Bloom’s Taxonomy

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Categories in

the Cognitive Process Dimension
Most educators are quite familiar with Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives (Bloom,
et al., 1956). For many, understanding the levels of thinking represented in this taxonomy
was a cornerstone of required educational methods courses.

In recent years, as educators have become increasingly focused on the accurate assessment
of student learning, the original taxonomy has been revisited and revised. Unlike the
original, the revised framework is two-dimensional. In the newer model, the two dimensions
are cognitive process and knowledge. These two components operate like an X and Y axis:
the cognitive level (evident from a verb that represents student learning) would be placed on
the horizontal axis, and the type of knowledge (evident from the nouns that represent what
the student is to learn) would be placed on the vertical.

The six cognitive processes in the revised taxonomy are remember, understand, apply, analyze,
evaluate, and create. These are just slightly different from the original six levels of Bloom’s
Taxonomy (Bloom, et al., 1956). The four categories of knowledge in the revised taxonomy are
factual, conceptual, procedural, and metacognitive.

This revised taxonomy works well with the “unwrapping” process and later, in designing
effective assessment items. In order to place an objective in the taxonomy, teachers must
f irst “unwrap” a standard to discover what it requires cognitively (the verb) and knowledge-
wise (the nouns that delineate content and concepts). Once they have determined the
correct placement, then the “bare bones” of the assessment items are set. However, the
placement is important, because different types of objectives require different approaches
to assessment (Anderson, et al., p. 8).

The list on the following pages contains lists of verbs that approximate the particular levels of
student learning. It is important to “unwrap” standards and ensure each standard is placed in
the taxonomy table before designing appropriate assessment items.

166 Copyright © 2008 The Leadership and Learning Center. All rights reserved.
 Bloom’s Taxonomy

Cognitive process 1: To remember

To remember is to retrieve relevant knowledge from long-term memory. (Anderson, et al., p. 67)
Verbs associated with this level: choose, def ine, describe, f ind, identify, label, list,
locate, match, name, recall, recite, recognize, record, relate, retrieve, say, select, show,
sort, tell

Cognitive process 2: To understand

To understand is to construct meaning from instructional messages, including oral, written,
and graphic communication. (Anderson, et al., p. 67)

Verbs associated with this level: categorize, clarify, classify, compare, conclude, construct,
contrast, demonstrate, distinguish, explain, illustrate, interpret, match, paraphrase,
predict, represent, reorganize, summarize, translate, understand

Cognitive process 3: To apply

To apply is to carry out or use a procedure in a given situation. (Anderson, et al., p. 67)

Verbs associated with this level: apply, carry out, construct, develop, display, execute,
illustrate, implement, model, solve, use

Cognitive process 4: To analyze

To analyze is to break material into its constituent parts and determine how the parts relate
to one another and to an overall structure or purpose. (Anderson, et al., p. 68)

Verbs associated with this level: analyze, ascertain, attribute, connect, deconstruct,
determine, differentiate, discriminate, dissect, distinguish, divide, examine,
experiment, focus, infer, inspect, integrate, investigate, organize, outline, reduce,
solve (a problem), test for

Copyright © 2008 The Leadership and Learning Center. All rights reserved. 167
 Bloom’s Taxonomy

Bloom’s Taxonomy (Continued)

Cognitive process 5: To evaluate
To evaluate is to make judgments based on criteria and standards. (Anderson, et al., p. 68)

Verbs associated with this level: appraise, assess, award, check, conclude, convince,
coordinate, criticize, critique, defend, detect, discriminate, evaluate, judge, justify,
monitor, prioritize, rank, recommend, support, test, value

Cognitive process 6: To create

To create is to put elements together to form a coherent or functional whole; reorganize elements
into a new pattern or structure; inventing a product. (Anderson, et al., p. 68)

Verbs associated with this level: adapt, build, compose, construct, create, design,
develop, elaborate, extend, formulate, generate, hypothesize, invent, make, modify,
plan, produce, originate, refine, transform

Works Cited
Anderson, L. W., et al. (2001). A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: A Revision
of Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. New York: Longman.

Bloom, B. S., et al. (1956). The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: Handbook I, Cognitive
Domain. New York: David McKay.

168 Copyright © 2008 The Leadership and Learning Center. All rights reserved.
 Designing Effective Projects: Thinking Skills Frameworks
Bloom’s Taxonomy: A New Look at an Old Standby

Traditional Hierarchy of Thinking Processes

In 1956, Benjamin Bloom wrote Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: Cognitive Domain, and his
six-level description of thinking has been widely adapted and used in countless contexts ever
since. His list of cognitive processes is organized from the most simple, the recall of knowledge,
to the most complex, making judgments about the value and worth of an idea.

Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives (Traditional)

Skill Definition Key Words

Knowledge Recall information Identify, describe, name, label,
recognize, reproduce, follow
Comprehension Understand the meaning, paraphrase a Summarize, convert, defend,
concept paraphrase, interpret, give examples
Application Use the information or concept in a new Build, make, construct, model, predict,
situation prepare
Analysis Break information or concepts into parts to Compare/contrast, break down,
understand it more fully distinguish, select, separate
Synthesis Put ideas together to form something new Categorize, generalize, reconstruct
Evaluation Make judgments about value Appraise, critique, judge, justify,
argue, support

Today’s world is a different place, however, than the one Bloom’s Taxonomy reflected in 1956.
Educators have learned a great deal more about how students learn and teachers teach and now
recognize that teaching and learning encompasses more than just thinking. It also involves the
feelings and beliefs of students and teachers as well as the social and cultural environment of the
classroom.

Several cognitive psychologists have worked to make the basic concept of a taxonomy of thinking
skills more relevant and accurate. In developing his own taxonomy of educational objectives,
Marzano (2000) points out one criticism of Bloom’s Taxonomy. The very structure of the
Taxonomy, moving from the simplest level of knowledge to the most difficult level of evaluation, is
not supported by research. A hierarchical taxonomy implies that each higher skill is composed of
the skills beneath it; comprehension requires knowledge; application requires comprehension and
knowledge, and so on. This, according to Marzano, is simply not true of the cognitive processes
in Bloom’s Taxonomy.

The originators of the original six thinking processes assumed that complex projects could be
labeled as requiring one of the processes more than the others. A task was primarily an “analysis”
or an “evaluation” task. This has been proven not to be true which may account for the difficulty
that educators have classifying challenging learning activities using the Taxonomy. Anderson
(2000) argues that nearly all complex learning activities require the use of several different
cognitive skills.

Like any theoretical model, Bloom’s Taxonomy has its strengths and weaknesses. Its greatest
strength is that it has taken the very important topic of thinking and placed a structure around it
that is usable by practitioners. Those teachers who keep a list of question prompts relating to the
various levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy undoubtedly do a better job of encouraging higher-order
thinking in their students than those who have no such tool. On the other hand, as anyone who
has worked with a group of educators to classify a group of questions and learning activities
according to the Taxonomy can attest, there is little consensus about what seemingly self-evident
terms like “analysis,” or “evaluation” mean. In addition, so many worthwhile activities, such as
authentic problems and projects, cannot be mapped to the Taxonomy, and trying to do that would
diminish their potential as learning opportunities.

Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy

In 1999, Dr. Lorin Anderson, a fromer student of Bloom's, and his colleagues published an
updated version of Bloom’s Taxonomy that takes into account a broader range of factors that
have an impact on teaching and learning. This revised taxonomy attempts to correct some of the
problems with the original taxonomy. Unlike the 1956 version, the revised taxonomy differentiates
between “knowing what,” the content of thinking, and “knowing how,” the procedures used in
solving problems.

The Knowledge Dimension is the “knowing what.” It has four categories: factual, conceptual,
procedural, and metacognitive. Factual knowledge includes isolated bits of information, such as
vocabulary definitions and knowledge about specific details. Conceptual knowledge consists of
systems of information, such as classifications and categories.

Procedural knowledge includes algorithms, heuristics or rules of thumb, techniques, and methods
as well as knowledge about when to use these procedures. Metacognitive knowledge refers to
knowledge of thinking processes and information about how to manipulate these processes
effectively.

The Cognitive Process Dimension of the revised Bloom’s Taxonomy like the original version has
six skills. They are, from simplest to most complex: remember, understand, apply, analyze,
evaluate, and create.

Remembering
Remembering consists of recognizing and recalling relevant information from long-term memory.

Understanding
Understanding is the ability to make your own meaning from educational material such as reading
and teacher explanations. The subskills for this process include interpreting, exemplifying,
classifying, summarizing, inferring, comparing, and explaining.

Applying
The third process, applying, refers to using a learned procedure either in a familiar or new
situation.

Analysis
The next process is analysis, which consists of breaking knowledge down into its parts and
thinking about how the parts relate to its overall structure. Students analyze by differentiating,
organizing, and attributing.

Evaluation
Evaluation, which is at the top of the original taxonomy, is the fifth of the six processes in the
revised version. It includes checking and critiquing.

Creating
Creating, a process not included in the earlier taxonomy, is the highest component of the new
version. This skill involves putting things together to make something new. To accomplish
creating tasks, learners generate, plan, and produce.

According to this taxonomy, each level of knowledge can correspond to each level of cognitive
process, so a student can remember factual or procedural knowledge, understand conceptual or
metacognitive knowledge, or analyze metacognitive or factual knowledge. According to Anderson
and his colleagues, “Meaningful learning provides students with the knowledge and cognitive
processes they need for successful problem solving”. The following charts list examples of each
skill of the Cognitive and Knowledge Dimensions.

Cognitive Processes Dimensions

Cognitive Processes Examples

Remembering—Produce the right information from memory
Recognizing • Identify frogs in a diagram of different kinds of amphibians.
• Find an isosceles triangle in your neighborhood.
• Answer any true-false or multiple-choice questions.
Recalling • Name three 19th-century women English authors.
• Write the multiplication facts.
• Reproduce the chemical formula for carbon tetrachloride.
Understanding—Make meaning from educational materials or experiences
Interpreting • Translate a story problem into an algebraic equation.
• Draw a diagram of the digestive system.
• Paraphrase Jawaharlal Nehru's tryst with destiny speech.
Exemplifying • Draw a parallelogram.
• Find an example of stream-of-consciousness style of writing.
• Name a mammal that lives in our area.
Classifying • Label numbers odd or even.
• List the events of the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857.
• Group native animals into their proper species.
Summarizing • Make up a title for a short passage.
• List the key points related to capital punishment that the Web
site promotes.
Inferring • Read a passage of dialogue between two characters and make
conclusions about their past relationship.
• Figure out the meaning of an unfamiliar term from the context.
• Look at a series of numbers and predict what the next number
will be.
Comparing • Explain how the heart is like a pump.
• Compare Mahatma Gandhi to a present day leader.
• Use a Venn diagram to demonstrate how two books by Charles
Dickens are similar and different.
Explaining • Draw a diagram explaining how air pressure affects the weather.
• Provide details that justify why the French Revolution happened
when and how it did.
• Describe how interest rates affect the economy.
Applying—Use a procedure
Executing • Add a column of two-digit numbers.
• Orally read a passage in a foreign language.
• Have a student open house discussion.
Implementing • Design an experiment to see how plants grow in different kinds
of soil.
• Proofread a piece of writing.
• Create a budget.
Analyzing—Break a concept down into its parts and describe how the parts relate to the
whole
Differentiating • List the important information in a mathematical word problem
and cross out the unimportant information.
 •Draw a diagram showing the major and minor characters in a
novel.
Organizing • Place the books in the classroom library into categories.
• Make a chart of often-used figurative devices and explain their
effect.
• Make a diagram showing the ways plants and animals in your
neighborhood interact with each other.
Attributing • Read letters to the editor to determine the authors’ points of view
about a local issue.
• Determine a character’s motivation in a novel or short story.
• Look at brochures of political candidates and hypothesize about
their perspectives on issues.
Evaluating—Make judgments based on criteria and syllabus guidelines
Checking • Participate in a writing group, giving peers feedback on
organization and logic of arguments.
• Listen to a political speech and make a list of any contradictions
within the speech.
• Review a project plan to see if all the necessary steps are
included.
Critiquing • Judge how well a project meets the criteria of a rubric.
• Choose the best method for solving a complex mathematical
problem.
• Judge the validity of arguments for and against astrology.
Creating—Put pieces together to form something new or recognize components of a new
structure.
Generating • Given a list of criteria, list some options for improving race
relations in the school.
• Generate several scientific hypotheses to explain why plants
need sunshine.
• Propose a set of alternatives for reducing dependence on fossil
fuels that address both economic and environmental concerns.
• Come up with alternative hypotheses based on criteria.
Planning • Make a storyboard for a multimedia presentation on insects.
• Outline a research paper on Mark Twain’s views on religion.
• Design a scientific study to test the effect of different kinds of
music on hens’ egg production.
Producing • Write a journal from the point of view of mountaineer.
• Build a habitat for pigeons.
• Put on a play based on a chapter from a novel you’re reading.

The Knowledge Dimension

Factual Knowledge—Basic information

Knowledge of terminology Vocabulary terms, mathematical symbols, musical
notation, alphabet
Knowledge of specific details and Components of the Food Pyramid, names of
elements congressional representatives, major battles of WWII
Conceptual Knowledge—The relationships among pieces of a larger structure that make
them function together
Knowledge of classifications and Species of animals, different kinds of arguments,
categories geological eras
 Knowledge of principles and Types of conflict in literature, Newton’s Laws of Motion,
generalizations principles of democracy
Knowledge of theories, models, and Theory of evolution, economic theories, DNA models
structures
Procedural Knowledge—How to do something
Knowledge of subject-specific skills Procedure for solving quadratic equations, mixing colors
and algorithms for oil painting, serving a volleyball
Knowledge of subject-specific Literary criticism, analysis of historical documents,
techniques and methods mathematical problem-solving methods
Knowledge of criteria for Methods appropriate for different kinds of experiments,
determining when to use statistical analysis procedures used for different
appropriate procedures situations, syllabus guidelines for different genres of
writing
Metacognitive Knowledge—Knowledge of thinking in general and your thinking in
particular
Strategic knowledge Ways of memorizing facts, reading comprehension
strategies, methods of planning a Web site
Knowledge about cognitive tasks, Different reading demands of textbooks and novels;
including appropriate contextual thinking ahead when using an electronic database;
and conditional knowledge differences between writing emails and writing business
letters
Self-knowledge Need for a diagram or chart to understand complex
processes, better comprehension in quiet environments,
need to discuss ideas with someone before writing an
essay

References
Anderson, L. W. & Krathwohl, D. R. (2001). A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing.
New York: Longman.

Bloom, B.S., (Ed.). 1956. Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational
goals: Handbook I, cognitive domain. New York: Longman.

Costa, A. L. (Ed.). (2000). Developing minds: A resource book for teaching thinking. Alexandria,
VA: ASCD.

Marzano, R. J. (2000). Designing a new taxonomy of educational objectives. Thousand Oaks,

CA: Corwin Press.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Breakdown:
Roles, Process Verbs & Products from Bloom’s Taxonomy of the Cognitive Domain

Level of Teacher Student

Definition Process Verbs Products
Taxonomy Roles Roles
EVALUATION • Judges argue discriminate rate conclusion recommendation
Judging the values of Clarifies
Highest level of • Disputes assess estimate recommend debate report
ideas, materials and Accepts
thinking/learning • Develops award evaluate referee editorial scale
methods by Harmonizes
• Active compare infer reject evaluation survey
developing and Guides
applying standards Participant conclude judge revise investigation verdict
and criteria. criteria justify score opinion
Examples: Award the criticize measure select panel
Accepting or rejecting contract to the best debate predict appraise judgment
things based on proposal. decide prioritize support
criteria. deduce probe tell why
Decide which candidate defend rank validate
would be the best determine choose
president. value

SYNTHESIS Putting together Reflects • Discusses act formulate prediction advertisement newspaper
constituent elements Extends • Generalizes arrange generalize prepare poem painting
or parts to form a Analyzes • Relates assemble generate pretend blueprint pantomime
whole requiring Evaluates • Compares blend hypothesize produce cartoon plan
original, creative • Contrasts collect improve propose collage play
thinking. • Abstracts combine infer reorganize design product
• Active Participant compile invent revise event project
Communicating in a compile manage role-play film radio
unique way. Examples: Create a forecast modify set up formula solution
study plan for compose organize show goal song
Developing a plan or completing a term of concoct organize suppose hypercard stack story
proposing a set of study. construct originate systematize invention video
operations. create imagine write machine
Develop a way to teach derive plan media product
the concept of design predict new game
“adjectives”. develop
devise
ANALYSIS Breaking information Probes • Discusses analyze discover organize abstract investigation
down into its Guides • Uncovers appraise discriminate point out category list
constituent elements. Observes • Lists arrange dissect point out chart mobile
Evaluates • Active Participant calculate distinguish probe checklist outline
Uncovering the Acts as a categorize examine question conclusion plan
unique characteristics resource Examples: Inspect a classify experiment relate database questionnaire
of something. Questions house for poor compare group research diagram report
Organizes workmanship. contract inquire scrutinize graph spreadsheet
Dissects contrast inspect separate illustration summary
Simplify “ballet” to its criticize interpret sequence inventory survey
basic moves. debate inventory sift
deduce investigate solve
detect order survey
diagram test
differentiate
Bloom’s Taxonomy Breakdown:
Roles, Process Verbs & Products from Bloom’s Taxonomy of the Cognitive Domain

Level of Teacher Student

Definition Process Verbs Products
Taxonomy Roles Roles
APPLICATION Using methods, Shows • Solves adapt experiment produce demonstration photograph
concepts, principles Facilitates problems apply illustrate record diagram poster
and theories in new Observes • Demonstrates calculate interpret relate diary prediction
situations. Evaluates use of knowledge change interview schedule diorama presentation
Organizes • Constructs collection list sequence experiment product
Questions • Active compute make show illustration puzzle
Using what he/she Participant construct manipulate sketch interview relate
knows from a demonstrate operate solve journal report
variety of areas to Examples: Solve a dramatize paint teach lesson scrapbook
find solutions to multiplication problem. draw practice translate map sculpture
problems. employ practice translate model simulation
Use the clothes you are exhibit prepare use performance
wearing to develop a
plan to stay afloat for
several hours.

COMPREHENSION Understanding of Demonstrates • Explains account for express paraphrase collection outline
information given. Listens • Translates annotate give recognize debate quiz
Questions • Demonstrates ask give main report definition recitation
Communicating an Compare • Interprets calculate idea research dramatization reproduction
idea or thing in a Contrasts • Active Participant convert identify restate example show & tell
new of different Examines describe identify retell explanation story problems
form. Examples: Explain the discuss interpret review label summary
Qualifying ideas in formula for the area of a examples of locate summarize list test
relation to one’s triangle. expand upon locate tell
own experience. explain observe translate
(interpretation) Explain the levels of outline
Bloom’s Taxonomy.

KNOWLEDGE Recalling or Directs • Responds choose list record definition reproduction

recognizing specific Tells • Absorbs cite listen relate fact test
information. Shows • Remembers define locate repeat label workbook
Examines • Recognizes describe match reproduce list worksheet
Remembering an Questions • Memorizes distinguish memorize review quiz
idea, phenomenon, Evaluates • Passive Recipient give example name select
or a fact in group quote show
somewhat the Examples: List the know recall sort
same form in which levels in Bloom’s label recite underline
he/she learned it. Taxonomy.

Recite a poem.

Lowest level of
thinking/learning
Appendix E: Thinking Tool Resources
Appendix B.01

A P P E N D I X B

Thinking Skill Resources

Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy: The

Cognitive Process Dimension
Benjamin Bloom and colleagues created the original taxonomy in 1956. Anderson
and Krathwohl (2001) revised Bloom's original taxonomy in their book, A
Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: A revision of Bloom's Taxonomy
of Educational Objectives, by combining both the cognitive processes and
knowledge dimensions. The following table provides examples on how this
taxonomy could be applied in the classroom.

Cognitive Processes Examples

Remember—Produce the right information from memory
Recognizing Identify frogs in a diagram of different kinds of amphibians.
Find an isosceles triangle in your neighborhood.
Answer any true-false or multiple-choice questions.
Recalling Name three 19th century women English authors.
Write the multiplication facts.
Reproduce the chemical formula for carbon tetrachloride.
Understand—Make meaning from educational materials or experiences
Interpreting Translate a story problem into an algebraic equation.
Draw a diagram of the digestive system.
Paraphrase Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address.
Exemplifying Draw a parallelogram.
Find an example of stream-of-consciousness style of writing.
Name a mammal that lives in our area.
Classifying Label numbers odd or even.
List the kinds of governments found in modern African nations.
Group native animals into their proper species.
Summarizing Make up a title for a short passage.
List the key points related to capital punishment that the Web site
promotes.
Inferring Read a passage of dialogue between two characters and make
conclusions about their past relationship.
Figure out the meaning of an unfamiliar term from the context.
Look at a series of numbers and predict what the next number will be.
Comparing Explain how the heart is like a pump.
Write about an experience you have had that was like the pioneers
moving west.
Use a Venn diagram to demonstrate how two books by Charles Dickens
are similar and different.
Explaining Draw a diagram explaining how air pressure affects the weather.
Provide details that justify why the French Revolution happened when
and how it did.
Describe how interest rates affect the economy.

(Continued on next page)

I N T E L® T E A C H T O T H E F U T U R E © 2006 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

 Appendix E: Thinking Tool Resources
Appendix B.02

Cognitive Processes Examples

Apply—Use a procedure
Executing Add a column of two-digit numbers.
Orally read a passage in a foreign language.
Shoot a free throw.
Implementing Design an experiment to see how plants grow in different kinds of soil.
Proofread a piece of writing.
Create a budget.
Analyze—Break a concept down into its parts and describe how the parts relate to
the whole
Differentiating List the important information in a mathematical word problem and
cross out the unimportant information.
Draw a diagram showing the major and minor characters in a novel.
Organizing Place the books in the classroom library into categories.
Make a chart of often-used figurative devices and explain their effect.
Make a diagram showing the ways plants and animals in your neigh-
borhood interact with each other.
Attributing Read letters to the editor to determine the authors' points of view
about a local issue.
Determine a character's motivation in a novel or short story.
Look at brochures of political candidates and hypothesize about their
perspectives on issues.
Evaluate—Make judgments based on criteria and standards
Checking Participate in a writing group, giving peers feedback on organization
and logic of arguments.
Listen to a political speech and make a list of any contradictions within
the speech.
Review a project plan to see if all the necessary steps are included.
Critiquing After co-developing a rubric for the evaluation of a project, judge how
well a project meets the criteria.
Choose the best method for solving a complex mathematical problem.
Judge the validity of arguments for and against astrology.

Create—Put pieces together to form something new or recognize components of a

new structure
Generating Given a list of criteria, list some options for improving race relations in
the school.
Generate several scientific hypotheses to explain why plants need
sunshine.
Propose a set of alternatives for reducing dependence on fossil fuels
that address both economic and environmental concerns.
Come up with alternative hypotheses based on criteria.
Planning Make a storyboard for a multimedia presentation on insects.
Outline a research paper on Mark Twain's views on religion.
Design a scientific study to test the effect of different kinds of music on
hens' egg production.
Producing Write a journal from the point of view of a Confederate or Union soldier.
Build a habitat for local water fowl.
Put on a play based on a chapter from a novel you're reading.

(Continued on next page)

© 2006 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. I N T E L® T E A C H T O T H E F U T U R E

Appendix E: Thinking Tool Resources
Appendix B.03

Knowledge Dimension Examples

Factual Knowledge—Basic information
Knowledge of terminology Vocabulary terms, mathematical symbols, musical notation, alphabet
Knowledge of specific Components of the Food Pyramid, names of congressional
details and elements representatives, major battles of WWII
Conceptual Knowledge—The relationships among pieces of a larger structure that
make them function together
Knowledge of classifica- Species of animals, different kinds of arguments, geological eras
tions and categories
Knowledge of principles Types of conflict in literature, Newton's Laws of Motion, principles of
and generalizations democracy
Knowledge of theories, Theory of evolution, economic theories, DNA models
models, and structures
Procedural Knowledge—How to do something
Knowledge of subject- Procedure for solving quadratic equations, mixing colors for oil painting,
specific skills and serving a volleyball
algorithms
Knowledge of subject- Literary criticism, analysis of historical documents, mathematical
specific techniques and problem-solving methods
methods
Knowledge of criteria for Methods appropriate for different kinds of experiments, statistical
determining when to use analysis procedures used for different situations, standards for different
appropriate procedures genres of writing
Metacognitive Knowledge—Knowledge of thinking in general and your thinking in
particular
Strategic knowledge Ways of memorizing facts, reading comprehension strategies, methods
of planning a Web site
Knowledge about cognitive Different reading demands of textbooks and novels; thinking ahead
tasks, including appropriate when using an electronic database; differences between writing emails
contextual and conditional and writing business letters
knowledge
Self-knowledge Need for a diagram or chart to understand complex processes, better
comprehension in quiet environments, need to discuss ideas with
someone before writing an essay

I N T E L® T E A C H T O T H E F U T U R E © 2006 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

 Appendix E: Thinking Tool Resources
Appendix B.04

Six Facets of Understanding

In Understanding by Design, Wiggins and McTighe (1998) detail the Six
Facets of Understanding as part of a curriculum design process to help
foster and assess in-depth student understanding.

Facet of
Understanding What Students Do Performance Verbs
Explanation • Provide thorough, supportable, and demonstrate, derive,
justifiable accounts of phenomena, describe, design, exhibit,
facts and data express, induce, instruct,
• Provide sophisticated and apt expla- justify, model, predict,
nations and theories, which provide prove, show, synthesize,
knowledgeable and justified accounts teach
of events, actions, and ideas.
Interpretation • Tell meaningful stories create analogies, critique,
• Offer apt translations document, evaluate,
• Provide a revealing historical or illustrate, judge, make
personal dimension to ideas and sense of, provide
events metaphors, read between
• Create interpretations, narratives, and the lines, represent, tell a
translations that provide meaning story of, translate
Application • Use knowledge effectively in new adapt, build, create, test,
situations and diverse contexts de-bug, decide, design,
exhibit, invent, perform,
produce, propose, solve
Perspective • See and hear points of view through analyze, argue, compare,
critical eyes and ears contrast, criticize, infer
• See the big picture
• Reveal a critical and insightful point
of view
Empathy • Find value in what others might find assume role of, be like, be
odd, alien, or implausible open to, believe, consider,
• Perceive sensitively on the basis of imagine, relate, role-play
prior direct experience
• Able to identify with another
person’s feelings and worldview
Self-Knowledge • Have self-knowledge be aware of, realize,
• Perceive the personal style, recognize, reflect,
prejudices, projections, and habits of self-assess
mind that both shape and impede
one’s own understanding
• Be aware of what is not understood
and why understanding is so hard
• Understand how one’s patterns of
thought and action inform, as well as
prejudice, understanding

Compiled from Wiggins and McTighe’s Understanding by Design (1998) and The Understanding by
Design Handbook (1999), ASCD.

© 2006 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. I N T E L® T E A C H T O T H E F U T U R E

Appendix E: Thinking Tool Resources
Appendix B.05

Web Resources for

Models of Thinking
Bloom’s Taxonomy of Thinking Skills

Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy

http://coe.sdsu.edu/eet/articles/bloomrev/index.htm

Task Oriented Question Construction Wheel Based on Bloom's Taxonomy

http://coe.sdsu.edu/eet/articles/bloomrev/index.htm

Learning Domains or Bloom's Taxonomy

www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/bloom.html

Applying Bloom's Taxonomy

www.teachers.ash.org.au/researchskills/dalton.htm

Marzano’s Dimensions of Learning

Applying Standards-Based Constructivism: A Two-Step Guide for Motivating

Students — Marzano’s Dimensions of Thinking/Learning
www.learnercentereded.org/new/marzano.htm

Dimensions Of Learning
www.dsea.org/teachingtips/tips/dimensionlearn.html

Costa and Kallick’s 16 Habits of Mind

What are Habits of Mind?

www.habits-of-mind.net/whatare.htm

A Thinking Pedagogy: Habits of Mind

www.i-learnt.com/Thinking_Habits_Mind.html

Habits of Mind – The Grange P-12 College

www.thegrange.vic.edu.au/home/thinking/HoM/

Wiggins and McTighe’s Six Facets of Understanding

Applying Standards-Based Constructivism: A Two-Step Guide for Motivating

Students — Understanding By Design
www.learnercentereded.org/new/understandingbydesign.htm

Teaching for Understanding

www.glencoe.com/sec/teachingtoday/educationupclose.phtml/49

I N T E L® T E A C H T O T H E F U T U R E © 2006 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

 Appendix E: Thinking Tool Resources
Appendix B.06

Higher-Order Thinking Skill

Resources on the Web
Higher Order Thinking Skills Question Templates
http://intranet.cps.k12.il.us/Standards/Programs_of_Study/Higher_Order_
Thinking_Skills_Question_Templates.pdf

Effective Teaching: Improving Thinking

http://ltag.tased.edu.au/effectteach/Thinking/index.htm

Extending Children’s Special Abilities – Strategies for Primary Classrooms

www.teachers.ash.org.au/researchskills/dalton.htm

Quellmalz Framework of Thinking Skills

http://intranet.cps.k12.il.us/Standards/Programs_of_Study/
Quellmalz_Framework_of_Thinking_Skills.pdf

What is higher order thinking?

http://www.selu.edu/Academics/Education/TEC/think.htm

Critical Thinking & Problem Solving Skills

http://falcon.jmu.edu/~ramseyil/critical.htm

Activities at Various Cognitive Levels of Learning

http://ceaspub.eas.asu.edu/MAE-EC2000/blooms.htm

The Quest for Higher Order Thinking Skills

http://fic.engr.utexas.edu/how/files/FICdocs/Achieving%20Higher%20Order%20
Thinking%20Skills.pdf

Appendix B References
Anderson, L., & Krathwohl, D. R. (2001). A taxonomy for learning,

teaching, and assessing: A revision of Bloom's Taxonomy of

Educational Objectives. New York: Longman.

Wiggins, G., & McTighe, J. (1998). Understanding by design.

Alexandria, Virginia: Association for Supervision and Curriculum

Development.

Wiggins, G. & McTighe, J. (1999). The understanding by design

handbook. Alexandria: Association for Supervision and

Curriculum Design.
© 2006 Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Intel is
a registered trademark of Intel Corporation or its
subsidiaries in the United States and other countries. I N T E L® T E A C H T O T H E F U T U R E
*Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others.
 Quickstart Guide to text analysis with TextSTAT

TextSTAT is a concordance program which was designed to be user friendly and provide simple Internet func-
tionality. Texts can be combined to form corpora (which can also be stored as such). The program analyses
these text corpora and displays word frequency lists, concordances, and keywords in context according to
search terms. With TextSTAT you can search large amounts of text. You learn how often a certain word oc-
curs or in what contexts it is used. Word combinations can also be examined.

Creating Your Own Corpora

When you open TextSTAT, you will see a window with a

menu bar and several tabs. In the foreground is the tab
sheet 'Corpus'. You can now add files and, in this way, put
together a corpus. Put your mouse over the menu icons to
learn what each one does.

Save Corpus / Open Corpus Add a file from the Inter-

net to your corpus.

You can save the opened files so that you can use them again as a Add a text file from your
corpus at a later stage (via the appropriate button and/or menu en- computer (note that
try). You can decide the name of the file that is then created. We textSTAT cannot work
recommend storing the corpora in a separate folder. with Microsoft Word files.
These files would have to
be saved first as .txt files)
Word Forms Remove a file from your
corpus.

After compiling a corpus from one or several files or after loading an ex-
isting corpus, you can obtain frequency information on the word forms
contained in the corpus by clicking on the 'Word Forms' tab. Click on the
'Frequency list button' to generate a default word frequency list. Note that
this does not convert any of the words to all lowercase, so the same word
may appear twice in the list with the first letter of the word either upper-
case or lowercase

The options menu on the right hand side of the screen allows you to sort
your word list in different ways. To convert all uppercase letters to lower-
case, check off the sort case insensistive checkbox.

Retrograde sorts the words starting with the last letter of each word. You
can also limit the frequency range to be displayed. Here you should take
into account that '0' means no restrictions (therefore: if min.=0 and max.=0,
all word forms will be displayed). After the display options have been
changed, you will have to 'Update list'. If you double-click on a word form,
then it will be searched for in the corpus and a concordance will be created.
Search / Concordance
The Search/Concordance tab shows a word form or a keyword in context. The
terms found can be sorted according to different criteria, and the length of the con-
text to be displayed can be determined. The search term is displayed in upper case
by default. This marking can be deactivated.

When you enter a search string, it will be assumed by default that a word has been
entered. This setting: search for 'whole words only' can be deactivated. A new
search and/or a change in the display options can be activated with the button
'Search/Update'.When searching, you can use regular expressions (see below). If
you double-click on a line of text, this will be searched for in the corpus and the
citation (a text passage with more context) will be displayed.

Citation

The Citation tab will display a text passage in which the sought string will be shown in more context. More-
over, the name of the file from which the passage is taken, will also be displayed. The position (in characters)
of the passage in the original file will be given in brackets.
A double-click on the file name opens the original file with the program that is linked with the file extension.
In the case of websites, you are connected with the Internet and see the original file displayed in the browser.

Regular Expressions

When defining the search term (in 'Search/Concordance'), you can use so-called 'regular expressions'. While
these are not particularly user friendly, they are extremely powerful in executing very precise search queries.

Important special characters used in regular expres- Examples:

sions:
'.' (the dot) stands for any character you like b\wr finds 'but', 'bit', 'bet' and 'bat'
'\w' stands for any alphanumeric character b\w+r finds 'but', 'bit', 'bet', 'bat', 'boat' and 'built'
'\W' stands for any non-alphanumeric character (e.g. w[ao]nder finds 'wander' and 'wonder'
space, punctuation marks) (this|that) finds 'this' or 'that'
'+' the preceding character is repeated once or any so.+e finds the string 'sold me her house' in the text:
number of times 'My sister sold me her house'
'*' the preceding character is repeated any number of so.+?e finds the string 'sold me' in the text: 'My sister
times, including zero sold me her house'
'*?', '+?' make sure that '*' and '+' are not 'greedy' (see s.+r finds the string 'sister sold me her' in the text: 'My
examples) sister sold me her house'
'|' stands for or s\w+r finds the string 'sister' in the text: 'My sister
'[ ]' square brackets define a set of characters which sold me her house'
are searched for alternatively.
 Revised Bloom’s
Taxonomy
Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy (RBT) employs the use of 25 verbs that
create collegial understanding of student behavior and learning outcome.
Retrieved from: http://www.kurwongbss.qld.edu.au/thinking/Bloom/blooms.htm

Bloom’s Revised
Taxonomy
• Taxonomy of Cognitive Objectives
• 1950s- developed by Benjamin Bloom
• Means of expressing qualitatively different kinds of
thinking
• Been adapted for classroom use as a planning tool
• Continues to be one of the most universally applied
models
• Provides a way to organise thinking skills into six levels,
from the most basic to the more complex levels of thinking
• 1990s- Lorin Anderson (former student of Bloom) revisited
the taxonomy
• As a result, a number of changes were made
(Pohl, 2000, Learning to Think, Thinking to Learn, pp. 7-8)
 Original Terms New Terms

• Evaluation •Creating

• Synthesis •Evaluating

• Analysis •Analysing

• Application •Applying

• Comprehension •Understanding

• Knowledge •Remembering
(Based on Pohl, 2000, Learning to Think, Thinking to Learn, p. 8)

Retrieved from: http://www.kurwongbss.qld.edu.au/thinking/Bloom/blooms.htm

Change in Terms
• The names of six major categories were changed from noun to
verb forms.
• As the taxonomy reflects different forms of thinking and thinking
is an active process verbs were used rather than nouns.
• The subcategories of the six major categories were also
replaced by verbs and some subcategories were reorganised.
• The knowledge category was renamed. Knowledge is an
outcome or product of thinking not a form of thinking per se.
Consequently, the word knowledge was inappropriate to
describe a category of thinking and was replaced with the word
remembering instead.
• Comprehension and synthesis were retitled to understanding
and creating respectively, in order to better reflect the nature of
the thinking defined in each category.
http://rite.ed.qut.edu.au/oz-teachernet/training/bloom.html
 BLOOM’S REVISED TAXONOMY
Creating
Generating new ideas, products, or ways of viewing things
Designing, constructing, planning, producing, inventing.

Evaluating
Justifying a decision or course of action
Checking, hypothesising, critiquing, experimenting, judging

Analysing
Breaking information into parts to explore understandings and relationships
Comparing, organizing, deconstructing, interrogating, finding

Applying
Using information in another familiar situation
Implementing, carrying out, using, executing

Understanding
Explaining ideas or concepts
Interpreting, summarising, paraphrasing, classifying, explaining

Remembering
Recalling information
Recognizing, listing, describing, retrieving, naming, finding

Retrieved from: http://www.kurwongbss.qld.edu.au/thinking/Bloom/blooms.htm

 The Cognitive Dimension Process
Level 1 - C1
Categories & Alternative Definition
Cognitive Processes Names
Remember Retrieve knowledge from long-
term memory
Recognizing Identifying Locating knowledge in long-term
memory that is consistent with
presented material
Recalling Retrieving Retrieving relevant knowledge from
long-term memory

Level 2 – C2
Categories & Alternative Definition
Cognitive Processes Names
Understand Construct meaning from
instructional messages,
including oral, written, and
graphic communication
Interpreting Clarifying Changing from one form of
Paraphrasing representation to another
Representing
Translating
Exemplifying Illustrating Finding a specific example or
Instantiating illustration of a concept or principle
Classifying Categorizing Determining that something belongs
Subsuming to a category
Summarizing Abstracting Abstracting a general theme or
Generalizing major point(s)
Inferring Concluding Drawing a logical conclusion from
Extrapolating presented information
Interpolating
Predicting

Comparing Contrasting Detecting correspondences

Mapping between two ideas, objects, and the
Matching like
Explaining Constructing Constructing a cause and effect
models model of a system
Anderson, Lorin W. & Krathwohl, David R. (2001). A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching
and Assessing: a Revision of Bloom’s Taxonomy. New York. Longman Publishing.
 Level 3 – C3
Categories & Alternative Definition
Cognitive Processes Names
Apply Applying a procedure to a
familiar task
Executing Carrying out Applying a procedure to a familiar
task
Implementing Using Applying a procedure to an
unfamiliar task

Analyze Break material into its

constituent parts and determine
how the parts relate to one
another and to an overall
structure or purpose
Differentiating Discriminating Distinguishing relevant from
Distinguishing irrelevant parts or important from
Focusing unimportant parts of presented
Selecting material
Organizing Finding Determining how elements fit or
coherence function within a structure
Integrating
Outlining
Parsing
Structuring
Attributing Deconstructing Determine a point of view, bias,
values, or intent underlying
presented material

Evaluate Make judgments based on

criteria and standards
Checking Coordinating Detecting inconsistencies or
Detecting fallacies within a process or
Monitoring product; determining whether a
Testing process or product has internal
consistency; detecting the
effectiveness of a procedure as it is
being implemented
Critiquing Judging Detecting inconsistencies between
a product and external criteria;
determining whether a product has
external consistency; detecting the
appropriateness of a procedure for
a given problem
Anderson, Lorin W. & Krathwohl, David R. (2001). A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching
and Assessing: a Revision of Bloom’s Taxonomy. New York. Longman Publishing.
 Categories & Alternative Definition
Cognitive Processes Names
Create Put elements together to form a
coherent or functional whole;
reorganize elements into a new
pattern or structure
Generating Hypothesizing Coming up with alternative
hypotheses based on criteria
Planning Designing Devising a procedure for
accomplishing some task
Producing Constructing Inventing a product

The Knowledge Dimension

Dimension Definition
Factual Knowledge The basic elements students must
know to be acquainted with a discipline
or solve problems in it
Conceptual Knowledge The interrelationships among the basic
elements within a larger structure that
enable them to function together
Procedural Knowledge How to do something, methods of
inquiry, and criteria for using skills,
algorithms, techniques, and methods
Metacognitive Knowledge Knowledge of cognition in general as
well as awareness and knowledge of
one’s own cognition

Anderson, Lorin W. & Krathwohl, David R. (2001). A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching
and Assessing: a Revision of Bloom’s Taxonomy. New York. Longman
Publishing.
 Potential Activities and Products

Remembering: Potential
Activities and Products
• Make a list of the main events of the story.
• Make a time line of events.
• Make a facts chart.
• Write a list of any pieces of information
you can remember.
• What animals were in the story?
• Make a chart showing…
• Make an acrostic.
• Recite a poem.

Understanding: Potential
•
Activities and Products
Cut out, or draw pictures to show a particular event.
• Illustrate what you think the main idea may have been.
• Make a cartoon strip showing the sequence of events.
• Write and perform a play based on the story.
• Retell the story in your own words.
• Write a summary report of the event
• Prepare a flow chart to illustrate the sequence of events.
• Make a coloring book.
• Cut out, or draw pictures to show a particular event. Illustrate what you think the main
idea was.
• Make a cartoon strip showing the sequence of events.
• Write and perform a play based on the story.
• Retell the story in your own words.
• Write a summary report of the event
• Prepare a flow chart to illustrate the sequence of events.
• Cut out, or draw pictures to show a particular event. Illustrate what you think the main
idea was.
• Make a cartoon strip showing the sequence of events.
• Write and perform a play based on the story.

Retrieved from: http://www.kurwongbss.qld.edu.au/thinking/Bloom/blooms.htm

 Applying: Potential Activities
and Products
• Construct a model to demonstrate how it works
• Make a diorama to illustrate an event
• Make a scrapbook about the areas of study.
• Make a papier-mache map / clay model to include
relevant information about an event.
• Take a collection of photographs to demonstrate a
particular point.
• Make up a puzzle or a game about the topic.
• Write a textbook about this topic for others.
• Dress a doll in national costume.
• Make a clay model.
• Paint a mural using the same materials.
• Design a marketing strategy for your product using a
known strategy as a model.

Analyzing: Potential Activities

and Products
• Design a questionnaire to gather information.
• Write a commercial to sell a new product
• Make a flow chart to show the critical stages.
• Construct a graph to illustrate selected information.
• Make a family tree showing relationships.
• Devise a play about the study area.
• Write a biography of a person studied.
• Prepare a report about the area of study.
• Conduct an investigation to produce information to
support a view.
• Review a work of art in terms of form, color and texture.

Retrieved from: http://www.kurwongbss.qld.edu.au/thinking/Bloom/blooms.htm

 Evaluating: Potential Activities
and Products
• Prepare a list of criteria to judge…
• Conduct a debate about an issue of special
interest.
• Make a booklet about five rules you see as
important. Convince others.
• Form a panel to discuss views.
• Write a letter to. ..advising on changes needed.
• Write a half-yearly report.
• Prepare a case to present your view about...

Creating: Potential Activities and

Products
• Invent a machine to do a specific task.
• Design a building to house your study.
• Create a new product. Give it a name and plan a
marketing campaign.
• Write about your feelings in relation to...
• Write a TV show play, puppet show, role play, song or
pantomime about..
• Design a record, book or magazine cover for...
• Sell an idea
• Devise a way to...
• Make up a new language and use it in an example.

Retrieved from: http://www.kurwongbss.qld.edu.au/thinking/Bloom/blooms.htm

 Assessment

Questions for Remembering

• What happened after...?
• How many...?
• What is...?
• Who was it that...?
• Can you name ...?
• Find the meaning of…
• Describe what happened after…
• Who spoke to...?
• Which is true or false...?
(Pohl, Learning to Think, Thinking to Learn, p. 12)

Questions for Understanding

• Can you write in your own words?
• How would you explain…?
• Can you write a brief outline...?
• What do you think could have happened next...?
• Who do you think...?
• What was the main idea...?
• Can you clarify…?
• Can you illustrate…?
• Does everyone act in the way that …….. does?
(Pohl, Learning to Think, Thinking to Learn, p. 12)

Retrieved from: http://www.kurwongbss.qld.edu.au/thinking/Bloom/blooms.htm

 Questions for Applying
• Do you know of another instance
where…?
• Can you group by characteristics such
as…?
• Which factors would you change if…?
• What questions would you ask of…?
• From the information given, can you
develop a set of instructions about…?
(Pohl, Learning to Think, Thinking to Learn, p. 13)

Question for Analysing

• Which events could not have happened?
• If. ..happened, what might the ending have been?
• How is...similar to...?
• What do you see as other possible outcomes?
• Why did...changes occur?
• Can you explain what must have happened when...?
• What are some or the problems of...?
• Can you distinguish between...?
• What were some of the motives behind..?
• What was the turning point?
• What was the problem with...?
(Pohl, Learning to Think, Thinking to Learn, p. 13)

Retrieved from: http://www.kurwongbss.qld.edu.au/thinking/Bloom/blooms.htm

 Questions for Evaluating
• Is there a better solution to...?
• Judge the value of... What do you think about...?
• Can you defend your position about...?
• Do you think...is a good or bad thing?
• How would you have handled...?
• What changes to.. would you recommend?
• Do you believe...? How would you feel if. ..?
• How effective are. ..?
• What are the consequences..?
• What influence will....have on our lives?
• What are the pros and cons of....?
• Why is ....of value?
• What are the alternatives?
• Who will gain & who will loose?
(Pohl, Learning to Think, Thinking to Learn, p. 14)

Questions for Creating

• Can you design a...to...?
• Can you see a possible solution to...?
• If you had access to all resources, how would
you deal with...?
• Why don't you devise your own way to...?
• What would happen if ...?
• How many ways can you...?
• Can you create new and unusual uses for...?
• Can you develop a proposal which would...?

(Pohl, Learning to Think, Thinking to Learn, p. 14)

Retrieved from: http://www.kurwongbss.qld.edu.au/thinking/Bloom/blooms.htm

 TextSTAT 2.7
User’s Guide
Hüning, M. (2007). TextSTAT (Simple Text Analysis Tool) 2.7.
http://www.niederlandistik.fu-berlin.de/textstat/software-en.html

Created by Gena Bennett

[email protected]
 Table of Contents

Utilizing TextSTAT………………………………………………………... 1
Beginning with the corpus…………………………………………………. 1
Creating a new corpus……………………………………………………… 1
Opening an existing corpus………………………………………………… 2
Adding local files to a corpus……………………………………………… 2
Adding internet files to a corpus…………………………………………… 2
The corpus screen………………………………………………………….. 3
Accessing the corpus……………………………………………………….. 3
Word forms………………………………………………………………… 3
Frequency list………………………………………………………………. 4
Sorting (alphabetically, by frequency, retrograde, by case)……………….. 4
Searching for affixes……………………………………………………….. 4
Viewing concordance lines……………………………………………….... 4
Searching concordance lines……………………………………………….. 4
Query editor ……………………………………………………………….. 6
Manipulating concordance lines …………………………………………... 7
Citation …………………………………………………………………….. 7
Viewing extended text …………………………………………………….. 7
Notes ………………………………………………………………………. 7
When you open TextSTAT, this screen will appear.

The tool bar along the top of the screen will allow you to utilize the program.

1. Beginning with the Corpus

A. To create a new corpus, select the New Corpus button (first from the left). This will open a
window allowing you to name and save a new corpus. You must name the corpus before you can add
files. Once you name your corpus, a box will appear letting you know you may add files. See steps
C and D for adding files.

1
B. To open an existing corpus, select the Open Corpus button (second from the left). This will allow
you to select from your saved corpora to open the corpus of your choice.

C. To add local files from your computer to a new or existing corpus, select the Add Local Files
button (seventh from the left). This will allow you to search your computer to add a .doc file or a .txt
file.

D. To add internet files to a new or existing corpus, select the Add File From Web button (sixth from
the left). This will open the Web Spider in order for you to paste in a web address(es).

2
Once the corpus in complete, the corpus screen may look something like this (displaying each file
in the corpus):

2. Accessing the Corpus

The corpus may be accessed in three ways: Word Forms, Concordance, and Citation. To begin,
access the corpus via Word forms.

A. Word Forms
To get a word list for the corpus, select the Show Word Frequencies button (third from the right).
This will open the Word forms screen and display a word list sorted by frequency.

3
To manipulate the word list, use the options on the right side of the Word forms screen.
1. Sort the word list according to frequency, alphabetically, or retrograde (alphabetically backwards).
2. Establish a minimum and maximum number of times a word should appear in the corpus in order
to show up on the word list.
3. Sort case insensitive so that a word that begins with a capital letter, sentence initial, for example,
will be counted with the same word that begins with a lowercase letter.
4. Search for affixes using the search box.

B. Concordance
You may view concordance lines from the corpus via two options:

1. Double click on a word from the word list. This will open the Concordance screen and show all
lines from the corpus that contain the selected word, as well as 40 characters on each side of the
word.

2. Click on the Concordance option to open the concordance screen.

a. Type in your search word/phrase in the search box.

4
b. To search for a frame (a phrase with a wild card; for example in the xxxx of) in the corpus, select
the Query Editor button.

5
Enter the frame, in the in the first search term box and of in the second search term box; then, select 1
word minimum and maximum between the search terms.

For both options a and b, concordance lines will appear on the screen:

6
 To manipulate the concordance lines, use the options on the right side of the screen.
1. The concordance lines may be sorted to the left, i.e. words before the search word/phrase are
alphabetized.
2. The concordance lines may be sorted to the right, i.e. words after the search word/phrase are
alphabetized.
3. For concordance lines which contain a frame, lines may be sorted alphabetically according to the
wildcard.
4. Sort case insensitive so that a word/phrase that begins with a capital letter will be counted with
the same word that begins with a lowercase letter.
All of the above options are available on the right hand side of the Concordance screen.

C. Citation
To see extended text from a word, phrase, or concordance line in the corpus, use the Citation screen. The
Citation screen may be accessed by double clicking on a concordance line. This will open the Citation
screen to show
1. in blue, a link that contains the original document from which the concordance line came;
2. in red, the original concordance line;
3. in black, 50-75 words on either side of the original concordance line.

NOTES: The Word forms and Concordance options will only function when a corpus has been opened.
The Citation option will only function when concordance lines have been selected.
7