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    Illumination

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    Kaushiki Kamboj
    The document discusses the relationship between candela and lumen, which are units used to measure light intensity and luminous flux. It defines the candela as the luminous intensity that will produce an illuminance of 1 lux on a sphere of 1 meter radius. It also defines the steradian and explains that a light source of 1 candela intensity producing light evenly in all directions would result in a total luminous flux of 4π lumens. The document includes examples of calculating illuminance using light intensity values from polar diagrams.

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    Illumination

    Uploaded by

    Kaushiki Kamboj
    79 views10 pages
    The document discusses the relationship between candela and lumen, which are units used to measure light intensity and luminous flux. It defines the candela as the luminous intensity that will produce an illuminance of 1 lux on a sphere of 1 meter radius. It also defines the steradian and explains that a light source of 1 candela intensity producing light evenly in all directions would result in a total luminous flux of 4π lumens. The document includes examples of calculating illuminance using light intensity values from polar diagrams.

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    The document discusses the relationship between candela and lumen, which are units used to measure light intensity and luminous flux. It defines the candela as the luminous intensity that will produce an illuminance of 1 lux on a sphere of 1 meter radius. It also defines the steradian and explains that a light source of 1 candela intensity producing light evenly in all directions would result in a total luminous flux of 4π lumens. The document includes examples of calculating illuminance using light intensity values from polar diagrams.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    79 views10 pages

    Illumination

    Uploaded by

    Kaushiki Kamboj
    The document discusses the relationship between candela and lumen, which are units used to measure light intensity and luminous flux. It defines the candela as the luminous intensity that will produce an illuminance of 1 lux on a sphere of 1 meter radius. It also defines the steradian and explains that a light source of 1 candela intensity producing light evenly in all directions would result in a total luminous flux of 4π lumens. The document includes examples of calculating illuminance using light intensity values from polar diagrams.

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    ILLUMINATION

    RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CANDELA AND LUMEN


    The Candela. In 1948 an international standard was adopted for light intensity.
    The candela (pronounced “candeela”) is approximately equal to one candle power. It is
    defined as the luminous intensity of a point source at the centre of a sphere of 1m
    radius which produces an illuminance of 1 lux on the inner surface of the sphere.

    The Steradian. This is like a three dimensional radian, sometimes called the unit solid
    angle. The steradian is the solid angle subtended at the centre of a sphere by surface
    areas equal to r2.
    There are 2π radians in a circle and 4π steradians in a sphere. Consider a sphere of
    radius one metre, with a symmetrical point light source of 1 candela intensity at its
    centre, the surface area of the sphere = 4πr2
    Therefore the surface area of a 1 metre radius sphere = 4 π m2

    I
    E= -- = 1 lux = 1 lm/m2
    𝑑2

    If there area is 4π m2 then the source must produce 4π lumens in order to produce
    an average illuminance of 1 lumen/m2 on the surface of the sphere.
    CONCLUSION
    A lamp with an intensity of 1 candela produces 4π
    lumens of light flux.
    Numerical
    A 500 watt Tungsten Halogen lamp has an efficacy of 20 lumens per watt.
    Calculate its mean spherical intensity.

    φ = 500 x 20 = 10000 lumens

    φ 10000
    I = ---- = ------ = 796. cd
    4π 4π
    POLAR DIAGRAMS
    • Light sources are seldom symmetrical in output. We have already seen that the light
    output in a given direction is called the luminous intensity.
    • If the light source was symmetrical in output, then 80 cd/1000 lm would be its intensity
    in all directions as shown in Fig. 1.18 by curve A.
    • A more realistic output for a bare lamp would be as shown in the same diagram by
    curve B.
    • If reflectors were used, the output would be concentrated even more as shown by
    curve C.
    Polar diagrams are used to provide the designer with information on light intensity in a
    given direction when using the point to point method of calculation.

    Numerical
    A point light source has an output of 2000 lumens and intensity as shown by curve C in Fig.
    1.18 calculate the illuminance on a horizontal surface which is 2 metres beneath the source:

    (i) directly beneath.


    (ii) 2 metres to one side.
    The intensity directly under the lamp = 250 x 2 = 500
    cd.
    I 500
    ∴ E = ---- = ------- = 125 lux
    𝑑2 4

    (ii) incident angle is 45 ° .


    From the polar curve-
    The intensity at a 45° angle = 200 x 2 = 400 cd.

    I 400 x Cos 45o 400 x 0.707


    ∴ E = ---- Cos θ = --------------- = ------------ = 35.35 lux
    𝑑2 2.822 8
    Numerical
    A point source luminaire has an output as shown by the polar curve as shown in the figure.
    It is mounted 2 metres above the working plane and is fitted with an 18 Watt compact fluorescent
    lamp whose output is 1500 lumens.
    Calculate:

    (i) The illuminance on the working plane directly under the lamp
    (ii) The illuminance on the working plane 2 metres to one side.
    1500
    (i) From polar diagram I = 750 x ------------ = 1125 cd.
    1000
    I 1125
    E = ----- = -------- = 281.25 lux
    𝑑2 22
    1500
    (ii) I = 450 x -------- = 675 cd
    1000
    d = 2.828 m
    Cos θ = 2/2.828 = 0.707

    I Cos θ
    E = --------
    𝑑2
    675 x 0.707
    E= ------------- = 60 lux
    2.8282

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