turned in a quiet atmosphere (e.g. radio not turned on)
This acoustic pattern is not a system fault. The conventional sounds generated by
hydraulic steering systems (pump modulation, limiting valve) are eliminated.
The EPS Control Module cannot be replaced separately, the entire

assembly with the exception of the Steering Angle Sensor must be
replaced as a unit (VIN specific part #).
14
EPS with APA
The use of electric power steering with axial parallel arrangement provides many advan-
tages for the BMW customer, the environment and the BMW Group.
Interacting with the well-proven suspension concepts, a unique combination of driving
comfort and dynamics is achieved. The steering properties (e.g. the level of steering
torque assistance and damping) can be finely tuned by correspondingly programming the
electrical system while ensuring optimum adaptation to the different vehicle philosophies.
Thus, despite the use of identical mechanical components, the system will be capable
of perfect adaptation to future BMW models.
Where more precise steering and better handling characteristics are desired for a more
sports-style model, it can be achieved by reducing the amount of power assistance.
Although the driver then has to apply slightly more force to the steering wheel, the feed-
back from the roadwheels gives the more "direct" feel desired.
By contrast, a greater degree of power assistance can be programmed for models whose
steering characteristics are to be more comfort-orientated.
With the disappearance of the hydraulic system (consisting of pump, hoses, cooler, fluid,
etc.), assembly of the steering on the production line is more efficient for the manufactur-
er. The EPS steering system is supplied as a pre-assembled unit and fitted to the vehicle
as such. In addition, the EPS also eliminates the environmental hazard of hydraulic
fluid leakage.
Distinction from Active Steering

The electric motor of an EPS system is capable of superimposing additional force in
addition to the force applied by the driver. The EPS is able to determine the level and
timing of that force independently of such factors as the engine speed.
The rigid link between the steering wheel and the front wheels remains unchanged with
electric power steering. The gear ratio of the rack is fixed, so the position of the steering
wheel is always directly related to the position of the front wheels.
The electric motor in an active steering system, by contrast, is capable of superimposing
a steering angle (which changes the ratio between steering wheel and front wheels) but
not a steering force.
The steering train of an active steering system is split by a double planetary gear.
This enables the active steering to alter the steering angle of the roadwheels without
it being felt by the driver through the steering wheel.
15
In order for the wheels to adopt the total steering angle produced by the steering wheel
position plus the superimposed adjustment, a bracing force is required: the driver has to
hold the steering wheel firmly. A pump unit is also required. This can only be of the
hydraulic type on active steering systems. Only hydraulic pump units are currently
capable of providing the combination of high positioning force and positioning speed.
Because the electric motor is activated only when required (when steering but not when
driving straight ahead) fuel consumption is reduced and the effective power output of the
combustion engine increased when compared to a conventional hydraulic power steering
system.
The example figures below illustrate the difference in power consumption between the
two steering systems.
Power Consumption Electric Power Steering Hydraulic Power Steering
Minimum Demand 10 Watts 300 - 400
Maximum Demand 1,000 Watts 2,000
16
Features of Electric Power Steering
Improved Handling Dynamics

• Steering characteristics perfectly adapted to vehicle model
• Active return to center
• Linear dynamics benefits of up to 2 kW
Greater Driving Comfort

• Steering train isolated from suspension vibration while still transmitting the
important road feedback (different road surface conditions) to the driver.
• Improved isolation of interference from the road surface (less steering judder).
• Electronically controlled, speed-dependent power-assistance
(e.g. greater when parking).
Greater Driving Safety

• Servotronic function: EPS assists the driver to hold the correct line, particularly at
high speeds, by providing a lower level of power assistance than at low speeds.
• Steering wheel backlash is reduced by active speed-dependent damping.
This function also reduces the vehicle's tendency to slew in response
to abrupt steering wheel movements made by the driver.
Better Environmental Credentials

• Fuel saving of approx. 0.2 l per 100 km
• No possibility of leakage from the hydraulic system
Simplifications for the Vehicle Manufacturer

• Reduced assembly and inspection complexity at the production
plant as the system is supplied as a complete unit.
• Reduced range of variants compared to hydraulic systems
(pumps, hoses, steering wheels).
• Easier tuning of power steering assistance by programming.
• High future potential: integration between vehicle systems
(dynamic driving systems, driver assistance systems).
17
System Overview
The electric power steering is an absolutely identical fit with the previously used hydraulic
power steering as far as the connections between it and the vehicle are concerned.
For comparison, a hydraulic power steering system and the new EPS with parallel
mounted motor are illustrated below.
Index Explanation
1 Hydraulic-fluid reservoir
2 Steering column
3 Torsion bar and valve actuator
4 Track rod
5 Hydraulic power steering pump
6 Steering rack
Hydraulic Power Steering (typical installation configuration)
Index Explanation
1 Steering rack
2 Steering torque sensor
3 Steering column
4 Track rod
5 EPS control unit
6 Electric motor with position sensor
7 Reduction gear
Electric Power Steering with Parallel-mounted Motor
18
The EPS system essentially consists of the following components:
• Steering torque sensor
• EPS control unit
• Electric motor with position sensor
• Reduction gear
• Steering rack
EPS Rack-and-Pinion Steering Box with Parallel-mounted Electric Motor
1 Ball-screw drive (part of reduction gearing) 7 Thrust piece
2 Rack 8 Signal and power lead for steering torque sensor
3 Pinion 9 EPS control unit
4 Steering torque sensor 10 Electric motor
5 Gaiter 11 Toothed-belt drive (part of reduction gearing)
6 Track rod 12 Reduction-gear housing
These components form a pre-assembled unit (often referred to as "EPS

steering rack assembly") that can only be replaced as a complete unit.
To do so, the unit has to be disconnected from the tie rods and the lower
end of the steering column.
19
EPS System Circuit Diagram
System Circuit Diagram for EPS on E8x
Index Explanation
1 DSC control module
2 Steering torque sensor with redundant back-up
3 Electric motor
4 Motor position sensor
5 EPS control unit
6 DME control unit
7 Junction box
8 Fuse in boot (power supply for EPS)
9 Steering column switch cluster with steering-angle sensor
10 Instrument cluster
11 CAS control unit
20
System Components
The main components of the EPS system are the:
• Steering torque sensor
• EPS control unit
• Electric motor with position sensor
• Reduction gear
• Steering rack
Steering Torque Sensor

The steering torque sensor provides the EPS control unit with information about the
steering torque applied by the driver in the form of an input signal. The EPS control
unit uses that signal and other input signals to calculate the power assistance torque
and operates the electric motor accordingly. The torque produced by the electric motor
is added by way of the reduction gear to the steering torque applied by the driver.
The total torque is converted by the steering rack into steering force at the front wheels.
Index Explanation
1 Sensor unit with analyzer circuitry
2 Torsion bar (top end) 5 Ring magnet
3 Input shaft
4 Coil spring
5 Ring magnet
Rotation of the input shaft (3) and ring magnet (5) is detected and electronically analysed
by the sensor unit (1). The fundamental sensing principle applied is called the Hall effect.
As the rigidity of the torsion bar (2) inside the input shaft is known, the electronic circuitry
can calculate the amount of torque applied from the degree of twist.
The steering torque is then digitally transmitted to the EPS control unit via a direct
cable connection.
21
The sensor signal is provided with redundant back-up (a second identical sensor) so that
system availability in the event of sensor failure is improved. If an unacceptable degree of
divergence between the two sensors is detected during operation, the system continues
to operate on the basis of the more plausible of the two signals and full EPS functionality
is maintained.
If the fault status remains present at the end of the driving cycle, a fault memory entry
is generated and the EPS does not operate when the next driving cycle starts.
EPS Control Unit

As well as the control circuitry, the EPS control unit also contains the power electronics
for operating the electric motor.
The power electronics includes a multiple output relay that turns off the power supply to
the motor windings in the event of a fault. Breaking the circuit allows the motor shaft to
rotate freely. Fault conditions in which the motor would electrically lock up are avoided.
There is a temperature sensor integrated in the control unit that is required for detecting
overload situations.
EPS Control Unit and Electric Motor Housing
Index Explanation
1 Electric motor housing
2 Steering torque sensor lead connection
3 Bus connection
4 Cable to steering torque sensor
5 Power supply connection
6 Diaphragm made of Goretex
7 EPS control unit housing
22
The housing of the EPS control unit (and the electric motor) is located in a position
exposed to large temperature fluctuations and high external moisture levels. Therefore,
there is a diaphragm made of Goretex on the housing that equalizes the pressure differ-
ence between the inside and outside of the housing but still prevents moisture intrusion
at that point
On the EPS control unit and electric motor housing there are also the following
EPS electrical connections:
• Power supply for the EPS
• Bus connection (PT-CAN inc. wake-up line)
• Power supply and signal line for steering torque sensor
Electric Motor with Position Sensor

The essential function of the electric motor is to generate the required torque calculated
by the EPS control unit.
The type of electric motor used is a brushless DC motor (made by Siemens).
Although it is powered by direct current, its method of operation is based on that of an
AC synchronous motor. The power electronics in the EPS control unit convert the power
supply voltage (DC voltage) into phase voltages so as to produce a rotating field at the
phase windings.
Only this type of motor combines the following characteristics that are decisive
for use in an EPS system:
• High efficiency • Low wear
• Long service life • High thermal load capacity
• Small external dimensions • Constantly high torque over a wide speed range
The electric motor is almost exclusively operated in the speed range throughout which
its torque is constant. Only in rare cases involving extremely high rates of steering angle
change applied by the driver does the speed briefly reach the point at which the torque
curve falls away with increasing motor speed. Very aware drivers may perceive this as
reduction of power steering assistance. In contrast with hydraulic power steering, where
the drop is noticeable as an abrupt stiffening, the change is progressive with EPS, which
is generally perceived as more pleasant.
The maximum power consumption (transient) is 85 A so that at a rated voltage of 12 V
a peak output of approximately 1 kW results. The fuse in the trunk that protects the
power circuit against shorting has an appropriately high rating for that high current draw.
23
Available Torque Versus Rate of Change of Steering Angle (EPS vs. Hydraulic Power Steering)
Index Explanation
1 Speed of electric motor, equates to rate of change of steering angle
2 Torque
3 EPS electric motor - relationship of torque to motor speed
4 Hydraulic power steering pump - relationship of torque to steering angle rate of change
In contrast with the peak output, the average output required for delivery of EPS functions
is very low. It is only between approx. 20 W and 40 W (depending on driving profile)
because the electric motor is only supplied with power on demand, e.g. when cornering
but not when travelling in a straight line (without having to use the steering).
Demand-based operation of the electric motor is the main reason why the fuel consump-
tion of vehicles with EPS is around 0.2 l / 100 km less than that of vehicles with hydraulic
power steering. And on the other hand, the power that would otherwise be required to
constantly drive the power steering pump is now almost entirely available as additional
motive power for the vehicle. Depending on the situation, there can be a linear dynamics
gain of up to 2 kW.
A second important component is actually on the circuit board of the EPS control unit but
is located directly adjacent to the electric motor shaft: the motor position sensor. In that
way the motor position sensor can directly signal the electric motor's rotor position to the
EPS control unit. As the electric motor is rigidly connected to the steering rack by means
of the reduction gearing, the EPS control unit can deduce the position of the roadwheels
and the steering angle from the rotor position.
After first calibrating the straight-ahead position with the aid of the signal from the steer-
ing angle sensor, the motor position sensor signal is subsequently used for the EPS func-
tions (e.g. "active steering wheel return"). The reason for this is the higher resolution of
the motor position sensor signal.
24
The sensing principle applied by the motor position sensor is identical with that used by
the steering torque sensor. Both consist of Hall-effect sensor units adjacent to which
there is a rotating magnet. The steering torque sensor is designed to detect small
degrees of twist, while the motor position sensor must detect large amounts of rotation
(a complete revolution must be measurable). The motor position sensor is also duplicat-
ed, though in this case the duplicate unit has a different resolution in order to be able to
pick up both fast and slow movements effectively.
Reduction Gear
The reduction gearing transmits the torque generated by the electric motor to the
steering rack, thereby applying steering force to the front wheels.
The overall transmission ratio is approximately 20 revolutions of the electric motor to one
revolution of the steering wheel. That low gearing ratio combined with the high torque of
the electric motor makes it possible to generate the required steering rack forces.
The low ratio combined with the rotating mass of the electric motor also has a damping
effect on feedback from the road and roadwheels (as described in the section "Active
damping").
The reduction gearing consists of the belt drive and reciprocating ball (screw) drive.
Reduction Gearing for
EPS with APA
1 Ball bearing outfeed mechanism 6 Toothed drive belt
2 Ball bearing return channel 7 Reduction-gear housing
3 Ball bearing infeed mechanism 8 Small gear wheel
4 Nut of ball screw drive 9 Large gear wheel
5 Ball screw thread on steering rack
25
The electric motor shaft drives the small gear wheel (8) of the belt drive directly. Via the
toothed drive belt (6) and the large gear wheel (9), the nut (4) of the ball screw drive is
made to rotate.
That nut contains a return channel (2) and mechanisms at either end of the bearing race
for feeding the ball bearings into (3) and out of (1) the ball screw thread of the steering
rack (5). Thus, the ball bearings circulate within a "closed system".
As the nut cannot move along the steering rack, the ball bearings moving along the ball
screw thread exert an axial force on the steering rack.
The reduction gearing is inseparably attached to the electric motor. Repairs or adjust-
ments to it as a separate component are not possible.
The reduction gearing and its components (including the drive belt) are designed to last
for the life of the vehicle.
If the gaiter at the end of the steering rack is damaged, water can get into the reduction
gear housing and therefore into the steering gear as well. That water will cause corrosion
and, over time, loud noises when steering.
Nevertheless, power steering assistance from the EPS continues to be provided even
in such cases.
In order that large amounts of water do not remain in the steering gear (e.g. after driving
through deep water), a water drain valve has been fitted at the lowest point of the reduc-
tion gear.
If a defective bellows (boot) is discovered, it should be replaced so as to

prevent water entering the steering gear. At the same time as replacing
the gaiter, the water drain valve at the lowest point of the reduction gear
should also be replaced and is included in the repair kit.
26
Steering Rack
The steering rack of the EPS system has the same function as that of a hydraulic power
steering system.
It converts the steering force applied by the driver combined with the power steering
assistance provided by the EPS into a force applied to the track rods. Ultimately, that
results in steering movements by the front wheels.
The design and dimensions of the steering rack are such that the design of the other
vehicle components only required marginal adjustments in order to enable the use of
electric power steering.
In particular, the points of attachment to the wheels by way of the track rods and with the
steering column are absolutely identical with those used up to now with the hydraulic
power steering. The track rod also has the same gearing ratio.
Accordingly, the gearing ratio of the steering system as a whole is identical regardless
of the power assistance method used.
As with hydraulic power steering systems, there is a thrust piece at the point where the
pinion engages in the rack. It guides the rack and also serves as a means of adjusting
the entire unit at the factory.
The thrust piece in this EPS system acts purely as a spring mechanism without
a hydraulic bearing.
Adjustment of the steering rack and pinion using the thrust piece is a
once-only operation carried out during production. That adjustment
cannot and must not be performed at a dealership!
27
Principles of Operation
Overview of EPS Functions
Index Explanation
1 Input
2 EPS control unit
3 Output
Input signals for EPS control and modulation functions
- Steering force applied by driver
S1 - Road speed and other variables that describe the driving situation
- Steering angle, steering angle rate of change
Input signals for EPS status control
S2 - Terminal 15 on/off
- Engine running/not running
F1 "Speed-dependent power steering assistance" function
F2 "Active steering wheel return" function
F3 "Active damping" function
F4 "Active roadwheel feedback" function
F5 "Status control" function
F6 "Coordination of specified settings" function
S3 Output signal of EPS control and modulation functions: control of electric motor
Output signal of EPS status control:
S4 - Demand for higher cooling capacity
- Control of warning and indicator lamps
28
EPS Input Variables
Steering Column Switch Cluster (SZL)
Transmitter Steering column switch cluster with steering-angle sensor
Signal Steering angle set by driver
Transmitted via PT-CAN
Receiver EPS control unit
Function Active steering wheel return
Dynamic Stability Control (DSC)
Transmitter Dynamic stability control with DSC sensor
Signal Road speed and other variables that describe the driving situation
Function Steering power assistance, active roadwheel feedback
Digital Motor Electronics (DME)
Transmitter Digital motor electronics
Signal Engine running
Function Status control
Car Access System (CAS)
Transmitter Car Access System
Signal Terminal 15 status
Function Status control
29
EPS Output Variables
Digital Motor Electronics (DME)
Transmitter EPS control unit
Signal Demand for greater cooling capacity
Receiver Digital motor electronics
Function Control of electric fan
Instrument Cluster (Kombi)
Transmitter EPS control unit
Signal Request for failure message
Receiver Instrument cluster
Function Control of warning and indicator lamps
NOTES
30
DME Functions Used by EPS
Intelligent Alternator Control
With the advent of "intelligent alternator control" (IGR) on the DME as an additional
means of CO2 reduction, the alternator voltage is adjusted according to the driving
situation and battery charge level. Therefore, there will be periods in which the electrical
system voltage is at the level that has been normal up to now (approximately 13.8 V).
However, there will also be situations in which the voltage drops to around or just
below 12 V.
The EPS components, and in particular the electric motor, are rated for a power supply of
12 V. At that level, the requirements in terms of maximum steering power assistance and
speed are satisfied.
If the maximum EPS output were demanded at an alternator voltage of 12 V, the high
current draw by the electric motor would produce a voltage drop on the EPS power
supply line. The consequence would be an EPS input voltage of substantially below
12 V and, therefore, a reduced level of steering power assistance.
In order to prevent such an undesirable situation occurring, there is an additional IGR
function for the EPS that is implemented without additional exchange of signals with
the EPS and comprises the following features:
• Observation of whether an operating status exists in which high EPS output
is required.
- The bus signals indicating steering angle rate of change and road speed are
monitored for that purpose. A high level of EPS output is identified when the
steering angle rate of change is high at the same time as the road speed is low.
• Action: Increase of alternator output and temporary increase of electrical system

voltage when high EPS output is detected.
This function ensures that the power supply at the EPS input terminals always provides
at least the rated voltage of 12 V regardless, to a great extent, of other variables.
Detecting statuses involving high EPS output and raising the electrical
system voltage constitute a control cycle that is completed within 2
seconds at most. As it is also an infrequent situation, it is unlikely that
it will be the subject of customer complaints. If a particularly observant
customer complains of momentarily reduced power steering assistance,
this control cycle may possibly be the cause. If there are repeated
complaints, performing a diagnosis on the power supply is advisable.
31
Speed-Dependent Power Steering Assistance
The Servotronic function that is only achievable by means of additional system complexi-
ty on hydraulic steering systems is implemented in the form of software on the electric
power steering system and is therefore available with EPS.
The customer expects the lightest and smoothest steering movement possible when
maneuvering or parking into spaces. Less sensitive steering setup is required when
driving at high speed so that the vehicle can be kept on course more effectively.
Based on the sensor signals indicating the vehicle's road speed and the steering torque
applied by the driver, the EPS provides a high level of power steering assistance at low
speeds and when stationary (maximum convenience).
At high speeds on the other hand, the EPS demands greater steering force from the
driver by reducing the level of power steering assistance. This helps the driver to hold
a constant line.
As can be seen from the graph, the level of power assistance is computed on the basis
not only of vehicle speed but also of the steering torque applied by the driver. If the driver
applies a small amount of turning force to the steering wheel, the assistance from the
EPS also initially remains at a relatively low level. This produces excellent self-centering
characteristics, i.e. the steering does not react over-sensitively from the straight-ahead
position.
If the driver applies greater force to the steering wheel, there is a smooth transition to
a steeper curve gradient. As a result, the driver obtains the expected high degree of
assistance when making abrupt steering movements or tight maneuvers.
The characteristics described here have been adopted by the EPS from the familiar
hydraulic steering systems.
The transition between the curves is not abrupt but progressive. The EPS calculates
appropriate transitional levels where necessary.
The steering characteristics of the EPS is influenced by the driver as in other vehicles
by pressing the driving dynamics button.
EPS Speed-dependent Power Steering Assistance
Index Explanation
1 Steering torque applied by driver
2 Power assistance torque provided by EPS
3 Vehicle road speed equal to zero
4 Vehicle road speed increases
5 Vehicle road speed at maximum
32
Active Steering Wheel Return
In addition to the natural self-centering characteristics inherent in the steering and
suspension systems, this function assists steering wheel return by appropriate
operation of the electric motor.
The following signals are required for this purpose:
• Road speed
• Steering torque applied by driver
• Steering angle and
• Steering angle rate of change
However, the steering angle signal is only required for calibration with the electric-motor
position sensor in order to determine the target position for steering wheel return (steer-
ing angle equal to zero). Thereafter, the active steering wheel return function uses the
electric-motor position sensor signal as it has a higher resolution than the steering angle
sensor signal and thus enables more precise control.
If the steering-angle sensor signal is not available, e.g. due to a fault on the SZL, the
active steering wheel return function cannot operate. The other EPS functions remain
active. Customers may possibly describe the resulting vehicle behavior as "pulling to
one side" because the steering wheel does not return to the straight-ahead position
as precisely as usual.
The necessity for activation of the active steering wheel return function arises when, for
example, the driver allows the steering wheel to slip when exiting a corner. The signal
values reflecting that situation which the EPS uses to detect the situation are:
• Steering angle clearly not equal to zero and
• Steering torque applied by driver approximately equal to zero
The electric motor is then operated by the EPS so as to generate a return force that
produces smooth return of the steering wheel to a position close to the straight-ahead
position.
If a customer complains of the car "pulling to one side" the possible

causes to be considered include not only a mechanical problem with the
suspension/steering but also a signal or communication fault between
the EPS and the steering column switch cluster/steering-angle sensor.
In such a situation, the EPS is unable to provide the active steering
wheel return function and this may be perceived by the customer as the
vehicle "pulling to one side".
Therefore, before checking the wheel alignment, the EPS fault memory
should be checked and, if necessary, the stored testing sequence fol-
lowed in order to make certain the signal from the steering-angle sensor
is present.
33
The clearly perceptible improvement compared with the self-centering characteristics
of hydraulic power steering systems is evident from the graph below.
The electric power steering returns to the center position more dynamically and
precisely. This applies to all electric power steering systems used by BMW because
they all incorporate the active steering wheel return function.
The self-centering characteristics of an EPS system without active steering wheel return
shown on the graph are for comparison purposes only. They reveal themselves to be
inferior to those of a hydraulic power steering system. This is due to the greater inertia
of the electric motor and reduction gearing.
However, all EPS systems used by BMW incorporate active steering wheel return
and therefore offer the benefits described above.
Self-centering Characteristics of Various Steering Systems
Index Explanation
1 Time
2 Steering wheel angle
3 Driver holds steering at a constant lock (cornering)
4 Driver lets steering wheel slip (exiting corner)
Self-centering characteristics of a
5 hydraulic power steering system
Theoretical self-centering characteristics of
6 EPS without active steering wheel return
Self-centering characteristics of EPS
7 with active steering wheel return
34
Active Damping
The undesirable steering wheel movements to be damped can be produced either
by inadvertent steering input by the driver or feedback from the road/roadwheels.
Damping Roadwheel Feedback

The design of the front suspension (double link Macpherson strut suspension) on its own
ensures that vertical wheel movements produce very little lateral force on the track rods.
Due to the low ratio of the reduction gear by which the electric motor is connected to the
steering rack, the inertia of the electric motor also has a damping effect on the forces and
movements transmitted from the roadwheels to the steering wheel. Those mechanical
damping effects are supplemented by an electronic damping function on the part of the
EPS. It analyses the movements of the steering rack (using the signals from the electric-
motor position sensor) and operates the electric motor accordingly in response.
This means that feedback from external forces is transmitted in controlled amounts to the
steering wheel so that, on the one hand, the driver obtains sufficient information about
the nature of the road surface, but on the other, undesirably extreme steering wheel back-
lash is prevented.
Damping Steering Input from Driver

Particularly at high speeds, unintentional jerky movements of the steering wheel by the
driver have a negative effect on vehicle handling stability. So-called "snatching" of the
steering wheel can, under certain circumstances, cause the vehicle to start rocking, which
can lead to snaking and the driver ultimately losing control of the vehicle if corrective
action is not taken quickly enough.
The EPS detects such steering input and operates the electric motor so as to
substantially damp the movements, particularly at high speeds. As a result,
vehicle rocking is prevented.
35
Damping of Steering Input by EPS
Index Explanation
1 Time
2 Steering wheel angle
3 Steering angle progression (steering input by driver, "snatching" the steering wheel)
4 Yaw rate
Theoretical vehicle response without active damping: the turning action following
5 the steering input is progressively amplified at high vehicle speed.
Desirable vehicle response with active damping: the turning action

6 is heavily damped even at high vehicle speeds.
36
Active Roadwheel Feedback
Partly due to the damping effect of the inertia of the electric motor, an EPS system
can inherently not provide as direct feedback about the nature of the road surface as
a hydraulic power steering system.
In order to obtain virtually identical roadwheel feedback characteristics on vehicles with
EPS, the EPS analyses information that describes the vehicle's dynamic handling situa-
tion. From that information, the EPS computes additional "EPS road surface data". As a
result, the driver obtains better roadwheel feedback characteristics which are very similar
to those of a hydraulic power steering system.
Control
The EPS status control function makes the overriding decision as to whether operation of
the electric motor is permissible or not. It produces a clearance signal that is sent to the
EPS function that is co-ordinating the subordinate specified settings of the control and
modulation functions.
The conditions for allowing operation are the following:
• Ignition must be switched on
• Engine must be running
• There must be no EPS input signal faults or EPS internal faults present
The response to detected faults described below represents an exception.
37
Status Shutdown in the Event of Faults
A primary aim in the development of the EPS was to ensure that vehicle response in
the event of faults would remain manageable by the driver. Therefore, under no circum-
stances must a sudden high steering force in either direction be allowed to occur.
For that reason, the EPS has numerous monitoring functions for detecting faults on
the sensors, actuators and associated systems that are involved in EPS operation.
All fault statuses in which reliable and correct control of the electric motor is not possible
result in the disabling of motor operation and, therefore, shutdown of the EPS functions.
The consequence of that is that the driver no longer benefits from the convenience of
power-assisted steering. More importantly, however, incorrect control of the electric
motor is prevented.
The loss of power steering assistance in the event of faults constitutes

an intended system response on the part of the EPS.
Although such a response may be slightly unnerving for the driver,

the vehicle remains fully steerable with greater physical effort.
Loss of power steering assistance in the event of faults occurs both with electric and
hydraulic power steering. The two systems thus also behave in a similar manner in
response to faults.
In such a fault situation, a yellow warning lamp lights up on the instrument
cluster. The driver is also notified of the fact that power steering assistance
from the EPS is no longer available by display of the appropriate Check
Control symbol together with the explanatory message on the Central
Information Display.
38
Coordination of Specified Settings
The specified settings for the control and modulation functions for operating the electric
motor are co-ordinated at a central point by the EPS software. If a clearance signal from
the status control function is present, the individual specified settings are normally added
together and signalled as a total value.
In certain transitional situations the specified settings are filtered before they are signalled.
The following are examples of such cases:
• The EPS goes into operation after the engine is started. The power assistance
torque is increased progressively until the desired level is reached.
• The EPS reduces the power steering assistance for function-related reasons
(see also the section "Supplementary functions").
In the event of a fault the control signal for the electric motor is abruptly cancelled instead
of being filtered in order to prevent incorrect operation as quickly as possible.
Supplementary Functions
The functions described below are encountered only rarely in special operating
situations. The information given here can help to distinguish those special operating
statuses, which do not require repairs, from genuine faults when handling complaints
from customers.
Protection Against Overload

The EPS reduces the degree of power steering assistance if the temperature of EPS
components becomes too high. By limiting motor operation, the amount of heat generat-
ed by the EPS itself is also limited, thereby protecting the components against excessive
thermal stress.
This action starts to come into effect from a temperature of approximately 100°C and
escalates to the point where power steering assistance is reduced to zero at a tempera-
ture of 115°C.
Upwards of a certain degree of function restriction, the warning light on the instrument
cluster is switched on (see the section "Shutdown in the event of faults") and a fault
registered in the fault memory.
In addition to reducing power steering assistance, the EPS also requests higher electric
fan output from the DME in order to produce a greater cooling effect.
This type of overload can occur at high ambient temperatures combined with simultane-
ous high degrees of steering activity, especially when stationary.
Another overload situation can occur if an attempt is made to turn the front wheels
against a solid obstacle (e.g. a kerbstone). If this situation occurs repeatedly at short inter-
vals, the degree of power steering assistance is similarly reduced. This firstly protects the
EPS components against excessive mechanical stresses, and secondly signals to the
driver that there is a solid object preventing the wheels turning.
39
The EPS detects such situations by comparing the control signals to the electric motor
with the motion of the motor.
The EPS reduces the power steering assistance in overload situations.

If customer complaints are received, the customer should be questioned
as to the situation in which the symptoms occurred before commencing
any repair work.
If necessary enlighten the customer as to the way in which these

protective functions operate.
End Stop as Software Function

Although the EPS steering gear also incorporates mechanical end stops, there is afunc-
tion that steeply reduces the level of power assistance shortly before the mechanical end
stops are reached. Although the driver will perceive this as increased steering resistance,
it makes turning the wheels to full lock much smoother overall.
In addition, this function reduces the stresses on mechanical and electrical components
of the steering system and thus contributes to the achievement of long service life com-
bined with reliable operation.
NOTES
40
Service Information
Replacing an EPS System
The EPS components consisting of steering torque sensor, EPS control module unit,
electric motor with position sensor, reduction gear and steering rack form a single unit
(often referred to as "EPS steering rack assembly") that can only be replaced as a com-
plete unit. To do so, the unit has to be disconnected from the track rods and the lower
end of the steering column.
After a new EPS steering rack is fitted, a front wheel and tracking alignment check is
required. The commissioning sequence involves coding the EPS to match the vehicle
model and the diagnosis function for learning the end-stop positions.
Intelligent Alternator Control and EPS

Detecting statuses involving high EPS output and raising the electrical system voltage
constitute a control cycle that is completed within 2 seconds at most. As it is also an
infrequent situation, it is unlikely that it will be the subject of customer complaints.
If a particularly observant customer complains of momentarily reduced power steering
assistance, this control cycle may possibly be the cause. If there are repeated com-
plaints, performing a diagnosis on the power supply is advisable.
Active Steering Wheel Reset

If a customer complains of the car "pulling to one side" the possible causes to be
considered include not only a mechanical problem with the suspension/steering but
also a signal or communication fault between the EPS and the steering column switch
cluster/steering-angle sensor. In such a situation, the EPS is unable to provide the
active steering wheel return function and this may be perceived by the customer as the
vehicle "pulling to one side".
Therefore, before checking the wheel alignment, the EPS fault memory should be
checked and, if necessary, the stored testing sequence followed in order to make
certain the signal from the steering-angle sensor is present.
Protection Against Overload

The EPS reduces the power steering assistance in overload situations. If customer
complaints are received, the customer should be questioned as to the situation in
which the symptoms occurred before commencing any repair work.
If necessary enlighten the customer as to the way in which these protective
functions operate.
41
Step-down Gear
If a defective gaiter is discovered, it should be replaced so as to prevent water entering
the steering gear. At the same time as replacing the gaiter, the water drain valve at the
lowest point of the reduction gear should also be replaced and is included in the repair
kit.
Corrosion on the moving parts of the steering gear does not normally result in heavy
steering. Instead, corrosion is frequently a cause of noises from the steering mechanism.
If customers complain of loud steering noises and if they are definitely attributable to the
EPS steering rack, the complete EPS steering rack assembly must be replaced.
Shutdown in the Event of Faults

The loss of power steering assistance in the event of faults constitutes an intended
system response on the part of the EPS.
Although such a response may be slightly unnerving for the driver, the vehicle remains
fully steerable with greater physical effort.
Electrical Connections
If the EPS steering rack assembly has to be replaced, only the power supply and bus
connection have to be disconnected and not the connection for the steering torque
sensor.
If a customer complains of inadequate power steering assistance, it can be due to a
NOTES
voltage drop across the power supply connection.
Therefore, in such cases the power supply connection should be checked for corrosion.
42
EPS System (FXx)
A vehicle's steering plays a central role in the chassis and suspension. The technological
innovations introduced by BMW like active steering and rear axle slip angle control are
constantly being enhance and further developed for use in our vehicles.
Starting with the launch of the BMW 5 Series (F10) the implementation of a completely
electrical steering systems with the use of EPS (Electronic Power Steering).
This system is a modified and enhanced version of the E89 Z4 EPS system previously
discribed.
A version of the F10 introduced EPS is currently installed in most BMW models.
F10 EPS and IAL Components
Index Explanation
1 Active steering lock
2 HSR actuator
3 Steering wheel
4 Steering column
5 Active steering servomotor with motor position angle sensor
6 Electromechanical power steering
43
Basic Steering
The F10 was the first BMW mid-range vehicle to be equipped with electromechanical
power steering (EPS). The operating principle and structure of the EPS in the F10 is
identical to that in the E89 and is explained in the Electric power steering with axial
parallel arrangement (EPS w/APA) section.
System Wiring Diagram for Basic Steering
44
Index Explanation
1 EPS
2 Digital Motor Electronics (DME)
3 Junction box electronics with front power distribution box
4 Integrated Chassis Management (ICM)
5 Intelligent battery sensor (IBS)
6 Battery
7 Battery power distribution box
8 Steering column switch cluster (SZL)
9 Instrument cluster (KOMBI)
10 Central Gateway Module (ZGM)
45
System Overview
The EPS enables average fuel consumption to be reduced by approx. 0.3 l/100 km
(0.317 quart/62 miles) compared to a conventional hydraulic steering system.
This contributes to a reduction of CO2 emissions.
F10 EPS without Active Steering
Index Explanation
1 Speed reducer
2 Steering-torque sensor
3 Track rod
4 EPS control unit
5 Electric motor with motor position sensor
46
The EPS steering replaces the conventional hydraulic steering system. EPS is always
equipped with the Servotronic function. Using the drive dynamic control switch,
two different adjustments can be achieved: "Normal" and "Sporty".
The EPS is less sensitive to disturbance variables such as bumps and steering wheel
vibration. It also contributes to the driving safety with an active roll damping.
Because there is no oil in the EPS, it is more environmentally friendly than conventional
hydraulic steering systems.
The EPS has Active return to center, this delivers optimum drivability. The EPS also
makes it possible for the parking assistance to be implemented for the first time in a
BMW vehicle.
For more information about parking assistance, refer to the "F10 Driver Assistance
Systems" section in this training material.
Integral Active Steering

Introduced with the F01, the (optional) Integral Active Steering (IAL) is made up of two
individual systems (the rear axle slip angle control (HSR) and the active steering (AL) on
the front axle) which cannot be ordered separately.
The EPS (introduced on the F10) was especially adapted and modified to work with the
active steering on the front axle.
Originally (with the launch of the F10) the use of heavier 8 cylinder engines combined
with the optional IAL requiered the installation of the 24V EPS due to the extra drag on
the steering. Later advances and upgrades to the basic system now make it possible to
use to the basic 12V EPS in these cases.
However, regardless of their powertrain, most current BMW vehicles with the Integral
Active Steering option still require the use of the 24V EPS system due to the extra drag
on the steering.
Currently all BMW models equipped with xDrive are fitted with
hydraulic steering.
See the Integral Active Steering section in this training manual

for more information.
47
F10 System Wiring Diagram for Integral Active Steering w/EPS
48
Index Explanation
1 Active Steering lock
2 Active Steering electric servomotor
3 Active Steering motor angular position sensor
4 Dynamic Stability Control (DSC)
7 Control unit for Active Steering
8 Car Access System (CAS)
11 Brake light switch (BLS)
12 Front power distribution box
14 Rear right power distribution box
16 Control unit for rear axle slip angle control (HSR)
17 HSR actuator
18 Hall-effect sensor
19 Track-rod position sensor
49
Active Steering
With the optional equipment integral active steering, the steering gear is expanded by
adding a planetary gearbox with override function, which implements a speed-dependent
steering gear ratio that was already introduced with the E60.
F10 EPS with Active Steering
Index Explanation
1 Speed reducer
2 Active steering lock
3 Steering-torque sensor
4 Active steering servomotor with motor position angle sensor
5 Track rod
6 EPS control unit
7 Electric motor with motor position sensor
50
In the F10, the electric power steering is combined for the first time with the active steer-
ing planetary gearbox with override function (already familiar from the F01). As a result,
the steering is implemented completely electrically.
Due to the higher weight of some engines and the greater front axle loads associated
with Integral Active steering, initially the power of a typical 12V EPS system was not suffi-
cient. For this reason, a 24V EPS system was installed in F10 vehicles with the N63
engine and the optional Integral Active Steering. Later advances and upgrades to the
basic 12V system now make it possible to use to the 12V EPS in these cases.
However the integration of Integral Active Steering still requires the use of the 24V EPS
system due to the extra drag on the steering.
Currently most BMW models (F06, F12, F13, F30, F01 LCI) use EPS with the exception
of vehicles equipped with xDrive, as they still use hydraulic steering.
NOTES
51
EPS with 12V
Because active steering demands higher forces from the electromechanical steering and
to comply with the higher current draw, when active steering is used in a vehicle with 12V
EPS, the voltage is supplied by a separate positive battery connection point.
F10 System Wiring Diagram EPS with 12V and Active Steering
52
Index Explanation
1 EPS
2 Positive battery connection point
3 Capacitor box
6 Integrated Chassis Management
8 Battery
9 safety battery terminal (SBK)
10 Steering column switch cluster
53
EPS with 24V
The higher front axle load causes the power required for the steering servo to increase.
In conjunction with the integral active steering, an even higher exertion of force is applied,
and therefore even higher current is required for the steering servo.
This high current made it necessary to increase the voltage supply of the EPS to 24V.
This requires an auxiliary battery, a separator and a charging unit for the auxiliary battery.
These components are installed in the luggage compartment.
24V EPS System Components
F10 550i 24V EPS Components
Index Explanation
1 Battery
2 Separator
3 Auxiliary battery
4 Battery charging unit for auxiliary battery (BCU)
54
NOTES
PAGE
55
The following system wiring diagram shows the integration of the new components into
the vehicle electrical system.
24V EPS and Active Steering Wiring Diagram
F10 System Wiring Diagram EPS with 24V and Active Steering
56
Index Explanation
1 EPS
5 Separator
8 Auxiliary battery
10 Battery
The BCU (charging unit) takes over the monitoring of the state of charge and the charg-
ing of the auxiliary battery with a 150W DC/DC converter. It monitors a cable (isolation)
sheathing of the 24V line and it switches the relay in the separator with which the auxiliary
battery is integrated into the circuit. The EPS is supplied with 24V only after this relay has
been switched on. In the event of a fault, the EPS can also be operated with 12V. If there
is no fault, the relay in the separator is switched as of terminal 15.
The 24V line is routed on the vehicle floor and is surrounded by a cable sheath which is
monitored by the charging unit (BCU).The following system wiring diagram details the
various switch situations and the charging of the auxiliary battery.
57
F10 24V Operation of the EPS
Index Explanation
2 Battery
3 Intelligent battery sensor IBS
4 Separator (here: 24V operation)
5 Charging unit for auxiliary battery (Battery Charge Unit BCU)
7 Auxiliary battery
In 24V operation mode, the battery and the auxiliary battery are connected in series
by the relay in the separator. As a result, the EPS is operated with 24V.
58
F10 12V Operation in the Event of a Fault
Index Explanation
2 Battery
7 Auxiliary battery
In the event of a fault or before terminal 15, the relay is open and the separator is in the
12V position. The auxiliary battery is no longer connected in series and is no longer in
the circuit.
59
F10 Charging of the Auxiliary Battery in 24V Operation
Index Explanation
2 Battery
7 Auxiliary battery
The auxiliary battery can be charged in 24V operation using the battery charging unit for
the auxiliary battery. To do so, the charging unit takes the energy it uses for charging the
auxiliary battery from the vehicle electrical system via the rear right power distribution box.
60
F10 24V Components and Line Routing
Index Explanation
2 Separator and auxiliary battery
3 Battery
4 EPS with active steering
61
Variable Sport Steering
The optional equipment "Variable sport steering" (SA 2VL) is currently available for the
F25 as an alternative to the basic version of the EPS. This is the first steering system
available on the market to combine the benefits of an extremely direct, variable steering
gear ratio with the operating principle of EPS steering.
Variable sport steering increases ride comfort and agility while the direct ratio reduces
the total steering angle (i.e. the number of steering wheel revolutions from steering stop
to steering stop) by roughly 25%. This therefore increases comfort during driving
manoeuvers that require larger steering angles, e.g. when parking.
Compared to the basic version of the EPS steering, the vehicle responds more directly
and has greater agility due to the more direct steering gear ratio and the resulting lower
required steering angle. This is effective during avoidance manoeuvers, for example.
62
The variable steering gear ratio is achieved by using a displacement-dependent rack
gearing geometry.
When roughly in the center position of the steering box, the steering responds precisely
with stable directional stability. As the steering angles move out of the center position,
the ratio becomes increasingly more direct.
F25 Comparison Between Steering Gear Ratio of EPS
Steering Basic Version and Variable Sport Steering
Index Explanation
1 Rack, EPS basic version (constant gearing geometry)
2 Rack, variable sport steering (variable gearing geometry)
A More indirect steering gear ratio (variable sport steering)
B More direct steering gear ratio (variable sport steering)
x Steering angle
y Steering gear ratio
63
F25 Variable Sport Steering Rack Components
1 worm gear 3 pinion gear
2 Steering torque sensor
F25 Steering Angle Sensor

In the F25, information on the steering angle is not acquired via the Electronic Power
Steering (EPS from a separate sensor at the steering wheel and is instead deduced
from the motor position angle of the EPS motor in relation to the steering wheel.
The EPS reports the position of the rack via FlexRay to the ICM control unit. In this case
the EPS calculates the absolute position of the rack based on the current position of the
EPS motor rotor and the number of full rotor revolutions from the neutral position (corre-
sponds to straight-ahead driving).
Taking this position as the starting point, the ICM control unit determines, among other
things, the steering angle in relation to the wheel using the stored gear ratio parameters
(between the rack and steering angle in relation to wheel) and transmits these via
FlexRay. This wheel-specific steering angle is used by the Dynamic Stability Control
and other systems as a reference variable for internal control functions.
In cases where the absolute value is not available from the EPS (terminal 30 loss, flashing
process), the absolute value is determined through interaction of the ICM and EPS via a
teach-in function by steering from end stop to end stop (e.g. straight-ahead position ->
left -> right -> straight-ahead position).
64
F25 EPS Wiring Diagram
1 Electronic Power Steering (EPS) 7 Instrument panel (KOMBI)
2 Power distribution box, engine compartment 8 Central gateway module (ZGM)
3 Dynamic Stability Control (DSC) 9 Digital Motor Electronics (DME)
4 Junction box power distribution box 10 Igniter pellet with connection
5 Integrated Chassis Management (ICM) Kl.30 Terminal 30
6 Steering column switch cluster (SZL) Kl.15N Ignition (after-run)
65
Integral Active Steering
Integral Active Steering (IAL is an innovative and logical development of the Active
Steering system developed by BMW and first introduced with the launch of the F01.
With Active Steering, a steering angle amplification factor reduces the steering effort
on the part of the driver and combines the capabilities of "steer by wire" systems with
authentic steering feedback. By intervening in the steering independently of the driver's
actions, it is also able to perform a stabilizing function in terms of vehicle handling.
Active Steering of the rear wheels is a logical extension of Active Steering and the two
are combined as an all-in one system referred to as Integral Active Steering. IAL repre-
sents the combination of the already familiar Active Steering (front) and the new Rear
Axle Slip Angle Control (HSR).
As an upgrade from the standard Servotronic steering system the Integral Active
Steering is available as an option on most F0x vehicles. IAL cannot be ordered separate-
ly and is typically only available as part of the Dynamic Handling Package.The (ZDH)
Dynamic Handling Package may also include: Electronic Damping Control, Active Roll
Stabilization and Adaptive Drive.
66
Integral Active Steering Component Locations

1 DME 9 Rear-wheel steering actuator (HSR)
2 Front power distribution box 10 SZL
3 CAS 11 ZGM
4 Brake light switch 12 Active Steering actuator control unit
5 Instrument cluster 13 DSC
Active Steering actuator motor with motor angular

6 Integrated Chassis Management (ICM) 14 position sensor and lock
7 Rear power distribution box 15 Electronic volumetric flow control (EVV) valve
8 HSR control unit 16 Servotronic valve
67
Integral Active Steering System Schematic
68
1 Active Steering lock 12 Instrument cluster
2 Active Steering electric motor 13 Steering column switch cluster
Active Steering motor angular

3 position sensor
14 Brake light switch
Electronic volumetric flow

4 control (EVV) valve
15 Integrated Chassis Management
5 Servotronic valve 16 Right rear power distribution box
6 Dynamic stability control 17 Battery power distribution box
7 Digital Motor Electronics 18 Rear suspension slip angle control
8 Central Gateway Module 19 HSR electric motor
9 Active Steering 20 Hall-effect sensor
10 Car Access System 21 Track-rod position sensor
11 Front power distribution box
Overview
Implementation of the Integral Active Steering function was essentially been made
possible with the introduction of the ICM system.
The Servotronic function (including valve control) is taken over by the ICM control unit.
This steering control function is also influenced by the driving dynamics control switch.
Advantages of Integral Active Steering:
• Extension of Active Steering (AL) by the addition of rear-wheel steering (HSR)
• Variable steering-gear ratio (steering angle amplification factor)
• Independent control of rear-wheel steering angle (steer by wire)
• Servotronic
• Handling stabilization functions
• Reduction of braking distance under split surface braking conditions.
69
Signals from External Sensors
The ICM control unit reads the following signals that are essential to the
Integral Active Steering from external sensors:
• Four wheel-speed signals sent via Flexray by the DSC
• Steering angle sent via FlexRay by steering column switch cluster
• Status of AL and HSR actuators transmitted via Flexray.
However, because the rear-wheels are steerable, the steering angle of the
front wheels alone is not definitive for dynamic handling control purposes.
1 SZL 5 Servotronic valve
2 Wheel speed sensor 6 Integrated Chassis Management
3 Dynamic Stability Control 7 “Steering Control” function of ICM

4 control valve (EVV)
Therefore, the ICM control unit also takes the steering angle of the rear wheels into
account. Ultimately, the effective steering angle is calculated from the two steering
angles (front and rear wheels).
The effective steering angle indicates the angle to which the front wheels would have
to be turned to bring about the same vehicle response without steerable rear wheels.
That variable is the easiest for all vehicle systems to use to analyze the steering action.
70
Control and Modulation of Steering
Both the basic steering system and the optional Integral Active Steering on the incorpo-
rate the Servotronic function. This speed-sensitive power assistance function is effected
by way of the Servotronic valve on the steering gear.
The Servotronic valve is always controlled by the ICM control unit regardless of the
equipment options fitted. Accordingly, the Servotronic function algorithm is stored on the
ICM control unit.
Similarly regardless of equipment options, the steering system also always incorporates a
proportional control valve which is controlled by the ICM control unit. With the aid of that
valve, the power steering pump's volumetric flow rate can be electronically adjusted. This
valve is referred to as the "electronic volumetric flow control" valve or EVV valve and is
also controlled by the ICM control unit.
Depending on the degree of power assistance demanded at the time, the volumetric flow
rate delivered by the power steering pump is split between the steering valve and a
bypass circuit.
The ratio of that split can be infinitely varied. The less power assistance is required, the
more hydraulic fluid is diverted into the bypass circuit. As the hydraulic fluid does not
have to do any work in the bypass circuit, less power is required to drive the power steer-
ing pump. Consequently, the proportional control valve helps to reduce fuel consumption
and CO2 emissions.
NOTES
71
Distributed Functions
ICM and actuator control units The distribution of functions between the ICM and the
other dynamic handling control units in the case of Integral Active Steering is described
below.
The Integrated Chassis Management is the control unit which computes the higher-level
dynamic handling control functions for the Integral Active Steering.
From the current vehicle handling status and the desired course indicated by the driver,
the Integrated Chassis Management calculates individual settings for the variable steering
gear ratio and the superimposed yaw rate.
Once they have been prioritized, the ICM provides a required setting in each case for the
AL and HSR control units. The setting specified is a required steering angle to be applied
to the front and rear wheels respectively.
The AL control unit receives the required setting and has the main job of controlling the
actuators so as to correctly apply the specified setting. Thus, the AL Active Steering
control unit is purely an actuator control unit.
The same applies to the HSR control unit. It too is an actuator control unit. Like the AL
control unit, it is responsible only for implementing the required steering angle specified
by the ICM.
With the introduction of the ICM on the E71, this type of function distribution was used
for the first time.
Since the F01/F02, it has been expanded to the extent that:
• the ICM now controls all linear and lateral dynamics systems
(AL, HSR and also DSC).
• the ICM is the master control module both for linear dynamics
and unstable handling situations.
The interface between the Integrated Chassis Management and the Dynamic Stability
Control (DSC) represents a special case.
72
ICM Input / Output Diagram
1 Wheel speed sensors 7 HSR actuating unit
2 Dynamic Stability Control (DSC) 8 ICM
3 SZL (with steering angle sensor) 9 Input and Output signals (other)
Integrated DSC sensor linear,

4 Active Steering control module 10
lateral acceleration and yaw rate
Integrated DSC sensor
5 Active Steering Actuating Unit 11
lateral acceleration and yaw rate
6 HSR control module
73
Components of Integral Active Steering w/ Hydraulic Steering
Components Overview for Active Steering (front)
74
1 Hydraulic fluid reservoir 9 SZL
2 Power steering cooler 10 ICM
3 DME 11 Hydraulic pump

4 ZGM 12
control (EVV) valve
5 CAS 13 Lock
6 Instrument cluster 14 Servotronic valve
7 DSC 15 Actuator unit electric motor
8 AL 16 Motor angular position sensor
Rear Axle Steering Control

Previously the state of the art that control systems were largely independent of one
another. A central ICM control unit in the ICM architecture replaces the previous dynamic
handling sensors and forms a central dynamic handling controller.
The special actuator on the rear suspension is fixed underneath a mounting plate on the
rear suspension subframe.
The electro-mechanical actuator is positioned between the two new track rods of the
Integral V rear suspension. The rear-wheel steering system has its own actuator control
unit which is responsible for controlling and monitoring the actuator.
The electromechanical actuator essentially consists of an electric motor which moves
the two track rods by means of a worm-and-nut steering gear.
The actuator is designed for a maximum travel of ± 8 mm, which brings about a maxi-
mum steering angle of ± 3° at the wheels.
75
Integral Active Steering Rear Components
1 Mounting plate 4 Right track rod
2 Left track rod 5 HSR control module
3 HSR actuator
76
The worm-and-nut rear-wheel steering gear is self-inhibiting. That means that if the
system fails, the vehicle adopts exactly the same handling characteristics as a vehicle
without rear-wheel steering.
HSR Actuator Components
1 Left track rod joint 7 Right shaft bellows (gaiter)
2 Left shaft bellows (gaiter) 8 Right track rod joint
3 Worm shaft 9 Iron jacket
4 Worm nut 10 Stator windings
5 Electric motor 11 Permanent magnet
6 Electrical connector 12 Carrier armature winding iron core
77
Functions of Integral Active Steering
Low Speed Range

The variable steering-gear ratio of the Active Steering component reduces steering effort
to approximately 2 turns of the steering wheel from lock to lock.
In the low speed range up to approximately 37 mph, the variable steering-gear ratio for
the front wheels is combined with a degree of opposite rear-wheel steer. The effect is
to increase the vehicle agility.
Momentary Axis Comparison
A Conventional steering system M2 Momentary axis 2
B Integral Active Steering 1 Vehicle center point
M1 Momentary axis 1
78
When the steering wheels of a vehicle are turned, it follows a curved path around what
is called the momentary axis "M".
In the case of conventional vehicles, that momentary axis is positioned at a point along
the extension of a line passing through the center of the rear wheels.
Active Steering intervention turns the rear wheels in the opposite direction at speeds
up to approximately 37 mph.
The consequence of the rear-wheel steering intervention is that the axis of rotation
moves closer to the center of the vehicle with the same amount of steering effort.
In terms of agility and dynamic handling, that is equivalent to a vehicle with
a shorter wheelbase.
Momentary Axis at Low Speed
A Conventional steering system 1 Vehicle center point
B Integral Active Steering 2 Straight line through center of rear wheels
M2 Momentary axis 2 3 Axis of rotation, closer to vehicle center
79
High Speed Range
As the vehicle speed increases, the degree of steering angle amplification by the Active
Steering component is reduced. The steering gear ratio becomes less direct.
At the same time, the steering strategy adopted by the Integral Active Steering changes.
Whereas, at low speeds, the rear wheels are steered in the opposite direction to the front
wheels, at higher speeds the rear wheels are steered in the same direction as the front.
The momentary axis moves further back, equivalent to a vehicle with a longer wheelbase,
producing more stable straight line handling. The radius of the curve becomes longer.
Momentary Axis at High Speed
M1 Momentary axis 1 1 Vehicle center point
M2 Momentary axis 2
80
By the combination with the Active Steering, an additional amount is added to the steer-
ing angle of the front wheels so that the radius of the curve and the required amount of
steering lock remain at the familiar level.
All in all, coordination of the steering interventions at front and rear makes lane changes
and steering maneuvers considerably easier to negotiate without sacrificing agility or
balance.
Combination of the Active Steering with the new rear-wheel steering system offers
benefits for the driver at all speeds.
Momentary Axis Comparison

Low Speed vs. Hight Speed
M1 Momentary axis 1 1 Vehicle center point
M2 Momentary axis 2 2 Straight line through center of rear wheels
A Effective wheelbase increase 3 Axis of rotation further from vehicle center
81
Handling Stabilization by IAL when Understeering
When changing lanes quickly, all vehicles have a tendency to produce a significant
yaw response and can sometimes start to oversteer.
If the ICM dynamic handling controller detects a difference between the response
desired by the driver and the reaction of the vehicle, it initiates co-ordinated steering
interventions on the front and rear wheels.
Index Explanation
A Prevention of understeer by individual brake modulation (DSC)
B Prevention of understeer by rear-wheel steering intervention (IAL)
1 Individual brake modulation (DSC)
2 Rear-wheel steering intervention (IAL)
3 Course of an understeering vehicle
4 Course of a vehicle with neutral handling
Yaw force acting on the vehicle as a result of dynamic

M handling system intervention
The speed of the stabilizing intervention is such that it is hardly discernible by the driver.
Braking interventions by the DSC, which have a decelerating effect, can be largely
dispensed with.
The end result is that the vehicle is more stable and more effectively damped. If the
driver underestimates how sharp a bend is when driving quickly on a country road,
he/she can be caught out by sudden understeer.
82
By virtue of its inherent features, Active Steering was only able to react to vehicle over-
steer. Integral Active Steering incorporating active rear-wheel steering is now also
able to make corrective interventions when the vehicle is oversteering and thus further
increases active safety.
Handling Stabilization by Integral Active Steering Under µ-split

Braking Conditions
Hard braking on road surfaces which provide less grip for the wheels on one side of the
vehicle than on the other causes the vehicle to yaw towards the side with more grip.
Under emergency braking, the driver of a conventional vehicle then has to correct the
vehicle's course.
Under such µ-split braking conditions, the dynamic handling controller generates a
stabilizing yaw force by opposite steering interventions on the front and rear wheels.
A) Without DSC
In the case of a vehicle without DSC, maximum braking effect is achieved by the wheels
on the dry side of the road, while those on the wet or icy side produce very little retarda-
tion.
As a result, a very substantial yaw force acting in an counterclockwise direction is
produced, causing the vehicle to swerve to the right.
Index Explanation
A Vehicle without DSC
B Vehicle with DSC
Vehicle with DSC and AL

C (i.e. E90 w/yaw force compensation
D Vehicle with DSC and IAL
83
B) With DSC
A vehicle equipped with DSC brakes the individual wheels more sensitively in order
to keep the yaw force within manageable limits for the driver, which however, slightly
increases the braking distance.
C) With DSC and AL

The additional "yaw force compensation" function represents a significant safety feature.
When braking on road surfaces with differences in frictional coefficient between one side
of the vehicle and the other (tarmac, ice or snow), a turning force is generated around the
vehicle's vertical axis (yaw force) rendering the vehicle unstable.
In such cases, the DSC calculates the required steering angle for the front wheels and
the Active Steering implements it by actively applying opposite lock.
As a result, an opposing yaw force around the vertical axis is generated, "compensating"
for the original yaw force (cancelling it out, i.e. the vehicle is stabilized by intelligent co-
ordination of DSC brake modulation and AL steering, constituting a safety feature unique
in this class of vehicle).
D) With DSC, Dynamic Handling Controller and Integral

Active Steering
Under such µ-split braking conditions, the dynamic handling controller generates a stabi-
lizing yaw force by opposite steering interventions on the front and rear wheels.
That counteracts the slowing of the vehicle caused by the uneven braking forces. At the
same time, maximum braking force can be applied in order to achieve a short braking dis-
tance.
IAL is a logical development from the Active Steering systems. The functions of the sys-
NOTES
tems complement each other perfectly, taking the driving experience to a new dimension.
84
Integral Active Steering Special Function
Quite obviously, Active Steering systems must not be capable of being switched on or off
by the driver.
In the case of Integral Active Steering, there is a special feature in that regard because
if snow chains are fitted to the rear wheels, Active Steering of the rear wheels must
be disabled.
When snow chains are fitted, the rear-wheel steering is deactivated in order to ensure
that the wheels are always free to rotate.
Automatic snow-chain detection assists the driver and indicates the detected status
on the Control Display. This does not remove the responsibility for manually changing
the setting.
When show chains are used, the setting on the iDrive Settings menu must be changed
to "Show chains fitted".
If the maximum speed of 30 mph for driving with snow chains is exceeded, the rear-wheel
steering is reactivated regardless of the "Snow chains fitted" setting.
Automatic Snow Chain Detection

It is possible to detect from the wheel-speed sensor signals a characteristic pattern pro-
duced by the motion of the wheel when show chains are fitted (only with BMW approved
show chains). From that characteristics signal pattern, the control unit is able to detect
whether show chains are fitted on each individual wheel.
85
Active Steering on the E70 is part of the lateral dynamics systems. Nowadays,
dynamic driving systems are subdivided according to their mode of operation.
For example, lateral dynamics systems are those systems which influence the vehicle
laterally (in a turn).
In the E70, there are two systems which are considered part of the lateral dynamics
systems.
• Servotronic - Speed-dependent hydraulic steering torque assistance
• AS - Active Steering (previously AFS, Active Front Steering)
The E70 is the first all-wheel-drive vehicle to be offered with Active Steering (AS)
Servotronic is only offered in conjunction with the Active Steering.
Active Steering (AS)

Active Steering was initially offered in the E60 (5 Series). Since then, a large proportion of
BMW's in the 3 and 6 Series now have Active Steering. It is only the X models and other
all-wheel-drive vehicles that have not yet been provided with this for reasons of space.
1 DSC Sensor 5 Fluid reservoir
2 Steering Column Switch Cluster 6 Steering gear
3 AS control unit 7 Hydraulic pump
4 AS actuating unit 8 Power steering cooler
86
This innovative steering system is now being offered, as an option, in an all-wheel-drive
vehicle for the first time at BMW, namely in the E70.
For the most part, the active steering system on the E70 is much the same as on previ-
ous models. There are some minor changes which will be discussed in this section.
Changes to Active Steering

On the E70, certain changes have been made to the Active Steering system on the E70.
They are as follows:
• The cumulative (total) steering angle sensor has been omitted.
• The ECO valve has been replaced by the Electronically Controlled
Bypass Valve (EVV).
• Yaw moment compensation is now enhanced with the addition of GRR+.
Cumulative (total) Steering Angle (virtual )

With the addition of Active Steering on the E70, the total steering angle sensor has been
omitted from the system. The value for the total steering angle is now a “virtual” value
which is calculated from the driver’s steering angle and the motor position sensor value.
The virtual (total) steering angle value provides the same information as the total steering
angle sensor. The initialization procedure still needs to be carried out when there are any
changes to the system.
The initialization process has changed and differs slightly from the procedure on previous
vehicles with Active Steering.
Electronically Controlled Bypass Valve (EVV)

The EVV regulates the volumetric flow of hydraulic fluid in the hydraulic pump to ensure
that only the volumetric flow currently required to provide power assistance is made avail-
able.
Example:
When the vehicle is being driven straight ahead without power assistance, the circulation
pressure in the steering hydraulic circuit drops, thus reducing the circulation pressure and
the power consumption. If a steering movement is required, the volumetric flow is imme-
diately raised again and the usual steering angle speed is ensured.
87
Hydraulic Power Steering Dyagram
1 Rack and pinion unit 5 Engine
2 Steering valve 6 EVV
3 Flow regulating piston (in pump) 7 Throttle (restrictor)
4 Vane-cell pump
The EVV (1) therefore controls the power consumption of the hydraulic pump, thus
reducing the fuel consumption and the CO2 emissions of the combustion engine.
Hydraulic Power Steering Pump
88
Yaw-Rate Control Plus (GRR+)
The "yaw-rate control plus" function assists the driver when he is braking on roads with
varying friction coefficients, in a similar way to the yaw moment compensation.
This function represents a significant safety feature.
In the case of braking on different surface friction coefficients (asphalt/ice or snow), a
moment builds up about the z or vertical axis (yaw moment) rendering the vehicle unstable.
In this special case, the Active Steering control unit calculates the steering angle
(maximum ±4°) required for the front wheels to keep the vehicle stable using the
actual yaw rate and the longitudinal and lateral acceleration.
This active counter-steering creates counter-torque about the z or vertical axis (red arrow)
which compensates for the earlier acting yawing force (yellow arrow).
In this way, the vehicle is stabilized by clever interaction between the DSC braking and
the AS function, resulting in a new safety aspect, unique in this class.
89
NOTES
PAGE
90

06 Lateral Dynamics Y Axis

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How do different steering systems work?

How do different steering systems work?

What are the components of an electric power steering system?

What are the components of an electric power steering system?

Reference Manual

BMW of North America, LLC

Course Code: ST1115 Chassis Dynamics

This information is available by accessing TIS at www.bmwcenternet.com.

Electric Power Steering (EPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Initial Print Date: 08/12 Revision Date:

Service Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

EPS System (FXx) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

Variable Sport Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

Model: 5 and 6 Series (E6X), 3 Series (E9X)

Production: From Start of Production

After completion of this module you will be able to:

• Understand Steering Ratio

• Understand the Concept of Active Steering

• Identify and Locate Active Steering Components

• Diagnose Concerns on Active Steering Systems

• Perform Alignments on Vehicles Equipped wit Active Steering

Steering systems must have the following characteristics:

Index EPS with APA C-EPS

Vehicles Z4 (E89) Z4 (E85, E86)

Type of Motor Brushless Motor Brushless Asynchronous Motor

Location of Motor and Upper Part of Steering Column

E89 EPS with APA System E85 C-EPS System

The advantages of EPS are:

• Reduces CO2 emissions

Index Explanation Index Explanation

1 EPS Control Module 4 Steering Rack

2 EPS Electric Motor 5 Steering Gears

3 Lower Steering Column 6 Steering Angle Sensor

Increased Driving Comfort:

Increased Driving Safety:

Increased Environmental Compatibility:

• Upper steering column assembly

Index Explanation Index Explanation

The EPS Control Module cannot be replaced separately, the entire

Distinction from Active Steering

Power Consumption Electric Power Steering Hydraulic Power Steering

Minimum Demand 10 Watts 300 - 400

Maximum Demand 1,000 Watts 2,000

Improved Handling Dynamics

Greater Driving Comfort

Greater Driving Safety

Better Environmental Credentials

Simplifications for the Vehicle Manufacturer

Hydraulic Power Steering (typical installation configuration)

Electric Power Steering with Parallel-mounted Motor

Index Explanation Index Explanation

1 Ball-screw drive (part of reduction gearing) 7 Thrust piece

2 Rack 8 Signal and power lead for steering torque sensor

3 Pinion 9 EPS control unit

4 Steering torque sensor 10 Electric motor

5 Gaiter 11 Toothed-belt drive (part of reduction gearing)

6 Track rod 12 Reduction-gear housing

These components form a pre-assembled unit (often referred to as "EPS

System Circuit Diagram for EPS on E8x

1 DSC control module