TRAINING REPORT

(WINTER 2017-18)

SOLAR TRAINING
(100kW Grid Connected PV- Array)

At
OIL AND NATURAL GAS
CORPORATION LIMITED, Dehradun

Department of Electrical Engineering

(B.Tech)

Submitted By:-
 Name -- DEVENDRA MEENA
 College -- SLBS ENGINEERING COLLEGE,
JODHPUR
 University - Rajasthan Technical University.
 Contact No - 9166043140.

1
 Acknowledgement
The internship Opportunity I had with ONGC (Oil and Natural Gas
Corporation) was a great chance for learning and professional development.
Therefore, I consider myself as a very lucky individual as I was provided with
an opportunity to be a part of it. I am also grateful for having a chance to meet
so many wonderful people and professionals who led me though this training
period.

Bearing in mind previous I am using this opportunity to express my deepest

gratitude and special thanks to Mr. Diwas Joshi who in spite of being
extraordinary busy with his duties, took time out to hear, guide and keep me on
the correct path and allowing me to carry out my project at their esteemed
organization and extending during the training.

I express my deepest thanks to Mr. J.S. Tewari or taking part in useful

decision & giving necessary advices and guidance and arranged all
facilities to make life easier. I choose this moment to acknowledge his/her
contribution gratefully.

It is my radiant sentiment to place on record my best regards, deepest

sense of gratitude to all the who made this training possible for their
careful and precious guidance which were extremely valuable for my
study both theoretically and practically.

I perceive as this opportunity as a big milestone in my career development.

I will strive to use gained skills and knowledge in the best possible way,
and I will continue to work on their improvement, in order to attain desired
career objectives. Hope to continue cooperation with all of you in the
future.

2
 Abstract
The training focused on firstly about the various
sources for energy and the advantages over
conventional sources of energy. Basics of photovoltaic
system, design of solar power system.

The training also included studying of basics of

Electromagnetic Spectrums & Shadow Analysis. This
involved studying of solar panels, the battery banks
and their connection to a small grid.

Along with the study of solar panels, circuit breakers

and equipment which are to be connected in a grid
were also studied for Testing & Commissioning of solar
power plants. Operation & Maintenance of solar plant.

Various Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and

Safety Precautions rules while working in solar power
plants.

An Industrial Visit in the HVAC (Heating Ventilation and

Air Conditioning) plant was carried out to learn about the
functioning of whole unit. The visit also involved study of
DG (|Diesel Generator|) sets used for operating the
ONGC premises at 33kV substation.

3
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. ONGC Today
2. Global Ranking
3. Energy
4. Solar Energy
5. Basics of Sun and Earth
6. Shadow Effect
7. Solar power in India
8. Solar Cell Efficiency
9. Maximum Power Point
10. Net Metering
11. Solar Power Plant
12. Visit in HVAC Plant
13. Study of a DG set
14. MNRE Schemes
15. Conclusion

4
 ONGC TODAY

Introduction
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation limited (ONGC) is an Indian multinational
oil and gas company headquartered in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. It is a
public sector undertaking (PSU) of the government of India under
administrative control of petroleum and natural gas. It is India’s largest oil
and gas exploration and production company. It produces around 77% of
India’s crude oil (Equivalent to 30% of country’s demand) and around 62%
of natural gas.

ONGC was founded on 14 august 1956 by government of India which

currently holds 68.94% equity state. It is involved in exploring and exploiting
hydrocarbons in 26 sedimentary basins of India and operates over 11000 km
of pipelines in the country. ONGC has discovered 6 to 7 commercially
producing Indian basins, in last 50 years adding over 7.1 billion tonnes of in
place-oil and gas volume of hydrocarbons in Indian basins. Against global
decline of product from mature filed ONGC has maintained its production
from brown fields like Mumbai high, with help of aggressive investment in
various IOR (Improved Oil Recovery) and EOR (Enhance Oil Recovery)
schemes.

Operations
ONGC’s operations include conventional exploration and production,
refining and progressive development of alternate energy source like coal-
bed methane and shale gas. The company’s domestic operation are around
11- assets, 7- basins, 2-plants and sources (for necessary input’s and
supports such as drilling, geo-physical, logging and well services).

5
 GLOBAL RANKING

Energy major, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation has been ranked as the top
energy company in India, in the coveted PLATTSTOP 250 global energy
company ranking 2014. ONGC is a global leader in extracting Oil and
Natural gas from both offshore and onshore deposits. It has a market
capitalization of INR 2.6 trillion making it the second biggest PSU in India.

ONGC has improved on its global ranking up by a notch to feature at

21stplace among the global energy majors. In the Asia/Pacific (APAC) rim,
ONGC was featured at the 5th position, up from 7th last year. ONGC has also
maintained its position as the 3rd ranked Exploration and Production
Company globally.

With many great initiatives in the pipeline, the Maharatna Company is poised
to gain bigger milestones in the times to come as it puts its production plans
on fast-lane. This recognition comes on the heel of ONGC’s recent ranking
in BT-500 where it gained two positions to be placed at Number 2 among the
Indian Corporate biggies.

ONGC has been ranked 5 among 82 companies of the APAC region. Asian
companies have once again demonstrated their growing influences and have
moved up in both number and position.

Notwithstanding the hit from low crude oil prices, ONGC has been able to
maintain its position among the top three Indian companies in terms of its
financial parameters. There are 56 Indian companies in the global list. Due to
the low revenue from its main product, ONGC has slipped in its global
ranking slightly this year, from 183 last year.

6
 ENERGY

ENERGY:- Its power derived from Utilization of

physical/chemical resources especially to provide light &
heat or to work machines.

SOURCES OF ENERGY

A Soruce of energy of energy which

Renewalable
can be used again & again without
Sources runing out

NonRenewable A resource of economics values that

Sources cannot be readily replaced

RENEWABLE ENERGY
1. SOLAR ENERGY.
2. WIND ENERGY.
3. HYDRO ENERGY.
4. BIOMASS ENERGY.
5. TIDAL ENERGY.
6. HYDROGEN ENERGY.
7. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY.
7
 Non- Renewable Energy
1. COAL ENERGY- Energy generated from Coal mined from coal mines

2. OIL ENERGY– Oil also found inside the earth used to generate energy

3. NATURAL GAS - From Natural Gas found inside Earth.

4. NUCLEAR ENERGY- Nuclear power is the use of nuclear

reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat which
most frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce
electricity in a nuclear power plant station.

RENEWABLE ENERGY CURRENT STATUS

Note: Only 8% of today’s total energy is from renewable sources

else 92% is from Conventional sources.

Solar Energy

percentage,
Renewable , 8%

percentage,
FOSSILE FUEL, 92%

8
Solar energy is the energy that is in sunlight. It has been used for
thousands of years in many different ways by people all over the
world. As well as its traditional human uses in heating, cooking, and
drying, it is used today to make electricity where other power supplies
are absent, such as in remote places and in space. It is becoming
cheaper to make electricity from solar energy and in many situations
it is now competitive with energy from coal or oil. Solar energy is
also called "Heat Trapper" as it is the automatic, non-mechanical, sun
ray trapper.
Solar radiation reaches the Earth's upper Earth's atmosphere with the
power of 1366 watts per square meter (W/sq m.). Since the Earth is
round, the surface nearer its poles is angled away from the Sun and
receives much less solar energy than the surface nearer the equator.

9
It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are
broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending
on how they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar
power. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic
systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness
the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to
the Sun, selecting materials with favourable thermal mass or light-
dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.
The large magnitude of solar energy available makes it a highly
appealing source of electricity. The United Nations Development
Programme in its 2000 World Energy Assessment found that the
annual potential of solar energy was 1,575–49,837 exajoules (EJ).
This is several times larger than the total world energy consumption,
which was 559.8 EJ in 2012.
While a majority of the world's current electricity supply is generated
from fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas, these traditional
energy sources face a number of challenges including rising prices,
security concerns over dependence on imports from a limited number
of countries which have significant fossil fuel supplies, and growing
environmental concerns over the climate change risks associated with
power generation using fossil fuels. As a result of these and other
challenges facing traditional energy sources, governments, businesses
and consumers are increasingly supporting the development of
alternative energy sources and new technologies for electricity
generation. Renewable energy sources such as solar, biomass,
geothermal, hydroelectric and wind power generation have emerged
as potential alternatives which address some of these concerns. As
opposed to fossil fuels, which draw on finite resources that may
eventually become too expensive to retrieve, renewable energy
sources are generally unlimited in availability.

10
Solar power generation has emerged as one of the most rapidly
growing renewable sources of electricity. Solar power generation has
several advantages over other forms of electricity generation:

 Reduced Dependence on Fossil Fuels. Solar energy

production does not require fossil fuels and is therefore less
dependent on this limited and expensive natural resource.
Although there is variability in the amount and timing of
sunlight over the day, season and year, a properly sized and
configured system can be designed to be highly reliable while
providing long-term, fixed price electricity supply.

 Environmental Advantages. Solar power production

generates electricity with a limited impact on the environment as
compared to other forms of electricity production

 Matching Peak Time Output with Peak Time

Demand. Solar energy can effectively supplement electricity
supply from an electricity transmission grid, such as when
electricity demand peaks in the summer

 Modularity and Scalability. As the size and generating

capacity of a solar system are a function of the number of solar
modules installed, applications of solar technology are readily
scalable and versatile.

 Flexible Locations. Solar power production facilities can be

installed at the customer site which reduces required
investments in production and transportation infrastructure.

11
  Government Incentives. A growing number of countries
have established incentive programs for the development of
solar and other renewable energy sources, such as (i) net
metering laws that allow on-grid end users to sell electricity
back to the grid at retail prices, (ii) direct subsidies to end users
to offset costs of photovoltaic equipment and installation
charges, (iii) low interest loans for financing solar power
systems and tax incentives; and (iv) government standards that
mandate minimum usage levels of renewable energy sources.

Due to such high potential it seems to be a perfect and green way of

making electricity. Although presently an unconventional source of energy
but in near future it would be a very good alternative for the current fossil
fuel dependent generation of electricity.
India being the second largest populated country and a growing economy
has its energy demands touching the sky in recent years. So the country is
rapidly deploying plans for more power generation. Currently more than
60% of electricity consumed by India comes from Thermal Power Plants
which cause a lot of pollution. Rest energy being contributed by Hydro,
Nuclear and Solar power Plants. So to increase the solar power production,
government is investing more towards it. India is planning to generate 100
GW by 2022. The target will comprise of 40 GW power generated through
rooftop units and 60 GW through large and medium scale grid connected
solar power projects.
The Cabinet also approved setting up of over 2,000 MW of grid connected
solar PV Power Projects on ‘build, own and operate’ basis by solar power
developers with VGF under Batch-III of Phase-II of the JNNSM
(Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission).
So under such missions various solar plants are installed in the whole
country. These solar plants have only capital cost because their running
cost is almost zero. Once installed a panel is good to go for about 25-30
years. Therefore a panel is able to pay for its worth in 10-15 years by
generating the same amount of electricity.
12
 WHY SOLAR ENERGY GAINING POPULARITY

1. Low Operational Cost.

2. Ownership of power generating plant.
3. After installation [0%] increase in cost.
4. Coal energy is closing down due to Scarcity of Coal
5. 100% pollution free (Environment friendly).
6. As demand for Solar Energy increases, Cost of
installation is Reducing.

13
 Mild Stones In the Field of Solar Energy

 During year 2005: 6.4MW electricity generated through

Government funded Solar energy Resources
 India is ranked Number One in terms of Solar
electricity production per watt installed, with an
insolation of 1700 to 1900 kWh per kilowatt peak
(kWh/Kwp).

 In 2010: 25.1MW Electricity produced.

 In 2011: 468.3MW Electricity produced
 In 2015: as of 31 august, 2015 solar power capacity
is 4229.36MW
 In 2017: Solar power Capacity expected to be
10,000MW.
 2022: Solar power Capacity expected to be
1,00,000MW

Energy(MW)
120000

100000
100000

80000

60000
Energy(MW)

40000

20000
10000
4229.36
6.4 25.1 468.3
0
2005 2010 2011 2015 2017 2022

14
 SOLAR ENERGY UTILIZATION
(As per 2006 DOE (Department of Energy) Report)

 Solar Energy must be complemented by other

renewable sources of energy.

As whole world needs 15TW which is:-

10,000 times Energy

SUN

(120,000TW) (15TW)

15
 Basics OF Solar Energy
 The Sun is the star at the centre of the Solar system.

 Energy is produced in the Core of the Sun is by the continued

process of FUSSION Reaction. Turning Hydrogen into Helium.

 The Radiation from the Sun takes approx. 8 minutes 17 seconds

to reach surface of earth.

 Estimated that 30 minutes of radiation output from Sun

could be equal to World Energy Demand for One Year.

Various Facts About Sun

 Total Mass of Sun= Composed of ( 75% Hydrogen + 25% helium )

 Fusion Process inside the Core of sun is called as Proton-Proton

Chain.

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 Rotation & Revolution

 Rotation of Earth is completed in 24 hours & called daily

motion of earth. Its responsible for day and night. Earth rotates
west to east on axis.
 The Axis is an imaginary line passing through the northern and
southern poles of earth.

 Revolution : Movement of earth around sun in its orbit is called

Revolution. Earth revolves west to east movement.

Positions of Earth:
1. Vernal-Equinox: 21st March

2. Summer-Solstice: 21st June

3. Winter-Solstice : 22nd December

4. Autumnal-Equinox : 23rd September

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 EARTH ENERGY BUDGET
 Represents balance between incoming energy from sun
and outgoing thermal (longwave) & reflected
(shortwave) energy from the earth.

 The average Albedo (Reflectivity) of earth is about 0.3, which

means that 30% of Incident solar energy is reflected back into
space while 70% is absorbed by earth and reradiate as infrared.

 When earth is at Thermal Equilibrium the same 70% is

reradiated as 64% by Clouds and atmosphere plus 6%
by grounds.

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 Types of Solar Radiations
 Solar Radiation is radiant energy from sun particularly
Electromagnetic energy.

1. Global Solar Radiation— (GHI)

2. Diffuse Solar Radiation-- (DHI)
3. Direct Solar Radiation— (DNI)

 The solar radiation that passes directly to the earth’s

surface is called Direct Solar Radiation.

 Solar radiation that gets scattered by the atmosphere

constituents and gets reflected and transmitted by the
clouds, an incident on a unit’s horizontal surface is
called Diffuse Solar Radiations.

 The direct component of sunlight and the diffuse

component of sunlight falling together on a horizontal
surface make up Global Solar Radiations.

 GHI = DHI + DNI*Cos{ β }

Where, Cos{ β } is Zenith Angle of the Sun.

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 Solar Angles

 Altitude angle: The angular height of the sun

measured from the horizon. Vertical angle between sun
& wall section. Used to describe how sun is high in the
sky.
 Altitude angle is negative when sun is below horizon.
Elevation angle measured up from horizon.

 Azimuth Angle: The horizontal angle on which rays of

sun are falling on a wall. Always measured with
respect to the south direction, thus its always east to
south or west to south.

 Zenith Angle: Angle between sun and vertical. Similar

to elevation angle but measured from vertical rather
horizontal.

 Azimuth is measured clockwise from the North (zero

azimuth). Thus, Zenith angle = 90o – elevation.

 Hour Angle: It’s an expression of time, expressed in

angular measurement, usually degree from solar noon.
The difference between local solar time and solar noon.

 Hour angle measures 10 for every 4minutes after solar

noon. Or 15degree per hour with positive hour angle.
Hence, at solar noon 00 angle.

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 Shadow Effect
Most important issue of solar PV-system, happens in early
morning and evening. Conditions need to be taken into
accounts during designing the plants.

1. Unshaded-Cell: 100% Current and Voltage output.

2. Partially shaded-Cell: Output current is directly
proportional to illuminated cell area. No change in output
voltage.
3. Shaded-Cell: No output current and voltage.

Types of Shading:

1. Soft-Shading: Lowering the intensity of Solar irradiancy

levels, without causing any form of visible separation of
shaded and unshaded regions.
 Due to this on PV cell will cause the cell current output to
proportional drop voltage of cell will remains unchanged
and only the current output will diminish.

2. Hard-Shading: Created when a physical object (like

pole, tree) is physically obstructing sunlight. Creating
obvious visible regions of lit and unlit cells on arrays.
 If entire cell shaded or no complete illuminated path
between electrodes no flow of current through cell and
voltage will collapse.

HOTSPOTS: Enormous power dissipated occurring in a

small area results in local overheating or Hotspot.

21
 Solar Power in India

Solar power in India is a growing industry. As of 6 April 2017, the

country's solar grid had a cumulative capacity of 12.29 GW. India
quadrupled its solar-generation capacity from 2,650 MW on 26 May
2014 to 12,289 MW on 31 March 2017. The country added 3.01 GW
of solar capacity in 2015-2016 and 5.525 GW in 2016-2017, the
highest of any year, with the average current price of solar electricity
dropping to 18% below the average price of its coal-fired counterpart.
In January 2015 the Indian government expanded its solar plans,
targeting US$100 billion in investment and 100 GW of solar capacity
(including 40 GW from rooftop solar) by 2022. About India's interest
in solar power, Prime Minister Narendra Modi said at the 2015 COP
21 climate conference in Paris: "The world must turn to (the) sun to
power our future. As the developing world lifts billions of people into
prosperity, our hope for a sustainable planet rests on a bold, global
initiative. India's initiative of 100 GW of solar energy by 2022 is an
ambitious target, since the world’s installed solar-power capacity in
2014 was 181 GW.
In addition to its large-scale grid-connected solar PV initiative, India
is developing off-grid solar power for local energy needs. The country
has a poor rural electrification rate; in 2015 only 55 percent of all
rural households had access to electricity, and 85 percent of rural
households depended on solid fuel for cooking. Solar products have
increasingly helped to meet rural needs; by the end of 2015 just under
one million solar lanterns were sold in the country, reducing the need
for kerosene. That year, 118,700 solar home lighting systems were
installed and 46,655 solar street lighting installations were provided
under a national program; just over 1.4 million solar cookers were
distributed in India.

22
In January 2016, Prime Minister Narendra Modi and French President
François Hollande laid the foundation stone for the headquarters of
the International Solar Alliance (ISA) in GwalPahari, Gurugram. The
ISA will focus on promoting and developing solar energy and solar
products for countries lying wholly or partially between the Tropic of
Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. The alliance of over 120
countries was announced at the Paris COP21 climate summit. One
hope of the ISA is that wider deployment will reduce production and
development costs, facilitating the increased deployment of solar
technologies to poor and remote regions.
With about 300 clear and sunny days in a year, the calculated solar
energy incidence on India's land area is about 5000 trillion kilowatt-
hours (kWh) per year (or 5 EWh/yr.).The solar energy available in a
year exceeds the possible energy output of all fossil fuel energy
reserves in India. The daily average solar-power-plant generation
capacity in India is 0.20 kWh per sq m of used land area, equivalent
to 1400–1800 peak (rated) capacity operating hours in a year with
available, commercially-proven technology.

SOLAR CELL EFFICIENCY

Solar cell efficiency refers to the portion of energy in the form of
sunlight that converted via photovoltaics into electricity. The
efficiency of the solar cells used in a photovoltaic system, in
combination with latitude and climate, determines the annual energy
output of the system. For example, a solar panel with 20% efficiency
and an area of 1 sq m will produce 200 W at Standard Test
Conditions, but it can produce more when the sun is high in the sky
and will produce less in cloudy conditions and when the sun is low in
the sky. Several factors affect a cell's conversion efficiency value,

23
including its reflectance efficiency, thermodynamic efficiency, charge
carrier separation efficiency, and conduction efficiency values.
Because these parameters can be difficult to measure directly, other
parameters are measured instead, including quantum efficiency, VOC
ratio, and fill factor. Reflectance losses are accounted for by the
quantum efficiency value, as they affect "external quantum
efficiency." Recombination losses are accounted for by the quantum
efficiency, VOC ratio, and fill factor values.

Ultimate efficiency
Normal photovoltaic systems however have only one p-n junction and
are therefore subject to a lower efficiency limit, called the "ultimate
efficiency" by Shockley and Queisser. Photons with energy below the
band gap of the absorber material cannot generate an electron-hole
pair, so their energy is not converted to useful output, and only
generates heat if absorbed. For photons with energy above the band
gap energy, only a fraction of the energy above the band gap can be
converted to useful output. When a photon of greater energy is
absorbed, the excess energy above the band gap is converted to
kinetic energy of the carrier combination. The excess kinetic energy is
converted to heat through phonon interactions as the kinetic energy of
the carriers slows to equilibrium velocity. Traditional single-junction
cells have a maximum theoretical efficiency of 33.16%.

Quantum Efficiency
As described above, when a photon is absorbed by a solar cell it can
produce an electron-hole pair. One of the carriers may reach the p-n
junction and contribute to the current produced by the solar cell; such
a carrier is said to be collected. Or, the carriers recombine with no net
contribution to cell current.
Quantum efficiency refers to the percentage of photons that are
converted to electric current (i.e., collected carriers) when the cell is
operated under short circuit conditions. The "external" quantum
24
efficiency of a silicon solar cell includes the effect of optical losses
such as transmission and reflection.
In particular, some measures can be taken to reduce these losses. The
reflection losses, which can account for up to 10% of the total
incident energy, can be dramatically decreased using a technique
called texturization, a light trapping method that modifies the average
light path.
Quantum efficiency is most usefully expressed as
a spectral measurement (that is, as a function of photon wavelength or
energy). Since some wavelengths are absorbed more effectively than
others, spectral measurements of quantum efficiency can yield
valuable information about the quality of the semiconductor bulk and
surfaces.

Maximum Power Point

A solar cell may operate over a wide range of voltages (V) and
currents (I). By increasing the resistive load on an irradiated cell
continuously from zero (a short circuit) to a very high value (an open
circuit) one can determine the maximum power point, the point that
maximizes V×I; that is, the load for which the cell can deliver
maximum electrical power at that level of irradiation. (The output
power is zero in both the short circuit and open circuit extremes).
A high quality, monocrystalline silicon solar cell, at 25 °C cell
temperature, may produce 0.60 V open-circuit (VOC). The cell
temperature in full sunlight, even with 25 °C air temperature, will
probably be close to 45 °C, reducing the open-circuit voltage to
0.55 V per cell. The voltage drops modestly, with this type of cell,
until the short-circuit current is approached (ISC). Maximum power
(with 45 °C cell temperature) is typically produced with 75% to 80%
of the open-circuit voltage (0.43 V in this case) and 90% of the short-
circuit current. This output can be up to 70% of the VOC x ISC product.
The short-circuit current (ISC) from a cell is nearly proportional to the
illumination, while the open-circuit voltage (VOC) may drop only 10%
with an 80% drop in illumination. Lower-quality cells have a more
25
rapid drop in voltage with increasing current and could produce only
1/2 VOC at 1/2 ISC. The usable power output could thus drop from
70% of the VOC x ISC product to 50% or even as little as 25%.
Vendors who rate their solar cell "power" only as VOC x ISC, without
giving load curves, can be seriously distorting their actual
performance.
The maximum power point of a photovoltaic varies with incident
illumination. For example, accumulation of dust on photovoltaic
panels reduces the maximum power point. For systems large enough
to justify the extra expense, a maximum power point tracker tracks
the instantaneous power by continually measuring the voltage
and current (and hence, power transfer), and uses this information to
dynamically adjust the load so the maximum power
is always transferred, regardless of the variation in lighting.

Net metering
Net metering allows residential and commercial customers who
generate their own electricity from solar power to feed electricity they
do not use back into the grid. Many states have passed net metering
laws. In other states, utilities may offer net metering programs
voluntarily or as a result of regulatory decisions. Differences between
states' legislation and implementation mean that the benefits of net
metering can vary widely for solar customers in different areas of the
country.

Net metering is a billing mechanism that credits solar energy system

owners for the electricity they add to the grid. For example, if a
residential customer has a PV system on the home's rooftop, it may
generate more electricity than the home uses during daylight hours. If
the home is net-metered, the electricity meter will run backwards to
provide a credit against what electricity is consumed at night or other
periods where the home's electricity use exceeds the system's output.
Customers are only billed for their "net" energy use. On average, only

26
20-40% of a solar energy system’s output ever goes into the grid.
Exported solar electricity serves nearby customers’
loads.

This digital meter runs in both directions to

accommodate electricity generated at this customer’s
home.
A 4 kilowatt PV system on a home in this area would
offset around 4911 kilowatt hours
of electricity each calendar year, saving the
homeowner over ₹ 24700 on their utility bill.
Net meter diagram

Solar Power Plant

A solar power plant is based on the conversion

of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaic (PV), or
indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). Concentrated solar
power systems use lenses, mirrors, and tracking systems to focus a
large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaic converts light
into electric current using the photoelectric effect. This system uses
hundreds to thousands of flat sun-tracking mirrors called
heliostats to reflect and concentrate the sun's energy onto a
central receiver tower. The energy can be concentrated as much
as 1,500 times that of the energy coming in from the sun. The
largest photovoltaic power plant in the world is the 354 MW Solar

27
Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) CSP installation located in the
Mojave Desert, California.
Now the solar power plant installed here at ONGC is a 5kW and it is
used to power a whole building. It consists of the following
components:

1) Solar panels
Solar panels absorb the sunlight as a
source of energy to generate electricity
or heat.

Solar panel array at ONGC

A photovoltaic (PV) module is a packaged, connect assembly of

typically 6x10 photovoltaic solar cells. Photovoltaic modules
constitute the photovoltaic array of a photovoltaic system that
generates and supplies solar electricity in commercial and residential
applications. Each module is rated by its DC output power under
standard test conditions (STC), and typically ranges from 100 to 365
Watts (W). The efficiency of a module determines the area of a
module given the same rated output – an 8% efficient 230 W module
will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 W module. There are a
few commercially available solar modules that exceed efficiency of
22%.

28
 2) Battery Bank
A solar charger employs solar energy to supply electricity to devices
or charge batteries. They are generally
portable.
Solar chargers can charge lead acid or
Ni-Cd battery banks up to 96 V and
hundreds of ampere-hours (up to 4000
Ah) capacity. Such type of solar
charger setups generally use an
intelligent charge controller. A series of
solar cells are installed in a stationary
location (ie: rooftops of homes, base-
station locations on the ground etc.) Battery Bank for charging at ONGC
and can be connected to a battery bank
to store energy for off-peak usage.
They can also be used in addition to mains-supply chargers for energy
saving during the daytime.

3)Solar Inverter
A solar inverter, or converter or PV inverter,
converts the variable direct current (DC)
output of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into
a utility frequency alternating current (AC)
that can be fed into a commercial electrical
grid or used by a local, off-grid electrical
network. It is a critical balance of system

Solar Inverter and PCU at ONGC

(BOS)–component in a photovoltaic system,
allowing the use of ordinary AC-powered
equipment. Solar power inverters have special functions adapted for

29
use with photovoltaic arrays, including maximum power point
tracking and anti-islanding protection.

In case of PCU (Power Control Unit), solar

charging of battery takes priority during
solar day. Battery charges through solar
until it reaches full charge voltage
(typically 14.2V). After battery is fully
charged, the load is fed via battery in
inverter mode thus AC power is not used in
presence of solar power. After the battery
gets fully discharged (upto say 30V), the
mains takes over charging as well as the
load is fed through mains only. This way Picture showing details of voltage and
solar energy will be used first on priority charging current
and mains energy will be utilized only after
the solar energy is fully exhausted.

4. Circuit Breaker
Solar PV panels are connected in series circuits,
and one installation may have one or more circuits
depending on its capacity. All of the circuits are
connected to a PV combiner box, where each is
protected by a DC circuit breaker. Protecting the
solar panel circuits is critical, since they are the
most expensive part of the system. Once the power

supplied by all solar panels is combined into a DC circuit breaker

single direct current output, a main DC circuit
breaker will be needed. If the system uses a
battery bank, it must also be protected by a DC circuit breaker.
The inverter, which converts direct current to alternating
current, requires a DC circuit breaker at the source. Finally, if
the user has an exclusive electric panel for DC loads, an array of
DC circuit breakers will be required. Photovoltaic solar panels
30
 convert solar irradiation into direct current, which can then be used to
power electric devices. It is very important to protect solar panels with
DC circuit breakers because even a small photovoltaic installation can
cost several thousand dollars.

Technological description of the installed plant at ONGC is given as

below:
1. Total Capacity of the Solar PV Power Plant: 5 kW
2. Power of each PV Module: 250 wP
3. Number of modules and total array capacity: 20 Nos
4. Solar Cell technology & Module efficiency: Poly-
Crystalline
5. Designed peak power of PV power plant/project: 5 kW
6. Annual and monthly energy output (expected): 7500 Unit Per
yr.
7. Annual availability of solar radiation: 300 days
8. DC Bus voltage: 96 V DC
9. Capacity of battery bank (current & Voltage): 96 V, 500 Ah
10. Type of battery proposed: VRLA Tubular
11. Estimated cycle life of battery: 5-7 years
12. Operational limits of the system: 12 hours
13. Dimensions of solar panel:
1639x982x35mm
14. Mounting Structure: Provision for tilt
angle
15. Mounting Configuration: 10 modules of 250W
in 2 parallel path

31
 230 V, 1 phase
V,Vphphase

96 V
Charge controller PCU (96/5kVA)

Modules 20
From Mains

AC
AC Loads
96 V/500 Ah Distribution Box
Battery Bank

Schematic of Solar Power System at ONGC

32
 TESTING AND COMMISSIONING OF
SOLAR POWER PLANTS

Introduction

To ensure that proper energy outputs and safety levels are achieved
the safe operation of solar PV Installation under both normal and fault
conditions is an essential consideration at the system design stage to
ensure that proper energy output and safety levels are achieved.

Therefore, a complete audit during the commissioning of a plant is highly

recommended in order to ensure the entire system meets the required levels of
quality, performance, and safety.

KEY POINTS
 Verify that the installation is complete.
 Verify that the installation is safe.
 Verify that the installation is aesthetically acceptable.
 Verify that the all components of the installation are in
good condition and permanent.
 Ensure that proper documentation has been done.
 Verify system performance.
 Verify proper system operation.
 Train the system owner on BASIC SYSTEM
OPERATION

33
COMMISSIONING PROCESS:

Commissioning should be considered throughout the course of

a PV Installation project. It should be planned for design
phase, built into the system cost, actively carried out at the
end of construction and repeated as desired after project
completion.

 It does not make sense, for example, to commission when there

is irradiance of less than 400 W/m2 in the array plane.

 Not only must the weather be good, the time of the day, also
must be appropriate.

 Especially on small projects, the tendency is to try to

commission the system at the end of the last day of installation.

 This strategy is efficient but not effective. Often, the sun is too
low in the sky to provide sufficient irradiance for the proper
performance verification.

 Shading is also more likely at the end of the day, and any shade
on the array makes performance verification difficult.
 Finally, commissioning demands focus, clear thinking and
sufficient time.

34
 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROCHEMICAL
COMMISSION (IEC 62446)

The International Electrochemical Commission 62446 standard

system is for the photovoltaic grid connected solar system. This
IEC 62446 standard system requires minimal system
documentation, commissioning test and inspection. Following the
installation of grid connected PV system, the customer should be
handed over the minimum information per international standard.

NOTE: This standard has been established for grid connected

PV system only and not for AC module systems or systems that have
storage option (e.g. batteries) or Hybrid system.

THE IEC 62446 STANDARD IS DIVIDED INTO TWO

PARTS:

1) Part 1- System documentation requirements(clause-4)

2) Part 2- System Verification (clause-5)

Let’s study about each part of the IEC 62446 in detail...

35
Part 1- System documentation requirements (clause-4)

 System documentation requirements are laid out in clause 4,

which describes the minimum documentation that should be
provided for the benefit of the customer, inspector or
maintenance technician following the installation of a grid
connected PV system.

 These requirements are organized into six categories;

System data, wiring diagram, datasheets, mechanical design
information, test results and commissioning data.

Part 2- System Verification (clause-5)

 The requirements laid out in clause 5 apply to both initial and

periodic verification of a grid connected PV system.

 Initial verification takes place upon completion of a new

installation, as well as whenever “additions or alterations to
existing installations” are made.

 Periodic verification is intended to ensure that “the installation

and its all constituent components remain in a satisfactory
condition for use.”

 System verification is achieved through inspection, followed by

testing.

36
TESTING
 Testing during maintenance activities should include many of
the tests conducted during system commissioning including
voltage and current testing, installation resistance testing,
continuity testing and performance verification.
 Polarity testing is generally not required, unless problems are
suspected.
 The frequency of maintenance testing depends on the
installation requirements.
 Maintenance testing is primarily intended to evaluate trends in
certain measurements and to assess degradation over time.
 Soiling or shading on PV array, will also decrease expected
current and power output accordingly.

TESTS RECOMMANDED FOR EVERY FACILITY

ACHIEVEING TO STANDARD

1. Test continuity of equipment grounding cables and system

grounding conductors.
2. Test polarity of all DC cables and check for correct cable
identification and connection.
3. Test open circuit voltage (VOC) for each PV source circuit.
4. Test short circuit current (ISC) for each PV source circuit.
5. Test functionally of major system components (switchgears,
controls, inverters) including inverter anti islanding.
6. Test insulation resistance of the DC circuit conductors.

37
 VOC & ISC Measurements On PV-System

Every solar panel has a rated output that includes its VOC, VMP, ISC, IMP.
TO MEASURE THE OUTPUT OF THE SOLAR PANEL, WE NEED….

 MULTIMETER

 SOLAR PANEL

 SUNLIGHT

OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE (VOC ) MEASUREMENT

1) The BLACK lead should be connected to COM port and the RED lead
should be connected to V or VDC port.
2) Touch and hold the black lead to the “sleeve” of the solar panel connector
or the black wire.
3) Now touch and hold the red lead to the red wire or insert it into the “TIP”
of the solar panel connector.

SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT(ISC) MEASUREMENTS

1) The BLACK lead should be connected to the COM port and the RED
lead should be connected to the “mili ampere” port.
2) Set the dial to the number greater than what you expect the current to be.

38
 AUTO DISCONNECT TIMIMG TEST

1. Disconnect the main supply.

2. The inverter must automatically disconnect itself within 2 seconds
of the main switch being turned OFF.
3. Check the time taken by the inverter takes to disconnect.
4. If the inverter fails to automatically disconnect within two seconds,
then PV system must be isolated from the grid.

RECONNECTION TIMIMG TEST

1. Connect the main power supply.

2. The inverter must not reconnect within 60 seconds of the main
switch being turned ON.
3. Check the time taken by the unit to connect.
4. If the inverter reconnects within 60 seconds, then the test has
failed and the solar PV system must be isolated from the premise.

39
 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

A solar power generation system, which is properly installed requires

very little maintenance. The best maintenance practice is to make
regular inspections of all equipment.

CHECK LIST OF TASKS FOR MAINTENANCE

 Module maintenance.
 Washing the PV array.
 Junction box inspection.
 Disconnected device inspection.
 Inspection of cables.
 Checking operation of inverter,
 Checking output of string voltages and current.
 Spare parts stock management.
 Documenting any deficiencies.

TYPES OF MAINTENANCE

1. PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE

2. PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

3. CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCE

40
1. PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE

 It tries to predict the performance of the plant in the future,to

prevent the possible malfunctions by certain actions.

 For example, if a component can function well for “X” number of

years, it can be performed to substitute the years as “X-1”, in order
to avoid a serious failure.

2.PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

 It tries to set periodical tasks to guarantee proper functioning of a

system for its stipulated period of life.

 For example, the sun tracker oil should be regularly replaced for
the efficient operation.

3.CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCE

 It tries to repair or replace components when damage is caused due

to natural or man-made disasters.

 For example, atmospheric phenomenon such as wind, storms, etc.

can damage any component in the system.

 Sometimes components would need to be required to be repaired or

replaced due to manufacturing effects also.

41
EQUALIZING THE BATTERY
Equalization is the process where the batteries are given an extra high voltage
charge for couple of hours. This is generally done once a month.
During normal use, chemicals build up on the plates and high charge “boils”
the batteries, knocking the chemicals down to bottom of the battery. So,
generally through this procedure an equalisation of the battery occurs.

INVERTER MAINTENANCE AND TROUBLESHOOTING

GENERAL MAINTENANCE
 Turn OFF the breaker switches in the main utility service panel
and the DC/AC disconnect switch on the inverter. Disable the
output of the PV array by covering them with an OPAQUE
(dark) material.
 Cleaning heat sink regularly.
 Check the inverter operation.
 Please make sure your inverter is not too hot, dusty or moist.
 If your inverter needs repairing, you must switch OFF the
electrical connections between the inverter and the national grid,
and then switch OFF the DC side electricity connection.
 Do not spoil water on the inverter.

FOLLOW THE SIMPLE ROUTINES TO ENSURE MANY YEARS OF SERVICE

AND OPTIMAL PERFORMANCE OF YOUR SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM

 Keep the heat sink clean of dust and debris,

 Clean the PV array, during the cool part of the day, whenever it
is visible dirty.
 Periodically inspect the system to make sure that all wiring and
supports are securely in place.
 At least once a year clean and lubricate the DC/AC disconnect
switches.
42
 On a sunny day near noon on March 21 and September 21 of
each year, review the output of the system and compare it with
previous year’s reading.

CHARGE CONTROLLER

A charge controller protects against-

 The batteries from becoming too full(overcharge).

 The batteries from becoming too empty(discharge).

 It also protects wire causing a fire in case of short circuit.

So, the controller makes the batteries last longer and the
system safer. It also protects wires causing a fire in case of
short circuit. So, the controller makes the batteries last longer
and the system safer. It also has light or a display, which
show how much electricity is in the batteries.

 The charge controller has three lights which shows the state
of the batteries.

YELLOW: Electricity flowing from solar panel to

batteries.

GREEN: Batteries are full.

RED: It means that there is not enough electricity in

the batteries to be used.

43
 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)

OSHA SAFETY STANDARDS

 Occupational Safety and Health Administration is the

main federal agency in charge in charge of the
enforcement of safety and health legislation and it has
specified mandatory safety measurements for the various
categories based on the risks at work.
 OSHA United States had passed the Occupational Safety
and Health Act in 1970.
 This act became a public law in December 1970 and some
amendments were made January 2004.
 India and many other countries have accepted the
standards of OSHA for ensuring safety measurements for
working employees.
 Personal protective equipment for employees in the
electrical field of work would be dealing with protection
against electrical shocks, falls and injuries while handling
tools and material.

IT CAN CLASSIFY INTO FOUR CATAGORIES …

1. Eye and Face protection

2. Foot protection
3. Head protection
4. Hand protection

44
1. EYE AND FACE PROTECTION : Potential incidences of eye
hazards could be due to objects shrinking the eyes. Eye can get
injured, when struck by objects like dusts, powders, fumes, and moist.
Small particles of matter can enter your eyes and damage them,
operation such as grinding, chiselling, sanding, hammering and
spraying can create small airborne particles that can enter your eyes
and prove harmful on eyes.
Large swinging object such as swinging cables and ropes can also
cause severe eye and face injuries.

PPE FOR EYES: SAFETY GLASSES AND GOGGLES

2.FOOT PROTECTION: Foots should be protected from injuries

like
 Impact injuries.
 Injuries from spills and splashes.
 Compression injuries
 Electrical shocks.
 Extremes in cold, heat, moisture.

PPE FOR FOOT: Select and use right kind of footwear for the job
you are going to be performing. Footwear should meet or exceed the
standards set by ANSI (ANSI Z41-1991).

3.HEAD PROTECTION: Head should be protected from injuries

like
 Injuries caused by impact.
 Falling of flying objects.
 Falling or walking into hard objects.
 Injuries include neck sprains, concussions and skull fractures.

45
PPE FOR HEAD: METAL HAT OR HELMET

4.HAND PROTECTION: Hands should be protected from injuries

like
 Tools and machines with sharp edges can cut your hands.
 Getting your hands caught in machinery can sprain, crush or
remove your hands.

PPE FOR HANDS:

 METAL MESH GLOVES: Protects from sharp edges and
prevents cut.

 LEATHER GLOVES: Shields your hands from rough surfaces.

 RUBBER GLOVES: Protects you when working around

electricity

NOTE: So, these are some important Personal Protective Equipment

which should be used while working in the Solar Power Plants. And
this initiative should be taken by Health and Safety Department.

46
 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ON SITE

 The first safety rule to keep in mind when working with

photovoltaic panels or other PV components is, always stop
working in bad weather, PV panels can be blow around by the
wind or a storm which can result in falling or damage to the PV
panels.
 Do not apply pressure on PV photovoltaic panels by sitting or
stepping on them or they might break and cause bodily injury,
electrical shock or damage to the solar panels. Also, never drop
anything on the PV panels.
 Do not install a PV system in any location within 0.3 miles of an
ocean or salty water, vapour and mist could interface with
photovoltaic equipment and cause damage or electric shock.
 Also, do not install a PV equipment in location that are
corrosive-classified C5 by ISO.
 Make sure your entire PV system is properly and safely earth
grounded to prevent electric shock and injuries.
 Never work when it’s raining, immediately after rain or in wet
or slippery conditions or with wet tools.
 Another solar safety rule is, not wear metallic jewellery when
working on your PV system, or it would cause electric shock.
 Do not use artificial or magnified light on photovoltaic solar
panels.

So, these are some important safety precautions which should be kept
in mind while working on solar power plants.

47
 Visit in the HVAC (Heating Ventilation and Air
Conditioning) Plant

The HVAC plant installed in

the ONGC premises consisted
of the following parts:
1. 3-ϕ Induction Motor
2. Compressor
3. Condenser
4. Expansion Valve
Voltas Chilling Unit
5. Cooling Tower

3-ϕ Induction Motor: An electrical motor

is such an electromechanical device
which converts electrical energy into a
mechanical energy. In case of three phase
AC operation, most widely used motor is
three phase induction motor as this type of
motor does not require any starting device or
we can say they are self-starting induction 3-φ Induction motor
motor.
Although traditionally used in fixed-speed service, induction motors
are increasingly being used with variable-frequency drives (VFDs) in
variable-speed service. VFDs offer especially important energy
savings opportunities for existing and prospective induction motors in
variable-torque centrifugal fan, pump and compressor load
applications. Squirrel cage induction motors are very widely used in
both fixed-speed and variable-frequency drive (VFD) applications.
The power factor of induction motors varies with load, typically from
around 0.85 or 0.90 at full load to as low as about 0.20 at no-load, due
to stator and rotor leakage and magnetizing reactance. Power factor
can be improved by connecting capacitors either on an individual
48
motor basis or, by preference, on a common bus covering several
motors. Power capacitor application with harmonic currents requires
power system analysis to avoid harmonic resonance between
capacitors and transformer and circuit reactance. Common bus power
factor correction is recommended to minimize resonant risk and to
simplify power system analysis.
2. Compressor: Compressors are used to
increase the pressure of a gas. Like pumps,
compressors can be classified as either kinetic
machines, which includes centrifugal and axial
compressors, or positive-displacement
machines, which include reciprocating and
rotary compressors. The compressing medium or
‘gas’ depends on the application, such as, if air is Compressor
used it is termed as an air compressor. Similarly
if refrigerant is used, it is known as a refrigerant compressor. The type
of compressor, its discharge pressure and discharge rate is dictated by
its use.

There are two types of compressors available:

1. Reciprocating type
2. Screw type

3. Condenser: In systems involving heat

transfer, a condenser is a device or unit used
to condense a substance from its gaseous to
its liquid state, by cooling it. In so doing,
the latent heat is given up by the substance, Condenser
and will transfer to the condenser coolant.
Condensers can be made according to numerous designs, and
come in many sizes ranging from rather small (hand-held) to
very large (industrial-scale units used in plant processes).
In a cooling cycle of a refrigeration system, heat is absorbed by the
vapor refrigerant in the evaporator followed by the compression of the

49
refrigerant by the compressor. The high pressure and high
temperature state of the vapor refrigerant is then converted to liquid at
the cond. It is designed to condense effectively the compressed
refrigerant vapor.

4. Expansion Valve:
A thermal expansion valve (often
abbreviated as TEV, TXV, or TX valve) is a
component in refrigeration and air
conditioning systems that controls the
amount of refrigerant flow into the
evaporator thereby controlling the
superheat at the outlet of the evaporator. Expansion Valve
Thermal expansion valves are often referred
to generically as "metering devices".
Thermostatic expansion valve or TEV is one of the most
commonly used throttling devices in the refrigerator and
air conditioning systems. The thermostatic expansion
valve is the automatic valve that maintains proper flow of
the refrigerant in the evaporator as per the load inside the
evaporator. If the load inside the evaporator is higher it
allows the increase in flow of the refrigerant and when the
load reduces it allows the reduction in the flow of the
refrigerant. This leads to highly efficient working of the
compressor and the whole refrigeration and the air
conditioning plant.

50
 5. Cooling Tower: A cooling tower is a heat
rejection device that rejects waste heat to the
atmosphere through the cooling of a water
stream to a lower temperature. Cooling towers
may either use the evaporation of water to
remove process heat and cool the working
fluid to near the wet-bulb air temperature or, in
the case of closed circuit dry cooling towers,
rely solely on air to cool the working fluid to Cooling Tower
near the dry-bulb air temperature.
Water, which has been heated by an industrial process or in an
air-conditioning condenser, is pumped to the cooling tower
through pipes. The water sprays through nozzles onto banks of
material called "fill," which slows the flow of water through the
cooling tower, and exposes as much water surface area as
possible for maximum air-water contact. As the water flows
through the cooling tower, it is exposed to air, which is being
pulled through the tower by the electric motor-driven fan.

7. The above units were used to cool the water and this water was
sent to various buildings and this water was used to cool the rooms
of the buildings. The Ventilation system inside the rooms was
made from dampers and ducts, so as to maintain the pressure inside
of the room.

8. Water was used as a cooling fluid because it has a very specific

enthalpy so once cooled it takes a long time to pick up heat and
hence the rooms can maintain their temperature for a longer time
even in power cuts. The water was pump by a reciprocating pump
in the buildings to cool the rooms. For heat exchanging the hot
water was sent to the cooling installed at the roof of the same
building.
51
 Study of a DG (Diesel Generator) Set

A diesel generator is the combination of

a diesel engine with an electric
generator (often an alternator) to
generate electrical energy. This is a
specific case of engine-generator. A
diesel compression-ignition engine
often is designed to run on fuel oil, but some DG Set
types are adapted for other liquid fuels or
natural gas.

Diesel generating sets are used in places without

connection to a power grid, or as emergency power-
supply if the grid fails, as well as for more complex
applications such as peak-lopping, grid support and
export to the power grid. Proper sizing of diesel
generators is critical to avoid low-load or a shortage of
power. Fuel consumption is the major portion of diesel
plant owning and operating cost for power applications.
Specific consumption varies, but a modern diesel plant
will at its near-optimal 65-70% loading, generate 3 kWh
per litre.

52
 MNRE SCHEMES

The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is the

nodal Ministry of the Government of India for all matters
relating to new and renewable energy. The broad aim of the
Ministry is to develop and deploy new and renewable energy
for supplementing the energy requirements of the country.
Creation CASE and Ministry:
1. Commission for Additional Sources of Energy (CASE) in
1981.
2. Department of Non-Conventional Energy Sources
(DNES) in 1982.
3. Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) in
1992.
4. Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES)
renamed as Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)
in 2006.

The role of new and renewable energy has been assuming increasing
significance in recent times with the growing concern for the country's
energy security. Energy self-sufficiency was identified as the major driver
for new and renewable energy in the country in the wake of the two oil
shocks of the 1970s. The sudden increase in the price of oil, uncertainties
associated with its supply and the adverse impact on the balance of
payments position led to the establishment of the Commission for
Additional Sources of Energy in the Department of Science &
Technology in March 1981. The Commission was charged with the
responsibility of formulating policies and their implementation,
programmes for development of new and renewable energy apart from
coordinating and intensifying R&D in the sector. In 1982, a new
department, i.e., Department of Non-conventional Energy Sources
(DNES), that incorporated CASE, was created in the then Ministry of
Energy. In 1992, DNES became the Ministry of Non-conventional
Energy Sources. In October 2006, the Ministry was re-christened as the
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.

53
 Conclusion

So in all this training helped me get a better knowledge of my

subject. All the things that I have learnt in these four weeks will
surely add greatly to my subject knowledge.

By analysing the Solar Power available in India, it seems the

potential to generate energy via Solar are limitless. Currently we
are not capable of harnessing the full potential of solar, but with
the current efforts going on we will surely be able to avail it in
the near future.

As shown by the simulation, partly off grid systems are the

future, employing both the grid and solar panels as the power
source. These systems not only reduce the cost but will also
reduce our dependency on using electrical energy generated
from fossil fuels, thereby creating a greener tomorrow.

Also using new technology like AI (Artificial Intelligence) and

ML (Machine Learning) in the field will increase the
effectiveness of operation of the solar panels thereby increasing
their efficiency.

54