Rapport Beyond The Stripes PDF

REPORT
Tx 2
2017
BEYOND THE STRIPES

SAVE TIGERS, SAVE SO MUCH MORE
Front cover
A street art painting of a tiger
along Brick Lane, London by
artist Louis Masai.
© Stephanie Sadler
FOREWORD: SEEING BEYOND THE STRIPES 2
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4
INTRODUCTION 8
1. SAVING A BIODIVERSITY TREASURE TROVE 10

Tigers and biodiversity 12
Protecting flagship species 14
WWF Acknowledgements
WWF is one of the world’s largest and most experienced We would like to thank all the tiger-range governments,
Connecting landscapes 16
independent conservation organizations, with over partners and WWF Network offices for their support in the Driving political momentum 18
25 million followers and a global network active in more production of this report, as well as the following people in
Return of the King – Cambodia and Kazakhstan 20
than 100 countries. particular:
WWF’s mission is to stop the degradation of the planet’s
natural environment and to build a future in which people
Working Team 2. BENEFITING PEOPLE: CRITICAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICES 22
live in harmony with nature, by conserving the world’s Michael Baltzer, Michael Belecky, Khalid Pasha, Jennifer
Roberts, Yap Wei Lim, Lim Jia Ling, Ashleigh Wang, Aurelie Safeguarding watersheds and water security 24
biological diversity, ensuring that the use of renewable
natural resources is sustainable, and promoting the Shapiro, Birgit Zander, Caroline Snow, Olga Peredova. Tigers and clean water – India 26
reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption. Mitigating climate change 28
Edits and Contributions: Sejal Worah, Vijay Moktan,
A WWF International production Thibault Ledecq, Denis Smirnov, Zhu Jiang, Liu Peiqi, Arnold
Tigers, carbon and livelihoods – Russian Far East 30
Sitompul, Mark Rayan Darmaraj, Ghana S. Gurung, Victoria
Equilibrium Research Elias, Aleksei Kostyria, Gordon Congdon, Stuart Chapman, Reducing disaster risks 32
Equilibrium Research provides practical solutions Ekaterina Vorobyeva, Christoph Heinrich, Kathrin Hebel, Lucid waters and lush mountains – China 34
to conservation challenges, from concept, to Gert Polet, Femke Hilderink, Ola Jennersten, Rebecca May,
implementation, to evaluation of impact, by exploring and Ginette Hemley, Nilanga Jayasinghe, Margaret Kinnaird, Rob Healthy people 36
developing approaches to natural resource management Parry-Jones, Rohit Singh, Ashley Brooks, Akash Shrestha, Igor Forests, medicine, livelihoods – Nepal 38
that balance the needs of nature and people. Chestin, David McCauley, Wendy Elliott, Gokarna Jung Thapa,
Citation
Winnie de’Ath, Richard Lee, Alexis Morgan, Oliver Maennicke
3. PAYING THEIR WAY: A DIFFERENT TIGER ECONOMY 40
WWF. 2017. Beyond the Stripes: save tigers, save so much And all the contributors of case studies and edits for this report.
more. WWF International, Gland, Switzerland. 74 pp. Realising the tiger’s share 42
Authors: Sue Stolton and Nigel Dudley
Valuing tiger landscapes 46
Design: Miller Design, Bristol, United Kingdom What would people give? – Malaysia 48
4. BURNING BRIGHT: INSPIRING CULTURE 50

The designation of geographical entities in this report,
and the presentation of the material, do not imply the
expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WWF
concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or Traditional and Indigenous cultures 52
area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation Symbols of faith and tradition 54
of its frontiers or boundaries.
Protecting a way of life – India 56
Published in 2017 by WWF – World Wide Fund For
Nature (Formerly World Wildlife Fund), Gland,
A breathing, living icon 58
Switzerland. Any reproduction in full or in part must
mention the title and credit the above-mentioned 5. AND SO MUCH MORE 60
publisher as the copyright owner.
© Text 2017 WWF Vision for the future - Indonesia 62
All rights reserved
ISBN 978-2-940529-81-0 REFERENCES AND ENDNOTES 66
Beyond the stripes: save tigers, save so much more | page 1

FOREWORD
Seeing Beyond the Stripes
The magnificent tiger is truly an important champion for nature
and the wild. Tigers inspire millions of people across the world
everyday, from mountain temples in Bhutan to the catwalks of
Milan. Tigers can inspire great action and bold commitments.
In 2010, leaders of the 13 tiger range governments agreed to the
St. Petersburg Declaration on Tiger Conservation, launching
the TX2 Goal, to double the number of tigers in the wild. These
leaders recognised that taking bold action for tigers will have
a much wider impact than just for one species. A win for tigers
can also be a win for other biodiversity and humans too.
Can the global investment and effort for tigers go beyond the
stripes to benefit other global priorities? In recent years, our
understanding of the multitude of values provided by healthy
biodiversity and ecosystems (and tigers!) has increased
dramatically. This is reflected in the hundreds of research papers
and reports referenced in this publication. The preliminary
evidence presented here shows that by protecting the wild
places where tigers roam, we can save so much more.
As tigers are well-known as an umbrella species, it comes as
no surprise that investments in securing tigers will also protect
thousands of other threatened species in some of the most
biodiverse areas on Earth. Tigers can even help in places where
they themselves have gone extinct. In Cambodia and Kazakhstan,
where wild tigers no longer roam, the respective governments
are taking on efforts to rehabilitate entire landscapes, to provide
a home for newly reintroduced tiger populations. This in turn
supports efforts to conserve many other highly endangered
species, improve ecosystem services and potentially provide
new critical sources of income for local communities.
The report however goes deeper and begins to demonstrate that
in fact tiger conservation is often helping to secure the natural
capital and ecosystem services required to underpin economic
expansion for the Asia region as a whole. This makes it of critical
importance to millions of people reliant on the values they provide.
If we fail to protect tigers, we will fail to protect so much more.
Perhaps the most important message of the report is that
Tigers today provide an opportunity to further

investments in tigers are by no means a diversion from other
global development priorities. On the contrary, the evidence
demonstrates that such investments are very significant
contributions to the realization of many of the UN Sustainable
Development Goals in Asia. This is also particularly relevant herald a more inclusive, interconnected modern
approach to conservation at the scale and
when it comes to safeguarding the interests and rights of
millions of rural (and often marginalized) people who often
© EMMANUEL RONDEAU WWF-UK

depend very immediately upon the products of healthy and
productive tiger landscapes.
Mike Baltzer intensity that the planet and people need.
Leader, WWF Tigers Alive Initiative
Camera trapping is identifying diverse wildlife populations, including the takin (Budorcas taxicolor),
Beyond the stripes: save tigers, save so much more | page 2 in wildlife corridors shared with tigers in Bhutan. Beyond the stripes: save tigers, save so much more | page 3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
3. ECONOMIC BENEFITS
If tigers are to survive this century and Well-managed tiger landscapes have concrete economic
beyond, their home range urgently needs to be
€
benefits. They are a vital safety net for local communities
¥
by providing access to sustainable natural resources for
protected and restored. This requires sustained
support from governments, business and civil $ subsistence and sale. At a wider level, tiger landscapes
contribute to national economic prosperity, both directly
society at large, particularly from tiger range through ecotourism and jobs and indirectly by provision
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES of ecosystem services; the loss of the latter costs money.
states. Tigers are apex predators and a classic TIGER HABITAT OVERLAPS FROM TIGER RESERVES These benefits are therefore increasing recognized in national
landscape species. They need large numbers WITH 4 GLOBAL COULD BE WORTH accounts and through direct payment for ecosystem services.
of prey; use many habitats across wide areas; BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS, BILLIONS OF DOLLARS
play a key role in ecosystem function; have high
socio-economic significance; and are vulnerable
332 KEY BIODIVERSITY 4. CULTURAL VALUES
AREAS AND 10 NATURAL Tigers have immense cultural value at global, national and
to human interference. If the landscape is not WORLD HERITAGE SITES local levels and to a variety of ethnic groups. Many indigenous
large, diverse and protected enough, tigers will peoples live in tiger habitat and preserving tigers can also
not survive. IN SUMATRA, THE TIGER’S preserve traditional cultures. Tiger landscapes protect
RANGE OVERLAPS WITH sacred natural sites important to a range of faiths, and more
generally, protection of the tiger plays a massively important
In the wild landscapes where tigers roam, including 100% OF THE RANGE OF cultural role around the world. These intangible values are
nature reserves, forest divisions and wildlife sanctuaries, ORANGUTANS AND RHINOS PRESERVING SACRED the hardest to measure but may in reality provide the greatest
an impressive range of ecosystem benefits are present. NATURAL SITES incentive for long-term tiger conservation.
Yet, these could quickly be lost, if they are not effectively
safeguarded. In this report, we explore some of the critical AND TRADITIONAL
benefits from well-managed large-scale tiger habitats: CULTURES WHERE MANY In 2016, the United Nations 17 Sustainable Development
INDIGENOUS PEOPLES LIVE Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
1. BIODIVERSITY
came into force. Adopted by world leaders, the goals aim to
THE SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE end all forms of poverty, fight inequalities and tackle climate
In conserving tigers we also conserve some of the world’s OF TIGERS CAN BE SEEN IN change – all through the lens of sustainable resource use.
The tiger’s future is tied to effective protection, enhanced
richest ecosystems, including territories of other endangered
COSMOLOGIES, FAITHS AND
flagship species. The large range needed by tigers mean that FOREST LANDSCAPES habitat connectivity and habitat restoration. Without
FOLKTALES OF ALMOST ALL
opportunities for landscape connectivity are being identified PROTECTED FOR TIGERS appropriate investment in tiger landscapes, the ecosystems
and managed for conservation, which also brings benefits CIVILIZATIONS IN TIGER that form the basis of sustainable management and use of
STORE MORE CARBON
for many other species and the provision of ecosystem RANGE COUNTRIES resources across the tiger range are at risk of being further
services. In this politically diverse and often tense region, THAN OTHER FORESTS IN degraded. The benefits discussed throughout this report
tiger conservation provides an incentive for cross-border THE REGION, HELPING TO will be gone, and will need replacing at exorbitant cost. So
collaboration on environmental issues, which has other by saving wild tigers, and securing their landscapes, we will
positive outcomes.
MITIGATE CLIMATE CHANGE secure so much more.
TIGER HABITATS OVERLAP
2. ECOSYSTEM SERVICES NINE GLOBALLY IMPORTANT
Investing in tigers produce significant

Tiger landscapes provide many ecosystem services that spill WATERSHEDS, WHICH
out beyond the range of the tiger. Hundreds of millions of SUPPLY WATER TO AS MANY
AS 830 MILLION PEOPLE
benefits and opportunities for thousands
people use high quality, regulated water from tiger reserves,
which also provide disaster risk reduction against flooding,
of species and millions of people

tidal surge and landslides. They conserve crop wild relatives
and wild food sources. With stronger protection tiger
landscapes store more carbon on the average than other
forests in the region, helping to mitigate climate change.
Beyond the stripes: save tigers, save so much more | page 4 Beyond the stripes: save tigers, save so much more | page 5
Tigers are a touchstone for
many other benefits provided
by the ecosystems in which
they live, which have positive
impacts on human well-being,
economy and culture
© NATUREPL.COM / ERNIE JANES / WWF

INTRODUCTION
Tigers can help save the planet!
The tiger (Panthera tigris) is one of the world’s most iconic

animals, an instantly recognizable symbol of strength,
potency and untamed nature. But the wild tiger is in deep
trouble; populations have collapsed due to habitat destruction
and poaching and remaining tigers are squeezed by human
priorities for land, resources and money.
Yet many governments see conservation as a luxury when
people live in poverty and space for crops, building and
energy generation is in short supply. It is often assumed that
conservation limits development and is a net drain on national
economies. But the evidence presented in this report suggests
that the co-benefits of conservation have been massively
undervalued. Tiger habitat supply many valuable ecosystem
services, particularly carbon capture and water filtration,1 as
well as supporting other important and endangered species.2
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment estimated that 60 per
cent of global ecosystem services were degraded,3 undermining “I would stop using the label ‘Project Tiger’
and call it ‘Project Eco-System’. We need to
food and water security and human health, and increasing
climate-related disasters. The 2017 Global Land Outlook shows
that the situation has deteriorated even more since. 4 Between
1997 and 2011, it is estimated that the world lost ecosystem
services worth more than US$20 trillion per year due to communicate effectively that saving the tiger is
not some middle class obsession. It is an ecological
land degradation; tropical forests alone lost US$3.5 trillion
annually.5 Although many tiger range countries have undergone
rapid economic growth, they are also rapidly losing natural
resources, which undermines their long-term stability.6
The balance sheet of short-term economic gain over ecosystem
imperative — by saving the tiger, you are saving
loss is already costing countries dear. Development cannot
afford to be at the expense of long-term sustainability, and the forests. The tiger is merely the symbol.
By saving it, we ensure our water security.”
land use planning needs to recognize the trade-offs between
different services from the natural environment. It is time
for policymakers to abandon the false dichotomy between
“conservation” and “development”. Even in a rapidly developing Jairam Ramesh, former Minister of State for Environment and Forests, India8
world, it is possible to ensure refuges for biodiversity that
support ecological processes and assemblages of species.7
As one of the most powerful icons of conservation, tigers attract
large-scale support and funding. Fortunately, when you invest
in tigers... you get so much more.
Global GDP
US$46.55 Estimated global ecosystem loss9 and gross
Trillion domestic product10 between 1997 and 2011
Ecosystem Loss
© ADAM OSWELL/WWF
US$20.2 Trillion
The tigers’ range has reduced by 1: SAVING A BIODIVERSITY
95 per cent, leaving populations
11
TREASURE TROVE
fragmented and isolated 4
A catalyst for biodiversity conservation
cooperation across Asia
The tiger first stalks into history about two million years ago,
the age of the earliest known fossils found in China,1 although
these ancestors were smaller than tigers today. “Our” tiger is
much younger, with the modern species only finally emerging
a hundred thousand years ago.2
Tigers, the largest living wild cats, were once common across
Asia and spread as far west as Turkey, to the Korean Peninsula
in the far east. Highly adaptable to a range of habitats from
10 2
Tiger range countries tropical forests to snow-covered mountains, and able to cover
vast distances to find food and secure territories, they are the
1 Bangladesh ultimate landscape species. But a mixture of persecution and
1 2 Bhutan loss of habitat and prey species has reduced their range by 95
per cent, leaving populations fragmented and isolated.3 And
9 3 Cambodia
7 even the remaining 5 per cent are threatened; with some
4 China scenarios predicting close to half (43 per cent) of the remaining
suitable tiger habitat will soon be lost to agriculture expansion
5 5 India
and urbanization. 4,5 Even countries that have invested
12 6 Indonesia significantly in tiger conservation, such as India, are still losing
13 tiger habitat.6
7 Lao PDR
3 8 Malaysia Perhaps for tigers more than any other species, this decline
has happened despite global public concern, innumerable
9 Myanmar conservation projects and, at least in some countries, strong
10 Nepal government policies. But simply presenting the issue as a
straight choice between tiger conservation and development
11 Russia
also creates significant opposition to some conservation
8 12 Thailand initiatives. There is a need for more inclusive arguments for
conservation than those based on the survival of one species.
13 Vietnam
In the following pages, we show that efforts to halt habitat
loss and poaching of tigers will directly benefit thousands of
Key
other plant and animal species, many of which have high value
to humans7 and are also threatened by current development
6 Extant population: Areas
pathways,8 and that tigers are a potent symbol of much wider
“There is now a substantial body of research
with confirmed tiger
breeding activity within biodiversity conservation concerns.
the last 10 years.
demonstrating that, alongside climate change, Functionally extinct: No

evidence of breeding has
eliminating large carnivores is one of the most

been detected since 2008.
IUCN 2014. The IUCN Red List of
significant anthropogenic impacts on nature”10

Threatened Species. Version 2014.1.
www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on
5 October, 2017.
Beyond the
Beyond the stripes:
stripes: save
save tigers,
tigers, save
save so
so much
much more
more || page
page 10
10 Beyond the stripes: save tigers, save so much more | page 11
TIGERS AND BIODIVERSITY
The high profile enjoyed by tiger conservation
helps focus attention on the conservation of a
variety of irreplaceable ecosystems.
Challenge: Tigers range from the boreal forests of Russia
to high Himalayan mountain habitat and the tropical and
subtropical grasslands and forests of India and Southeast Asia.
332 Key Biodiversity Areas

They live in some of the most important but also most highly
threatened habitats on the planet.1,2
Experiences: Current remaining tiger range covers around
have been identified

70 million hectares, the large majority of which is also in four
biodiversity hotspots, the world’s richest places in terms of
plant and animal diversity: Eastern Himalayas, Indo-Burma,
within existing tiger range,

Western Ghats and Sundaland.3 Twelve of these countries have
tiger habitat entirely within one or more biodiversity hotspots,
only the Russian Far East falling outside. 4
covering 22 million hectares

The high biological value of tiger range is also borne out
by comparison with Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs); “sites
contributing significantly to the global persistence of
of tiger landscapes
biodiversity”.5 To date, 332 KBAs have been identified within
the existing tiger range, covering 22 million hectares of tiger
landscapes.6 In the future, further areas within the tiger range
are likely to be identified as KBAs.
More evidence of the importance of tiger ecosystems comes
from the number of protected areas with tigers that feature
in the list of UNESCO natural World Heritage sites. World
Heritage sites need to demonstrate “Outstanding Universal
Value”;7 meaning each needs to be not only important but also
demonstrate a level of uniqueness. Ten World Heritage sites,
covering over 5.4 million hectares, support 30 per cent of the
global wild tiger population. Several more sites used to contain
tigers, such as Ujung Kulon in Indonesia8 and Altai Mountains
in the Russian Federation.9
OPPORTUNITY: Conserving tigers will

also conserve a range of critically
important habitats and ecosystems.
© RICHARD BARRETT / WWF-UK

PROTECTING FLAGSHIP SPECIES
Tiger habitats harbour many of Asia’s most
exceptional species.
Challenge: Tiger habitats overlap with the range of many
other threatened flagship or iconic species.1,2
Experiences: Tiger habitat, and the protected areas that provide
the backbone of tiger conservation, harbour other flagship
species needing conservation. This includes in particular:
Asian elephant (Elephas maximus): over 30 per cent of
the population overlaps with the tiger’s range,3 including
Bangladesh in the Chittagong Hill Tracts;4 southern Bhutan;5
India, particularly in the southwest;6 on the island of Sumatra,
Indonesia;7 Peninsular Malaysia;8 Myanmar;9 Nepal, in the
lowland Terai;10 and Thailand.11 Relic populations of elephants
are also found in Cambodia,12 where tiger reintroduction is
planned, and in Vietnam13 where the tiger may now be extinct.
Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii): is critically endangered
and confined to the same rainforests as the tiger in Sumatra,
Indonesia.14
Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis): over three-
quarters are now confined in or near a few protected areas in
Nepal and India, with two-thirds of the world population in
Kaziranga National Park in the Brahmaputra Valley, Assam,15
which also protects tigers.
Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis): is now
critically endangered, and confined within the tiger range to three Main map: Southeast Asia has IUCN 2014. The IUCN Red List of
protected areas in Sumatra;16 it is almost certainly extinct in the highest concentration of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1.
terrestrial globally threatened www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on
Malaysia.17 It is probably the most endangered rhinoceros species. mammal species 5 October, 2017.
These species, and others flagships like the snow leopard Key
(Panthera uncia), clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) and
Heat map showing
brown bear (Ursus arctos) overlap range with the tiger. threatened mammalian
Investing in the tiger helps these species too, and vice versa. species; from a low
number, 0-30 species
And for species like the pangolin (Manis crassicaudata, M. (blue) to high, over 30
pentadactyla and M. javanica), which have received insufficient species (red)
conservation attention but are threatened with extinction,18
Panthera tigris range.
tiger reserves may well provide vital protection. Extant (resident)
Jenkins, C.N., Pimm, S.L.

and Joppa, L.N. 2013.Global
patterns of terrestrial vertebrate
OPPORTUNITY: Conservation policies and

diversity and conservation.
Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences 110.28:
investment spurred on by interest in tigers

E2602-E2610. Source (data
layer): BiodiversityMapping.org
and IUCN.
will also benefit thousands of other species,

many of which are threatened.
The tiger’s range (yellow) In Sumatra, 100 per cent of the
overlaps with 31 per cent orangutan (purple) and Sumatran
of the endangered Asian rhino (green) overlap with the
elephant range (purple) tiger range (yellow)
From tropical forests to snowy
CONNECTING LANDSCAPES mountains

In Bhutan, tigers roam across diverse
habitats – from sub-tropical forests to snowy
Conservation networks ensure tigers and other mountains over 4000 m above sea level.
wide-ranging species have enough space to thrive Wildlife corridors provide vital lifelines
for tigers, allowing movement across vast
and interact across large areas. areas to hunt and reproduce. This tiger was
Challenge: Tigers need to move between suitable habitats,1 recorded for the first time in May 2017 using
so although protected areas are fundamental to their survival a critical wildlife corridor that connects
connecting landscapes is also essential. These areas often protected areas in central Bhutan.
have limited protection, and many development, mining
and extraction projects are either proposed or in progress
threatening the survival of many species.2,3 In some parts of
Central India, dispersal between source populations and other
tiger reserves has reduced by up to 70 per cent over the last
25-35 years. 4,5 Other species face similar challenges.
Experiences: Recent efforts to protect habitat suitable for
tigers6 has resulted in 73-83 per cent of the wild population now
being within protected areas,7 although the percentage varies
between countries. This means that large parts of the tiger range
in many countries are not primarily managed for conservation.
If carefully managed these areas can provide habitat not only
for tigers but for a multitude of associated species of animals,8
plants9 and much more. In Peninsular Malaysia, where about
85 per cent of the tiger population in is located in forest
reserves,10 forest corridors between Royal Belum State Park and
Temengor Forest Reserve have been protected. Designed for tiger
dispersal – the area is also home to indigenous people,11 a host
of species such as elephant and tapir (Tapirus indicus) and 10
species of hornbill.12 The area’s potential for carbon storage has
been investigated through a Forest Carbon Offset Project, and
could provide an income of US$0.7 million per year.13
The Terai Arc is a vast landscape covering five million hectares
along the base of the Himalayas. Home to three million people
and 14 protected areas, conservation objectives have helped
focus attention and funding on the region. Conservation
corridors have been developed and tiger populations are
increasing.14 Vast carbon sources are conserved, particularly in
protected forests,15 and the development of community forestry
has helped secure user rights and responsibilities, promoted
forest restoration and provided additional income, capacity and
infrastructure to local communities.16
OPPORTUNITY: Landscape-based approaches

to tiger conservation emphasize habitat
connectivity to enhance gene flow and provide
© EMMANUEL RONDEAU / WWF-UK

opportunity for dispersal for multiple species.
The Tiger Summit
DRIVING POLITICAL in St Petersburg in 2010,

brought together all tiger
MOMENTUM
range countries and was
attended by numerous heads
of state and high level ministers and the
President of the World Bank, launching a
Tigers have played a unique role in bringing raft of initiatives to stabilize and reverse
countries, organizations and people to work tiger decline and signalling huge political
support.9 Such a political agreement and
together on a common conservation goal – and process for the conservation of a single
in doing so have ensured the future for habitats species are unprecedented.
and species across the whole region.
Challenge: Tigers do not respect national boundaries,1 and
unfortunately neither do poachers; international criminal
networks quickly shift between countries, exploiting
weaknesses and loopholes.2 Successful tiger conservation
means international cooperation, between tiger range
countries, other states (particularly recipients of illegal tiger
trade), donors and NGOs.
Experiences: Over the last decade, the level of cooperation
on tiger conservation has dramatically increased:
• TX2: the Global Tiger Initiative3 was launched in 2008, led
by the 13 tiger range countries and the Word Bank, Global
Environment Facility, Smithsonian Institution, Save the Tiger
Fund and International Tiger Coalition (over 40 NGOs). The
resulting Global Tiger Recovery Programme,4 aims to double
populations of wild tigers by 2022.
• ITHCP: Integrated Tiger Habitat Conservation Programme
is an example of international development agencies using
tiger conservation to boost human development. A five-
year grant programme, ITHCP was set up in 2014 with €20
(US$23) million funding from the German government
OPPORTUNITY: Efforts to halt and reverse the
through the German Development Bank (KfW), and is being
implemented by IUCN. Each funded project has outcomes
tigers decline is encouraging countries to work
for tiger conservation and local livelihoods.5
• CA|TS: Conservation Assured Tiger Standards is a
together on conservation and development issues.
partnership between governments, donors and conservation
organizations to guarantee effective and equitable tiger
management6 by accrediting sites against agreed standards
of management. Sites can first register for CA|TS, then (if
necessary) build capacity and become accredited at a later
date. Under the umbrella of tiger conservation, CA|TS is
aiming to improve all aspects of protected area management
from conservation through to local community well-being
and involvement.7
• Rangers: Numerous NGOs have made a raft of new
© MARINA KHRAPOVA / WWF-RUSSIA

investments in Asian rangers as a contribution to the goal
of ending tiger poaching. This includes efforts to build
capacity and seek further engagement and collaboration
with government agencies responsible for this sector.8
MAKING A DIFFERENCE Reprehenderit
Protecting and restoring landscapes
RETURN OF THE KING Reintroducing iconic top predator species

such as tigers means protecting and restoring
Cambodia and Kazakhstan

landscapes which support a whole host of
other species. In Kazakhstan, for example,
plans include the reestablishment of a
Conservationists,1 climate scientists2 and those interested number of locally extinct species, including
in development3 agree that ecological restoration is now an thousands of kulans (Equus hemionus), the
urgent necessity in many parts of the world. 4 But despite rare Bukhara deer (Cervus hanglu bactrianus)
fine words and paper commitments, large-scale investment and the critically endangered Saiga antelope
in restoration remains limited. Tigers provide a much- (Saiga tatarica). It would also aim to triple
needed boost to global restoration efforts and can provide the existing Goitered gazelle (Gazella
the incentive and the backbone for activities that will benefit subgutturosa) population, and increase wild
whole ecosystems. Tigers are ideal flagships for restoration; boar (Sus scrofa) numbers tenfold.
they are adaptable and breed quickly; given a fighting chance
tigers recover from setbacks and rebuild populations; and
considerable habitat remains within their historical range.5
Successful examples include their reintroduction into Panna
Tiger Reserve in India, following population collapse due to
poaching and insurgency.6
Reintroducing tigers is likely to require restoration and
protection of habitats and prey species; and by securing tigers,
many more species of flora and fauna can also be protected.
Tigers disappeared from Cambodia over the last two decades
due to hunting and a decline in prey species.7 Current
enforcement and capacity are weak.8 Nonetheless, the Eastern
Plains Landscape is identified as the most suitable restoration
site, probably first in the Serepok Wildlife Sanctuary, with
potential for a population of up to 180 tigers across the whole
landscape and for tigers to spread into Lao PDR and Vietnam.9
Restoration plans received government approval in 2017,10 and
will provide an incentive for conservation and restoration of
the Eastern Great Plains, the last major undisturbed habitat
area in Cambodia, dubbed the “Serengeti of Asia”, aiding a
range of other endangered species.11 Tigers could also provide
a much needed boost to ecotourism and national tourism
revenue.12,13
Tigers became extinct throughout Central Asia last century,
but recently an official announcement outlined plans for the
reintroduction of tigers in Kazakhstan.14 Two potential sites
have been identified: the Amu Darya Delta and the southern
coast of Balkhash Lake.15 However, successful restoration
of tiger populations in the latter is contingent on consistent
river flow of the Ili River, currently exploited for irrigation
upstream in China, which may require a special agreement
© WILD WONDERS OF EUROPE / IGOR SHPILENOK / WWF

on future water consumption be reached between China
and Kazakhstan.16 Again, tiger reintroduction would also
drive larger-scale conservation and restoration – as well as
ecosystem services. Interest is also growing for reintroducing
tigers in southern China, but this would require major habitat
and prey restoration efforts.17
WWF Annual Review 2016 page 21

Subsistence for the
poorest communities 2. BENEFITING PEOPLE:
CRITICAL ECOSYSTEM
Collaboration across see pages 38 and 56
borders and sectors Crop wild relatives and
see page 18
SERVICES
sustainable hunting
see pages 38 and 42
Protecting the tiger’s range also protects critical

Addressing corruption ecosystem services
and wildlife crime
see page 18 Ecosystem services are, literally, the benefits that people
obtain from ecosystems.A decade ago, the Millennium
Disease vector control, Ecosystem Assessment popularized the term and identified
natural medicines
see pages 36 and 38 four kinds of ecosystem service:
• Supporting services: basic ecosystem functions like
primary productivity, nutrient recycling and soil formation,
which are the basis of life and the powerhouses of agriculture,
and allow other ecosystem services to be sustained;
Biodiversity • Provisioning services: provide the essential materials
conservation at scale for sustaining life including food, water, genetic resources,
see pages 12, 16, medicines, energy, etc.;
20, 26 and 34
• Regulating services: help to maintain a liveable planet,
such as climate stabilization, water and air purification, soil
maintenance in farming areas, disaster risk reduction, waste
Watershed protection decomposition and pest and disease control;
for flow and quality • Cultural services: a broad category ranging from
see pages 24, 26, 42 and 62 recreational and aesthetic values of nature, through
Carbon storage
maximized in tiger forests spiritual values to those related to culture and history,
see pages 28, 31 and 42 science and education.1
Such values are often unnoticed, undervalued,2 ignored or
treated by economists as “free goods”,3 until they are degraded
or disappear, whereupon it costs far greater investments of
time and money to substitute or reinstate them. 4 Economists
can show that the value of a natural ecosystem is far greater
than its constituent parts; e.g. the value of a living forest is
Living space for some Watershed protection greater than the timber it contains.5 However, these values
of the region’s poorest for hydropower are often widely dispersed, accruing in small amounts to
Boost for certification people Jobs in conservation see page 24
and ecotourism many individuals.6 For the person who owns or controls the
of oil palm and timber see pages 38 and 52
see page 31 see pages 42,44 and 46 ecosystem it is often more valuable in financial terms to cash
in by extracting and selling natural resources, even if this
destroys the value of a resource for future generations and
to wider national, regional or global populations. However,
despite an emerging middle class in much of Asia, the
Making ecosystem services a co-benefit of other important disadvantaged and marginalized remain poor,7 and these
services are vital for survival.
society priorities is one way of helping build support for Finding ways to encourage long-term management of
achieving these goals, which is where tigers come in ecosystem services has been enshrined in the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs),8 which will be the driving force
behind much of the global work on sustainable development
and conservation for the next decade.
SAFEGUARDING WATERSHEDS Tiger habitats overlap nine globally
AND WATER SECURITY important watersheds, which supply water
Millions of people depend on water from places to as many as 830 million people
where wild tigers roam.
Challenge: Much of South Asia suffer from water stress1 which is
projected to become critical in many areas by 2040,2 leading to local3
and international4 conflict, including political tensions. In addition,
land use change, combined with agricultural intensification, has
THAILAND
The Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai Forest
reduced water quality throughout many tiger-range countries.5
Complex is a critically important watershed
for Thailand, draining into and feeding five
Water stress
Key
of the country’s major rivers: Nakhon Nayok
River, Prachin Buri River, Lamta Khong
River, Muak Lek River and Mun River.18
Low stress – High stress
Panthera tigris range.

Extant (resident)
Luck, M., Landis, M. and INDIA MALAYSIA

Gassert, F. 2015. Aqueduct
Over 100 million people from The Central Forest Spine of Peninsular
25
Water Stress Projections:
Decadal projections of water 9 different states rely on water Malaysia is composed of four main
supply and demand using
that emanate from the Western forest complexes supplying 90 per cent
CMIP5 GCMs. World Resources
million
Institute, Washington, DC. Ghats,16,17 which include 6 tiger of the population’s water supply.19
reserves. In the north, the
people
IUCN 2014. The IUCN Red List
of Threatened Species. Version Corbett Tiger Reserve alone
2014.1. www.iucnredlist.org.
Downloaded on 5 October, 2017. provides drinking water to the
city of New Delhi and irrigates
about 600,000 hectares.
Experiences: Tiger conservation landscapes overlap with nine globally
important watersheds, covering 5.8 million km2, which serve as water
sources for agriculture, energy generation, industry and domestic use for 4 SUMATRA, INDONESIA
up to 830 million people.6 Intact ecosystems, particularly natural forests, million Water collected in the catchment area
of the Leuser Ecosystem in Sumatra,
play a critical role in maintaining water security.7
people Indonesia is used for irrigating
• Water quality: Natural forests discharge purer water,8 and reduce agriculture and pulpwood plantations
100
sediment reaching rivers, streams and reservoirs,9 with direct social downstream.20
and economic benefits. For example, the Ramganga River watershed is
largely inside Corbett National Park in India, a tiger stronghold. From
1974 to 2010, a downstream dam has generated electricity worth US$41
million
million along with 88,000 million m3 of irrigation water, without direct
investment in catchment treatment or significant siltation.10 Similarly
people
the Similpal Tiger Reserve in Orissa maintains forest in an otherwise
deforested landscape and is the source of at least 11 rivers.11
• Water flow: Forested catchments also play an important role
in regulating water flow. Some forest types such as cloud forests OPPORTUNITY: Ecosystems conserved for tigers can help
increase net flow,12 while many humid forests reduce net flow through
evapotranspiration.13 Most forests also help to “smooth out” flow during boost water security, supply higher quality water and in some
cases maintain or increase water flow, in water scarce areas,
Areas highlighted green show current
times of drought or heavy rains, thereby helping to mitigate flood risks tiger distribution.
to downstream communities.14 In Bhutan, Myanmar and Nepal, where IUCN 2014. The IUCN Red List of
hydropower supplies 74-100 per cent of electricity, tiger ranges overlap
as well as slowing water flow in areas facing flood risks.
Threatened Species. Version 2014.1.
www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded
with the headwaters the maintain flows to the dams.15 on 5 October, 2017.
MAKING A DIFFERENCE
TIGERS AND CLEAN WATER

India
The southern state of Karnataka has recently seen the largest
expansion of protected areas in India since the 1970s through
increasing forest protection levels, from Reserved Forests
to Wildlife Sanctuaries. The stimulus was to protect tigers;1
but one important additional benefit was in securing water
resources for millions of people. The decision to expand
protected areas was reached through collaboration between
government agencies, civil society and individuals to build the
political momentum necessary for conservation.2
Karnataka in the Western Ghats has around 400 tigers,3
one of the largest contiguous tiger populations in India.
By identifying the integrity and connectivity of reserved,
state and other forests in the region that were suitable both
ecologically and politically for designation as protected
areas, the protected area network has increased by 2,385km2,
including connecting 23 protected areas and the creation of
three complexes of protected areas, increasing the protected
area network in Karnataka from 3.8 to 5.2 per cent of the
state’s land area. 4
These protected areas not only support a large variety of
wildlife, including elephants, lion-tailed macaque (Macaca
silenus) and other threatened species that are wide-ranging
or endemic, but also conserve watersheds, including 16 rivers,
such as the Cauvery, Nethravathi, Paalar, Bhadra, Varahi,
Gundia, Kumaradhara, Seetha and Kaali Rivers, which play
important local and regional roles in water security. These
watersheds sustain the farming and drinking water needs
of 80 million people in southern India, and water was an
important negotiating point during discussions about the
expansion of the protected area network with the elected
representatives of the local constituencies.5
The increased level of protection was coupled with the
acknowledgement that the existing rights of traditional
indigenous communities will continue as designated under
The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers.6
© SUNNY SHAH/WWF-INDIA
MITIGATING CLIMATE CHANGE
Tiger habitats play a significant role in efforts
to contain greenhouse gas emissions
Challenge: Ecosystem loss and degradation are major causes
of climate change.1 Some tiger habitats are already switching
from being carbon sinks to carbon emitters.2 Tropical forests
are the largest terrestrial carbon store,3 but this service is now
threatened as natural habitats degrade or disappear.
Experiences: Carbon sequestration and storage is one of
the few ecosystem services that can be mapped and clearly
communicated to policymakers. 4 The remaining forest habitats
where tigers live are also forests that have a significant role in
carbon sequestration.
The presence of tigers strengthens the motivation for
governments to protect forests from illegal timber harvesting.5
In some cases, tigers have been the key motivation for
protecting forests with high carbon densities. Habitat conversion
in tiger habitats across the range in the period 2001 to 2014
Biomass carbon stored in
stood at 7.7 per cent;6 however, losses were significant in above and below ground
Sumatra, Indonesia, which ranks as the world’s leading living vegetation
producer of carbon emissions linked to forest degradation, Key
followed closely by Malaysia and India.7,8 Panthera tigris extant

range.
Most studies related to carbon and climate change
mitigation focus on identifying areas at risk of deforestation Tonnes of biomass
carbon per ha
and assessing their carbon storage and potential future
High above 200 t-C/ha
sequestration. However, the research above suggests that
species loss in forest ecosystems can also lead indirectly to
carbon loss, due to reduced management attention and thus Low 0-20 t-C/ha
greater illegal use and resultant degradation.9
Ruesch, A. and Gibbs, H.K. 2008.
One global study comparing conservation strategies found New IPCC Tier-1 Global Biomass
Carbon Map for the Year 2000.
that protecting species-rich habitat would result in 30 per cent Carbon Dioxide Information
more stored carbon being conserved by protected areas.10 Analysis Center (cdiac.ess-dive.
As an umbrella species, tiger conservation offers an opportunity lbl.gov), Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Tennessee.
to conserve forests that act as high-value carbon sinks.
3 out of the 4 countries

OPPORTUNITY: Protecting forest landscapes with the highest annual
for tigers will help protect the last remaining carbon dioxide emissions
forests critical for carbon sequestration, helping linked to forest degradation
to mitigate climate change. are tiger range countries
MAKING A DIFFERENCE
TIGERS, CARBON AND

LIVELIHOODS
Russian Far East
The Korean pine forests of the Russian Far East are unique, but
have been reduced due to legal and illegal logging. Pine nuts are
economically important for local indigenous communities and are also
the main food of the wild boar the main prey of the tiger in the region.
To reverse forest loss, the Bikin, and associated Cedar, project
conserved 3 million hectares of temperate forest, including through
the designation of three protected areas (Land of the Leopard, Bikin
National Park and Sredneussuriisky Wildlife Refuge) and three
ecological corridors in Khabarovsky Province.1
Saving these forests attracted high-level support and collaboration
including: international cooperation between Russia and Germany for
a four-year conservation project launched at the Global Tiger Forum
in St Petersburg;2 a Presidential Order banning logging of Korean
pine in Russia;3 JSC Terneyles, a large FSC certified logging company,
agreeing to stop logging in over 200,000ha of forest and restricting
logging in another 400,000ha of Korean pine forest;4 listing of Korean
Forest protection Pine in Appendix III of the Convention on International Trade in

Endangered Species;5 the proposal to include the Bikin River Valley
prevents emissions in an extension of the Central Sikhote-Alin World Heritage site.6
of an estimated
This protection and support is ensuring all four ecosystem
service types as defined by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment,7
130,000 tonnes
for example:
• Supporting: water services from the headwaters of the Samarga
of СО2 annually River.8

• Provisioning: pine nuts, one of the few cash crops in the area.9 In
2014, the harvest earned villagers around US$60 million. Existing
nut harvesting zones (NHZ) have been enhanced through combating
illegal logging, increasing protection and developing facilities for
forest product processing, storage and marketing.10
In 2014, the pine

• Regulating: in particular carbon storage. Forest protection
prevents emissions of an estimated 130,000 tonnes of СО2
annually.11 Income is generated through carbon credits under the
nut harvest earned

© HUANGNIHE NATURE RESERVE MANAGEMENT BUREAU
Verified Carbon Standard,12 for example, funds to compensate for

the Sochi Olympics’ emissions earned the local community more
than US$550,000, which paid for the NHZ leases and various
villagers around
community projects.13
• Cultural: securing traditional resources use, e.g. hunting, fishing
and NTFP harvest, which are being co-managed by the government
US$60 million
© DAVID ARKY / WWF-US
and indigenous Udege and Nanai people, in the new protected area.14
By protecting 10 per cent of the Amur tiger population in Russia, the
Bikin Project has provided a wealth of benefits. Thanks to its success,
it is being expanded to other NHZs.15
REDUCING DISASTER RISK
Tiger habitats should be seen as vital elements in Role of natural ecosystems in tiger reserves
disaster risk reduction strategies
in combating disasters
Challenge: Land degradation, population change and poor
infrastructure all increase risks of harsh weather triggering
According to
disasters, which have severe social and economic impacts. For the World Bank, Flooding
example, monsoon rains combined with degraded landscapes
increase the frequency and severity of flooding, with rivers like
every US$1 Providing space for floodwaters to dissipate;
the Ganges–Brahmaputra and Mekong at particular risk.1 Climate invested in absorbing impacts
change is increasing the number and severity of extreme weather

events, with models predicting increasing flood hazards in parts of effective disaster
South Asia and Southeast Asia.2 75 per cent of tiger landscapes have reduction saves Landslide
been categorized as having high or extremely high flood risk.3
US$7 in disaster Stabilizing soil, packing snow and slowing
Experiences: Healthy natural ecosystems help mitigate all but
the largest disasters4 by buffering floodwaters;5 stabilizing soil and losses.180 earth, rock and snow movement.
snow;6 blocking tidal surges and storms;7 resisting desertification;8

and fire;9 and mitigating landslides and rock fall after earthquakes.10
Areas conserved for tigers also help to buffer against the impact of Storm surge, tsunamis, erosion
natural disasters. Mangroves creating a barrier, roots
stabilizing wetlands
For example, the storm protection value of mangroves is recognized
in Thailand,11 Bangladesh12 and India; in the latter two countries,
coastal mangroves in protected areas in the Sundarbans help to
buffer communities against storm surge13 including the 2007 Fires
Cyclone Sidr and 2009 Cyclone Aila.14 Forests in tiger reserves in Protecting fire-resistant natural ecosystems,
mountainous areas such as Bhutan help to prevent soil erosion15 and limiting encroachment into fire-prone areas
and maintaining traditional management to
landslides, while forests within the region have also been shown to
control fire
buffer against landslides following earthquakes.16 In China, where
decades of habitat loss have led to severe flooding and a massive
contraction of the tiger’s range, policies of forest protection and
Hurricanes and typhoons
restoration have decreased flooding and recreated tiger habitat.17
Mitigating floods and landslides,
buffering communities
Flood occurrence (floods
recorded from 1985 to 2011)
is high or extremely high
across 75 per cent of the
tiger range Earthquakes
Key Preventing or mitigating hazards such as
landslides and rock falls
Panthera tigris range
Extant (resident)
Flood Occurrence Score
1. Low (0-1)
2. Low to medium (2-3)
OPPORTUNITY: Natural ecosystems, such as those

3. Medium to high (4-9)
4. High (10-27)
5. Extremely high (>27)

protecting tigers, are recognized for their disaster risk
reduction role, and their conservation and restoration
Gassert, F., Landis, M., Luck, M.,
Reig, P. and T. Shiao. 2014. Aqueduct
Global Maps 2.1. World Resources
are included in disaster risk reduction strategies.

Institute, Washington, DC.
MAKING A DIFFERENCE
LUCID WATERS AND LUSH

MOUNTAINS
China Lucid waters and lush mountains
China has a long-term ambition to re-establish viable Amur
tiger and leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis) populations.1
However, the large-scale habitat required for these species
are as valuable as gold and silver”
has been restored largely as a response to a dramatic loss of Chinese President Xi Jinping16
ecosystem services.
Once found across the whole of China, tigers and their prey
have disappeared from their forest habitats over the past 100
years2,3 – not surprising, considering that by the mid-20th
century China’s forest cover had reduced by over 90 per cent. 4
The last stronghold of the tiger in China is in the far northeast
(Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces).5 But even here,
fifty years of large-scale logging have led to the loss of tiger
habitat and the collapse of ecosystem services provided by
the forest, leading to severe drought6 and massive flooding.7
As a response, the National Forest Protection Program was
initiated in 1998, leading to a major reduction in forestry
operations in the region and substantial improvements in the
quantity and quality of forests,8 including effective protection
within national-level nature reserves.9 By 2016, for example,
Jilin province’s forests covered almost 44 per cent of the
territory, and were further secured by a complete ban on
commercial logging.10
Restoring the forests has led to a greatly expanded tiger range
and a slowly recovering tiger population. And now, China is
protecting these habitats to secure their future. The Chinese
central government has announced nine national parks with
a combined area of nearly 170,000km2 being planned across
the country to protect endangered species and the sources of
major watersheds.11 One of these will protect Jilin’s forest. This
new park, provisionally known as the Amur Tiger and Leopard
National Park, will be 60 per cent larger than Yellowstone,
covering 14,600km2 in Jilin and Heilongjiang and bordering
Russia’s Primorsky.12,13 The plan is to draw national support,
both financial and technical, for the protection of the big cats
and through this process protect many other species.
© HUANGNIHE NATURE RESERVE MANAGEMENT BUREAU

The viability of increasing the Chinese population of tigers
suggests that an ecosystem services-centred economic
development model, which also promotes ecological tourism
and conservation-related enterprises that directly benefit local
people, is an important requirement for success in many tiger
conservation projects.14,15

HEALTHY PEOPLE
Overlooked until recently, natural environments
provide health benefits for many rural communities
Challenge: The destruction and degradation of the natural
environment is having an impact on the spread of diseases and
the availability of resources for medicinal use and research.1
Experiences: Protected areas provide four primary benefits
to health: reducing the risk of disease; as sources of local
medicines; sources of global medicines including components
of pharmaceuticals; and direct health benefits such as physical
exercise.2
The World Health Organization links the increase in many
infectious diseases to environmental threats.3 For example,
although deforestation may initially reduce the carriers of
malaria, these areas are then opened up to other carriers
increasing transmission of the disease. 4 There has been a steep
rise in human malaria cases in areas undergoing rapid
deforestation in Sabah, Malaysia.5 In Cambodia, the positive
links between conservation and health have been assessed;
research found decreased incidences of diarrhoea and respiratory
infection in children living close to protected areas.6
Tiger reserves provide direct medicinal benefits to many local
people. For example, the Kani tribes in Kalakkad Mundanthurai
Tiger Reserve, India, collect medicinal plants in the reserve7 and
rear the bee Trigona irredipensis for honey used to treat
infections.8 Three-quarters of Soliga people in India’s Biligiri
Rangaswamy Temple Reserve use traditional local medicines
from over 100 plant species for curing minor ailments.9
Over 50,000 higher plant species are used worldwide for
medicinal purposes,10 many of which are collected from the
wild: over 80 per cent of medicinal plants collected in India and
China are from uncultivated sources.11 The value of medicinal
plants in the international marketplace is estimated at more
than US$50 billion annually.12 Guidelines for the conservation of
medicinal plants exist13,14,15 and many countries have developed
national regulations.16 Careful management of commercial
resource use in tiger reserves can be the key to sustainable
trade and equitable benefit sharing. In Bhutan, the protection
and sustainable management of Cordyceps sinensis, Chinese
caterpillar fungus, and other medicinal herbs ensure a positive
relationship between communities and protected area staff.17,18,19
OPPORTUNITY: Protecting forests and other
© THOMAS CRISTOFOLETTI / WWF-US

natural habitats across the tiger range will >
secure a wide range of human health benefits.
MAKING A DIFFERENCE
FORESTS, MEDICINE, In Chitwan National Park, people rely on a wide range of plant and animal resources
from forest, wetlands, cultivated lands and communal lands for their subsistence.4
LIVELIHOODS
Nepal
Protected areas and their buffer zones are often established
to protect high profile species, such as tigers, but they are
Food plants Medicines Fishing Fibres
Grains used during Several medicinal plant Plants prepared in a Either from whole plant, stem
also becoming vital laboratories for recording ethnobotanical
scarcity and seeds resources are used for variety of ways are used barks or from flowers or seeds,
knowledge.1 In China, around 5,000 plant species have
are used to prepare dal combating different in piscicide (i.e. stunning are used for making ropes or
medicinal and aromatic values, in India about 2,500 and
health problems of or paralysing fish to aid cordage or for stuffing pillows
Nepal about 1,500.2
humans and livestock capture)
Wild edible fruits
and cushions
In Nepal, tigers have maintained high densities in national
parks despite an increase in surrounding human density.
Participatory forest management and restoration provide
26 edible wild fruits
Fodder and forage Timber and Paper and pulp
essential resources and improved wild ungulate habitat, thus
providing tigers with prey and reducing conflict through Wild vegetables
23 species of legumes,
19 species of grasses and
fuelwood At least 15 plants are
Many timber trees used for making paper
livestock attacks.3 26 wild species used as 59 other plants are used and pulp
are used for building
vegetables mostly in for fodder and forage;
and heating
times of scarcity, the forests are most
although some are also frequently used for Construction and
sold in local markets grazing animals, cutting
grasses for stall feeding
Religious plants household implement
Several plants are used in the
and other purposes materials
Pickles, spices
worship of the Gods Ganesh
and Bikram Baba, while Many plants are used for
and condiments Farming and crop others are necessary for thatching and to make brooms
management
Several fruits are religious ceremonies and baskets; leaves are used for
pickled and seeds making plates and cups, wood
Leaves are used as botanical for frames, toys and pencils
and leaves used
as spices
insecticide and insect Gums and resin
repellents; dried stems are Are extracted from the stem
used as fences to protect barks of plants Dyes
Marcha gardens from chickens;
plants are also used as
Bark, flowers, fruit pulp and
whole plants from at least 19
A fermenting substrate
used for preparing green manure to increase Oils species are used to make
beverages such as “raksi” soil fertility are extracted from plants different coloured dyes
(local whisky) and “moat” for use in making candles
(beer), is made from a or for cooking
number of wild plants
Tannin
Is obtained from bark, leaves,
galls and nuts for use in the
leather industry
© SIMON DE TREY-WHITE / WWF-UK
Indicative monetary values for services 3. PAYING THEIR WAY: A
from tropical forests20
Values in $/ha/year DIFFERENT TIGER ECONOMY
2007 prices Ecosystem services from tiger reserves could
Air quality be worth billions of dollars
Recreation regulation
US$867 US$12
Tigers are priceless, but understanding the value of their
habitat when taking development decisions1,2 and in
rv i c e s Regulation securing conservation funds could provide the impetus
l Se
of water flows needed for their protection. Current economic models only
r a Disturbance tell one part of the story of a country’s wealth and stability.3
US$342
t u
Cul
The ecosystems, biodiversity and natural resources
moderation (sometimes called the natural capital) that underpin
US$66 economies, societies and individual well-being are of equal
Nutrient if not greater importance. 4
es Regu cycling
c latin
One of the goals of the Global Tiger Recovery Programme
e rv i US$3 is to shift from donor support to sustainable forms of
S
Food
g
financing; i.e. nature-based tourism, international or
g S
no in
domestic payment for ecosystem services schemes, offsets
US$200 from infrastructure development and carbon credits, etc.5
Pollination
Water Waste
International multilateral initiatives to help countries
US$30 understand and calculate their natural capital began
erv
US$27 treatment Climate with the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment,6 followed
i
vis
ices
Raw materials US$6 regulation by The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity
(TEEB),7 the World Bank’s Wealth Accounting and the
Pro
US$84 US$2,044 Valuation of Ecosystem Services partnership (WAVES)8
Services
and the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on
US$13
bitat Erosion
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES).9,10 Funding
a
mechanisms are being developed through policies linked
Genetic
H Nursery prevention to Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest
resources services US$15 Degradation (REDD+),11 and private sector efforts are also
Genetic mainstreaming concepts around natural capital, including
US$16 diversity 42 global financial institutions12 through the Natural
US$1,504 Biological Capital Declaration13 and over 200 global businesses
Medicinal US$23 control working together in the World Business Council for
resources US$11 Sustainable Development.14

Although there are considerable challenges to understand
fully the contribution of ecosystem services in tiger range
countries,15,16,17 understanding, assessing and valuing
ecosystem services18 needs to be linked to reporting
national economic output and used in decision-making
and in identifying new funding mechanisms.
We are running down our natural capital stock without

understanding the value of what we are losing.” TEEB19
REALISING THE TIGER’S SHARE
Every hectare protected as tiger habitat has OPPORTUNITY: Accounting for ecosystem
multiple values; when these economic values are
calculated these can add up to several thousand
service values in decision-making will
dollars per year strengthen the economic case for conserving
Challenge: Multiple studies1 have assessed the value of habitats under pressure from development.
Understanding these values also helps to
biodiversity, from large-scale regional valuations to specific
studies in protected areas with tigers.2 Estimates vary
identify sustainable funding streams for

depending on habitat and management regime, but all indicate
the high value of natural ecosystems.
Experiences: The total value of tropical forest and mangrove
ecosystems per hectare per year have been estimated at around future conservation needs.
US$5,5003,4 and US$4,0005 respectively; a value rarely
accounted for by governments or fed back into conservation
funding. These values are made up of a range of benefits
including:
Carbon: Protected forests in tiger reserves in Asia are
more effective carbon stores than any other type of land
management.6 The carbon storage capacity of every hectare
protected in Corbett National Park in India is worth about
US$220 annually.7
Tourism: It has been estimated that globally protected areas
generate over US$600 billion per annum in revenue from
visitors.8 The role of tigers in tourism is important across
the tiger range,9 although benefits are unevenly distributed.10
Ranthambore National Park was the first designated tiger
reserve in India, the surrounding area supports 3,000 tourist
beds and tourism revenues of over US$0.5 million per year.11
Water: Forests protect soil and reduce erosion rates, avoiding
expensive water purification costs.12 Water regulation and
purification values for every hectare of forest protected in
Bhutan have been estimated at over US$6,000 per year.13
Genetic resources: Estimates of the global value associated
with the use of plant genetic resources in food and agriculture
vary from hundreds of millions to tens of billions of dollars per
year.14 Many protected areas conserve the ancestors of the crops
we use today, providing vital resources for research and future
crop breeding. Thung Yai and Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife
Sanctuaries, in Thailand, are important sites for the
conservation of genetic resources, including mango, rambutan,
Amorphophallus spp. and longan (Dimocarpus spp.).15
Translating these values into contributions for conservation is
still in its infancy, with most payments for ecosystem services
in Asia focusing on watershed services or carbon markets.16
© ADITYA "DICKY" SINGH

A single well known tigress in
Ranthambore Tiger Reserve,
India, was responsible for
revenues of over US$103 million
in the first decade of her life,
through park fees, lodging, taxes She also effectively employed over
and services fees 3,000 local people according to
Travel Operators for Tigers.1 And
her offspring continue her legacy
© SOUVIK KUNDU / WWF

MAKING A DIFFERENCE
Corbett Tiger Reserve:
Annual services include provisioning of Bhutan: Whole country
Estimated values of
water to downstream districts of Uttar
Pradesh (US$24.5 million) and water Panna Tiger Reserve:
(over 50 per cent of which
is protected). Total value
ecosystem services
purification services to the city of New
Delhi (US$8.4 million), local employment
The Ken River that runs
through Panna provides
of ecosystem services
about US$15.5 billion per
in tiger landscapes underline
(US$1.2 million), sequestration of carbon
(US$3.2 million) and recreation value
benefits worth US$48
million annually.6
year – approximately five
times the country’s GDP.8 their worth - and what could be
(US$500,000 million).1
lost if tigers and their natural
Ranthambore Tiger
Reserve: Annual services
Kaziranga Tiger Reserve:
Annual services include homes are not protected.
include water provisioning recreation value (US$300,000),
(US$1.7 million) and biological control (US$2.2
sequestration of carbon million), sequestration of carbon
(US$1 million).2 (US$250,000) and recreation
value (US$300,000).9
Kanha Tiger Reserve:

Annual services include provisioning of
Sundarbans Tiger Reserve:
water to downstream regions (US$8.5
Annual services include nursery
million), provisioning of fodder in buffer
function (US$79 million),
areas (US$8.3 million), recreation value
fish stocks (US$24 million),
(US$5.8 million) and sequestration of
employment for local communities
carbon (US$3.3 million).3
(US$500,000), disaster reduction
(US$4.2 million), sequestration
of carbon (US$7 million) and Thailand – Thung Yai and Huai
recreation value (US$900,000).7 Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuaries:
Nagarhole National Park:
Stretching over 600,000 ha, these two areas
Ecosystem services valued
represent the largest protected forest in
at between US$13 and
mainland SE Asia. In the 1980s, the main
US$147.25 million. 4
quantifiable benefits, watershed protection
and research uses, were estimated to total
about US$14 million per year.10
Periyar Tiger Reserve:
Annual services include water
provisioning (US$62 million), local
employment (US$380,000), water
purification services to neighbouring Malaysia – Ulu Muda Forest
towns and districts (US$7.4 million) Complex: Almost a decade ago, water
and recreation value (US$6.5 million).5 and tourism values for this forest were
valued at US$70 million per year.11
Indonesia – Leuser Ecosystem,
Valuing tiger landscapes

northern: Home to the majority of the
critically endangered Sumatran tiger,12
this primarily intact 2.5 million hectare
area of natural forest has services values of Areas highlighted green show current
between US$7-$9.5 billion, equivalent to tiger distribution.
IUCN 2014. The IUCN Red List of
about US$500 per hectare per year.13 Threatened Species. Version 2014.1.
www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded
on 5 October, 2017.
Beyond
Beyond the
the stripes:
stripes: save
save tigers,
tigers, save
save so
so much
much more
more || page 46
page 46 Beyond the stripes: save tigers, save so much more | page 47
Beyond the stripes: save tigers, save so much more page 46 Beyond the stripes: save tigers, save so much more page 47
MAKING A DIFFERENCE
WHAT WOULD PEOPLE GIVE?

Malaysia
Economic development over much of Asia has been at the
expense of natural habitat, but the rapidly growing middle-
income population is willing to pay for the many benefits that
tiger conservation is bringing.
At the end of the last century, the number of people in absolute
poverty in East Asia fell faster than anywhere worldwide; from
55 per cent in 1990 to 17 per cent in 2005.1
Malaysia reached the World Bank upper-middle income level
in 1992 (the third of four country-income levels from low
to high2). Much of this growth was fuelled by conversion of
lowland rainforests to rubber and oil palm plantations.
The Belum–Temengor area has remained relatively untouched
by these developments, and retains populations of elephant,
tiger, rhinoceros and other large mammals. Protecting Belum–
Temengor against logging and poaching has been a priority
for the Malaysian Nature Society (MNS) and WWF-Malaysia
since the early 1990s. In 2007, about one-third of the area
was protected as the Royal Belum State Park, however the rest
remained open to logging and even in the park the government
retained authority to reopen it for logging.3
A willingness-to-pay survey of over 1,000 households in
Malaysia concluded that nationally the public would be willing
to contribute to additional government allocations to effectively
protect Belum-Temengor (US$437 per hectare per annum,
prices as of 2010); a much larger sum than the annual operating
budgets of protected areas in Peninsular Malaysia, which
range from under a dollar to just over US$12 per hectare. 4
Providing policymakers with better information on public
preferences is an important potential contribution of
environmental valuation surveys. It provides guidance on the
possibility of increased domestic funding such as payments for
ecosystem services as well as indicating public awareness and
interest in conservation.5
© SHUTTERSTOCK / ABDUL RAZAK LATIF / WWF

Image: Miniature of 29th Southeast Asian Games mascot
for Malaysia; ‘Rimau’ the Tiger.
4.BURNING BRIGHT:
INSPIRING CULTURE
The tiger as icon in Asia’s religious and
cultural life
The social significance of tigers can be seen in cosmologies,
faiths and folktales of almost all civilizations in tiger range
countries. As the tiger range has disappeared, however, so
have many of the ethnic groups who created these cultural ties.
The tiger is revered by faiths across its historic range. For
the Chinese, the tiger has many symbolic attributes; it is one
of the 12 zodiac signs and king of all the animals, commonly
depicted with four stripes on the forehead that form the
character Wang or Prince.1 Tigers were thus linked with
Taoism, one of the earliest major religions in the region,
and in turn incorporated into other faiths as these emerged.
Further to the west, in the Hindu traditions, the ten-armed
warrior goddess Durga (Shakti or Kali) rides the tiger, which
represents power and immortality.2 Tigers were incorporated
into Buddhist traditions; for example, many Korean Buddhist
temples contain shrines to the San Shin mountain spirits and
the tiger.3 Tigers are often referred to in Buddhism as one of
the Three Senseless Creatures, symbolizing anger, 4 and appear
on temples in Thailand, Bhutan and China. Guru Rinpoche
is said to have flown from Tibet to Bhutan on the back of the
tiger, in order to establish the Tantric school of Buddhism still
practised in the country today.5
Inside and outside the region, tigers feature prominently in
poetry, novels and paintings. Early writers in the West tended
to use the tiger as a personification of remorseless cruelty,6
while the visionary English poet William Blake wrote his famous
poem that begins “Tyger tyger, burning bright / In the forests
of the night ...” after seeing a tiger for himself at the zoo in the
Tower of London by the River Thames; his deliberately archaic
spelling emphasized the power and mystery of the beast.
Meanwhile in popular works for children, tigers became
transformed into altogether less frightening creatures, such as
Tigger in Winnie the Pooh and Calvin and Hobbes. Painters
and visual artists continue to employ the tiger as a symbol of
power and eroticism, from Rousseau’s naive jungle scenes to
the endless depictions of tigers in Indian art, seen across the
country in art galleries and sold in vast numbers to tourists.

TRADITIONAL AND Protecting landscapes is
INDIGENOUS CULTURES an important contribution
Tiger habitat is helping secure the territories to preserving endangered
of traditional and indigenous peoples
Challenge: Our “biocultural diversity”, the diversity of
cultures and languages.11
society, culture and language, is disappearing as fast as
biodiversity; linguists predict that between 50 and 90 per
cent of the world’s languages will disappear by the end of
this century.1 Conflict and development has led to large-scale
displacements of traditional and indigenous communities
across Asia,2 with resulting impacts on biocultural diversity.
Experiences: There is a high geographical correlation
between linguistic diversity and biodiversity,3 which can be
used as a proxy for understanding the link between tiger
conservation and bioculture. Almost one-quarter of the
endangered languages assessed to date across the tiger range
are spoken by people living with tigers as close neighbours, 4
illustrating the importance of just over 700 million hectares
of land for cultural survival.
Many communities live alongside and support the existence
of tigers, despite the dangers, in part because they recognize
links between tiger conservation and their own livelihood
security.5 For example, Bikin National Park in the Russian
Far East6 protects Amur tigers and is home to the Udege
and Nanai people, who previously battled against logging
companies.7 Similarly, the Soliga tribe residing in India’s
Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Sanctuary provide an exemplary
case of successful tiger conservation and maintenance of
traditional livelihoods.8 The Belum-Temengor Forest Complex
in Peninsular Malaysia is important tiger habitat and home to
Map of endangered
over 5,000 Orang Asli indigenous people, who extract non- languages across the
timber forest products, fish and hunt using blowpipes.9 This tiger range
reliance on natural resources and the natural habitat protected Key

through tiger conservation is vital to the survival of these, and Examples of endangered
Panthera tigris range
many other peoples, across Asia. A reliance that increases in languages found in the tiger
Extant (resident) range:
poorer and/or more remote communities.10
Extinct India: Allar, Bellari, Darai,
Gorum, Gutob, Koro, Kota,
Endangered Language Lepcha, Toda, Vishavan, Zakhring
OPPORTUNITY: Conserving tiger

Russia: Oroch, Udege
Endangered
Malaysia: Batek, Orang Kanaq, Minriq,
Severely Endangered Mintil, Temoq
landscapes, if done with sensitivity to

Critically Endangered Thailand: Kintaq
human needs, helps protect cultures.

Alliance for Linguistic
Diversity. 2017. Catalogue of
Endangered Languages. (www.
endangeredlanguages.com ),
University of Hawaii at Manoa.
Note: the map is based on an

ongoing project by the Endangered
Languages Project to collect and assess
information on languages worldwide;
the map is recognized as a work in
Beyond the stripes: save tigers, save so much more | page 52 progress and far from complete.12 Beyond the stripes: save tigers, save so much more | page 53
SYMBOLS OF FAITH
AND TRADITION
Developing the religious power of the tiger into
an effective conservation movement is an
important opportunity for any tiger protection
strategy.
Challenge: Many faiths across Asia recognize the central
importance of the tiger. However, as the wild tiger becomes
extinct in some countries, the links are becoming purely
symbolic.
Experiences: The religious importance of tigers is clear
across Asia. Many tiger reserves contain important religious
buildings; one of the largest annual pilgrimages in the world
takes place in the Periyar Tiger Reserve in India where two
Hindu shrines are visited by 10 million devotees each year.1
The traditional Tungusic, Udege and Nanai peoples of Siberia
consider the tiger a near-deity and often refer to it using a
title of respect.2 The recent protection of 1.16 million hectares
of forest in the Bikin National Park will protect their land
and provide habitat for the Amur tiger.3 Similarly, Buddhist
traditions have close links with conservation, 4 and in countries
like Bhutan, conservation success is in part attributed to
people’s religious beliefs.5 A fatwa (a religious edict) issued
by Indonesia's top Muslim Clerical Body pronounced the
poaching and trading of tigers and other endangered wildlife
to be haram (forbidden), and urged its government and
citizens to protect these wildlife and their habitats.6
In Korea, the tiger is seen as a protective and benevolent spirit
and features centrally in shamanistic creation stories; it was
also considered to be the messenger of San Shin, the spirit of
the mountain.7 The tiger is still the national animal of South
Korea despite being extirpated throughout the country and
there are no plans for re-introduction.
OPPORTUNITY: Local communities are

helping to ensure the survival of the tiger,
in part due to its spiritual importance,
and thus ensuring their own cultural and

spiritual survival.
MAKING A DIFFERENCE
PROTECTING A WAY OF LIFE

India
The Bor Tiger Reserve in Maharashtra State, India extends
over 61km2 plus a buffer zone of 159km2, where villagers
from 18 villages access the reserve for grazing livestock and
gathering firewood.
Interviews with villagers found that most (96 per cent) Tigers are
appreciated by dairy
considered tigers beneficial to their livelihood, stressing
the necessity to conserve tigers in order to ensure their own
farmers in Bor Tiger

continued survival. The tiger’s significance as the animal
of transport of the Goddess Durga was also noted. Some
respondents believed that the loss of tigers would lead to
reduced conservation in their region, which would in turn
lead to increased timber removal and fodder gathering, more
Reserve; villagers
soil run-off during the monsoon rains, resulting in reduced
crops, which would eventually have a negative effect on their
cycling between
financial well-being.
villages to sell their
milk are subject to
Farmers noted the presence of the tiger also kept marauding
troops of Hanuman langur monkeys (Semnopithecus
attacks by bandits,
dussumieri) and herds of herbivores such as chital deer
(Axis axis), nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) and wild boar
apart from the trails

(Sus scrofa) away from their plots, subsequently allowing for
better harvests. Tigers were also appreciated by dairy farmers.
Milking is done at night and in the early morning; when still
dark, villagers cycle between villages to sell their milk. During
this time, they are prone to attacks by bandits. The only areas
in tiger territory
not frequented by thieves are the trails in tiger territory.
Not all responses were positive; a minority of villagers
complained about damage incurred by the tigers, but
discontent was based on inept handling of property losses
by the authorities, who did not provide compensation on
time or paid only a small part of the original value of the loss,
highlighting the importance of effective management in tiger
reserves to ensure the support of local people.1
© KARINE AIGNER/WWF-US
A BREATHING, LIVING ICON
Ultimately, it is the wider cultural significance
of tigers that may well be the most powerful
incentive for their conservation.
Challenge: There are plenty of examples of mythical animals,
such as the unicorn, and extinct creatures, like the dodo,
remaining part of the international consciousness. Tigers are
a global phenomenon, but unless conservation is successful,
they will only be known in zoos or in cultural media.
Experiences: The link between humans and tigers retains
a powerful appeal throughout the world.1 Throughout history,
rulers made use of the high regard that people held for tigers
and incorporated them into their own propaganda, so for
instance in Imperial China a tiger was the personification of
war and often represented a high army official.2 Within tiger
range countries, the image of the tiger remains one of power.3
Tigers are the national animal of Bangladesh, India, Malaysia,
South Korea and Vietnam, and South Korea chose a tiger for
the symbol of the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul, as did India
for the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi.
The tiger’s current imperilled status has if anything added
to its mystique. The emerging middle classes of the tiger
range countries are flocking to national parks in the hopes of
glimpsing one of the few remaining wild animals. Countries
with ambitions to increase or restore tigers in the wild, hope
to build on the role of tigers in national cultures to elicit public
support for conservation. 4
OPPORTUNITY: The international appeal

of tigers can be harnessed to protect
them and help countries in the tiger range
to protect a wide range of habitats and
associated ecosystem services.
Image: Hua Tunan, an artist based in China,
© CHEN YINGJIE
uses tiger as an inspiration for his artwork
5. AND SO MUCH MORE
If we save tigers, we save so much more
The Asia region is going through a period of unprecedented
change – similarly, traditional methods of tiger conservation
are evolving. A new model is emerging where investments
in tigers also produce significant co-benefits and economic
opportunities for people and other species that live in the tiger
range. As such, this new approach is well aligned with the
eventual realization of the Sustainable Development Goals.
This shift is occurring at a time when many other international
priorities are being directly linked to tiger landscapes; from
the mitigation of climate change and its impacts through to the
protection of carbon rich forests, the safeguarding of critical
clean water sources or the preservation of other ecosystem
services. Furthermore, policies are moving, albeit far too
slowly, to try to understand the complexity of economic,
cultural and social values in decision-making.1
Securing the future of wild tigers does not mean huge parts of
Asia need to become nature reserves. The global cooperative
goal of doubling wild tiger numbers embodies the larger goal
of conserving and managing sustainably up to 1.2 million km2
of forest habitat suitable for tiger across the 13 tiger range
countries in Asia.2 Protected areas are vital, and more are
needed, but they are only one of many land uses that can help
secure wild tiger populations.
The evidence provided in this report suggests that we need a
“tiger filter” on development so a new type of “tiger economy”
can be developed, which sees the rapid economic growth
synonymous with this term coupled with securing vital
ecosystem services which underpin the survival of us all.
THE KUNBI TRIBE IN INDIA USE MEDICATIONS MADE FROM LOCAL PLANTS © MAURI RAUTKARI / WWF
The “tiger economies” of Asia have so
far grown partly at the expense of the
animals whose name they adopt: it is
time that tiger economics means growth
that supports rather than undermines
the natural world. That way we can save
tigers – and so much more …
MAKING A DIFFERENCE
“All ten Governors will
VISION FOR THE FUTURE begin work to develop
Indonesia ecosystem‑based
An understanding of ecosystem services is informing
environmental governance in Indonesia and valuation is
spatial plans that will
being institutionalized in state policy, as evidenced in budget
allocations, strategic priorities, public statements, the perceptions serve as the basis for all
future development on
of staff and management and on-the-ground actions.1
Central Sumatra contains some of the last remaining forest
habitat of the critically endangered Sumatran tiger. But it has
experienced some of the highest deforestation rates in the Sumatra Island [taking
into] consideration
world, with associated losses of carbon and impacts on water,
driven primarily by forest conversion to oil palm2 and Acacia
conservation of
plantations, along with illegal logging3 and use of fire. 4 From
1985 to 2007, 12 million ha, 48 per cent of forest was converted
in Sumatra;5 losses of over half a million hectares a year
occurred between 2000 and 2010.6
A study 7 compared how five ecosystem services
ecosystem goods
interacted with tiger habitat under two future scenarios:
1) a conservation-friendly Green Vision and 2) a Spatial Plan and services such as
developed by the Indonesian government to help inform
decision-making in Sumatra. watershed protection
The results indicated that sub-watersheds with high levels of
ecosystem services contained substantially more tiger habitat and carbon storage,
and food security,
than a random subset of sub-watersheds, suggesting that
prioritizing ecosystem services could benefit tiger conservation,
as well as wildlife
and vice versa. The analysis provided WWF-Indonesia with
visual and technical input to government-led spatial planning
and strategic environmental assessments. Although
government stakeholders were aware of ecosystem services,
they had not considered them in a spatial context before. habitat protection and
The analysis helped strengthen government understanding of
the spatial dimensions of ecosystem services and therefore the restoration.” 10
need to include them in spatial plans. This method can be
replicated for valuing the quality of habitat while implementing
the presidential decree of Sumatra Island Spatial Planning.8
The study resulted in the incorporation of ecosystem services
in strategic environmental assessments of Jambi province and
one district in each of Riau and West Sumatra provinces. The
Indonesian government has designated part of the study area
as an “ecosystem corridor” under a presidential decree,
thereby establishing a legal framework for conservation and
sustainable land use in the area.9
© NATUREPL.COM / ANUP SHAH / WWF

“We need to define conservation as a
means to achieve development rather
than considering it to be anti-growth.
I strongly believe that tiger
conservation or conservation of
nature is not a drag on development”
Prime Minister Narendra Modi, India1
© NATUREPL.COM / EDWIN GIESBERS / WWF

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8
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number of tigers in the wild.
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To find out more about how
3
business with companies involved in illegal and destructive logging

in the last rainforests of Malaysia. London. WWF is working to protect
4
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on the loss and degradation of lowland forest in 1983-2000 in East
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Tropical Geography 27: 30-48.
WWF International
Avenue du Mont-Blanc
1196 Gland, Switzerland
100%
•
WWF TIGERS
BEYOND THE STRIPES - SAVE TIGERS, SAVE SO MUCH MORE

RECYCLED
22 MILLION
Of tiger landscapes overlap with
830 MILLION
at least 332 Key Biodiversity
Areas that are inhabitated by
thousands of species
People depend on
the clean water that
is provided by nine
globally important
watersheds overlapping
tiger landscapes
6000+
US$103 MN
Wild tigers by 2022 – the TX2 goal
to double the world’s wild tigers, as
committed to by tiger range governments
at the St Petersburg Tiger Summit.
Machali, a single tigress
in Ranthambore Tiger
Reserve in India, is
Working to sustain the natural estimated to have
world for people and wildlife brought in tourism.
panda.org
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REPORT

BEYOND THE STRIPES

1. SAVING A BIODIVERSITY TREASURE TROVE 10

4. BURNING BRIGHT: INSPIRING CULTURE 50

Beyond the stripes: save tigers, save so much more | page 1

Tigers today provide an opportunity to further

© EMMANUEL RONDEAU WWF-UK

Investing in tigers produce significant

of species and millions of people

© NATUREPL.COM / ERNIE JANES / WWF

The tiger (Panthera tigris) is one of the world’s most iconic

demonstrating that, alongside climate change, Functionally extinct: No

eliminating large carnivores is one of the most

IUCN 2014. The IUCN Red List of

significant anthropogenic impacts on nature”10

332 Key Biodiversity Areas

have been identified

within existing tiger range,

covering 22 million hectares

OPPORTUNITY: Conserving tigers will

© RICHARD BARRETT / WWF-UK

Jenkins, C.N., Pimm, S.L.

OPPORTUNITY: Conservation policies and

investment spurred on by interest in tigers

will also benefit thousands of other species,

CONNECTING LANDSCAPES mountains

OPPORTUNITY: Landscape-based approaches

© EMMANUEL RONDEAU / WWF-UK

DRIVING POLITICAL in St Petersburg in 2010,

© MARINA KHRAPOVA / WWF-RUSSIA

RETURN OF THE KING Reintroducing iconic top predator species

Cambodia and Kazakhstan

© WILD WONDERS OF EUROPE / IGOR SHPILENOK / WWF

WWF Annual Review 2016 page 21

Protecting the tiger’s range also protects critical

Panthera tigris range.

Luck, M., Landis, M. and INDIA MALAYSIA

TIGERS AND CLEAN WATER

producer of carbon emissions linked to forest degradation, Key

followed closely by Malaysia and India.7,8 Panthera tigris extant

3 out of the 4 countries

TIGERS, CARBON AND

Forest protection Pine in Appendix III of the Convention on International Trade in

prevents emissions in an extension of the Central Sikhote-Alin World Heritage site.6

of СО2 annually River.8

In 2014, the pine

nut harvest earned

Verified Carbon Standard,12 for example, funds to compensate for

change is increasing the number and severity of extreme weather

snow;6 blocking tidal surges and storms;7 resisting desertification;8

Flood Occurrence Score

2. Low to medium (2-3)

OPPORTUNITY: Natural ecosystems, such as those

5. Extremely high (>27)

are included in disaster risk reduction strategies.

LUCID WATERS AND LUSH

© HUANGNIHE NATURE RESERVE MANAGEMENT BUREAU

Beyond the stripes: save tigers, save so much more | page 34

OPPORTUNITY: Protecting forests and other

WWF Annual Review 2016 page 21