A&P I - Unit III - Powerpoint
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Steve SullivanA&P I - Unit III - Powerpoint
Uploaded by
Steve SullivanUnit III Power Point
Chapter 3
Cytology
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Fig. 3.1
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Squamous Cuboidal Columnar
Polygonal Stellate Spheroidal
Discoid Fusiform (spindle-shaped) Fibrous
Fig. 3.2
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20 µm
Growth
20 µm
10 µm
10 µm
Large cell
Diameter = 20 µm
Surface area = 20 µm х 20 µm х 6 = 2,400 µm2
Volume = 20 µm х 20 µm х 20 µm = 8,000 µm3
Small cell
Diameter = 10 µm
Surface area = 10 µm х 10 µm х 6 = 600 µm2
Volume = 10 µm х 10 µm х 10 µm = 1,000 µm3
Effect of cell growth:
Diameter (D) increased by a factor of 2
Surface area increased by a factor of 4 (= D2)
Volume increased by a factor of 8 (= D3)
Fig. 3.3
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Nucleus
Lysosomes
5 µm
© Scott Camazine/Alamy
Fig. 3.4
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Eosinophil 10 µm
© Ed Reschke
Table 3.1
Fig. 3.5
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Apical cell surface
Microvillus Microfilaments
Terminal web
Desmosome
Secretory vesicle
Fat droplet undergoing
exocytosis
Secretory vesicle
Intercellular
space Golgi vesicles
Centrosome
Golgi complex
Centrioles
Free ribosomes Lateral cell surface
Intermediate filament
Nucleus Lysosome
Nucleolus Microtubule
Nuclear
envelope Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Mitochondrion
Plasma membranes
Hemidesmosome
Basal cell surface Basement
membrane
Fig. 3.6
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Plasma membrane
of upper cell
Intercellular space
Plasma membrane
of lower cell
Nuclear envelope
Nucleus
(a)
100 nm
Extracellular fluid
Peripheral
protein
Glycolipid
Glycoprotein
Carbohydrate
chains
Extracellular
face of
membrane
Phospholipid
bilayer
Channel
Peripheral Intracellular
protein Cholesterol face of
membrane
Transmembrane
protein Proteins of
Intracellular fluid cytoskeleton
(b)
a: © Don Fawcett/Science Source
Fig. 3.7
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Carbohydrate
Transmembrane protein:
Hydrophilic region
Hydrophobic region
Phospholipid
bilayer
Cytoskeletal
protein
Anchoring peripheral
protein
Fig. 3.8
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Chemical Breakdown
messenger products
Ions CAM of
another cell
(a) Receptor (b) Enzyme (c) Channel (d) Gated channel (e) Cell-identity marker (f) Cell-adhesion
A receptor that An enzyme that A channel protein A gate that opens A glycoprotein molecule (CAM)
binds to chemical breaks down that is constantly and closes to allow acting as a cell- A cell-adhesion
messengers such a chemical open and allows solutes through identity marker molecule (CAM)
as hormones sent messenger and solutes to pass only at certain distinguishing the that binds one
by other cells terminates its into and out of times body’s own cells cell to another
effect the cell from foreign cells
Fig. 3.9
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1 A messenger such as epinephrine (red triangle)
binds to a receptor in the plasma membrane.
First
messenger 3 The G protein
binds to an enzyme,
adenylate cyclase, in
the plasma membrane.
Receptor Adenylate Adenylate cyclase
cyclase converts ATP to cyclic
AMP (cAMP), the
second messenger.
G G
Pi
2 The receptor releases cAMP
ATP Pi
a G protein, which (second
then travels freely in messenger)
the cytoplasm and
can go on to step 3
or have various other
4 cAMP
effects on the cell. activates a
Inactive Activated cytoplasmic
kinase kinase enzyme called
a kinase.
Pi
5 Kinases add
phosphate groups (Pi)
to other cytoplasmic
enzymes. This activates Inactive Activated Various
some enzymes and enzymes enzymes metabolic
deactivates others, leading effects
to varied metabolic effects
in the cell.
Table 3.2
Fig. 3.10
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Glycocalyx
Microvillus
Actin
microfilaments
Rootlet of
actin
microfilaments
(a) 10 µm (b) 0.1 µm
a: © Don W. Fawcett/Science Source; b: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source
Fig. 3.11
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Shaft of cilium
Cilia
Basal body Plasma membrane
(a)
4 µm
(b)
Cilia
Axoneme
Dynein
Microvilli arm
Central
microtubule
Peripheral
microtubules
(c) (d)
0.15 µm
a: © SPL/Science Source; c: © Don Fawcett/Science Source
Fig. 3.12
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Mucus
Saline
layer
Epithelial
cells
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Power stroke Recovery stroke
(a) (b)
Fig. 3.14
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Blood pressure in capillary
forces water and small
solutes such as salts through
Solute narrow clefts between
capillary cells.
Water
Capillary wall
Red blood
cell
Clefts hold back
larger particles
such as red blood
cells.
Fig. 3.15
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Side A Side B
Solute
Water
(a) Start
Osmotic
pressure
Hydrostatic
pressure
(b) 30 minutes later
Fig. 3.16
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(a) Hypotonic (b) Isotonic (c) Hypertonic
(a-c): © David M. Phillips/Science Source
Fig. 3.18
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ECF
ICF
1 A solute particle enters 2 The solute binds to a receptor 3 The carrier releases the
the channel of a membrane site on the carrier and the solute on the other side of
protein (carrier). carrier changes conformation. the membrane.
Fig. 3.19
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Glucose
Na+
Apical surface
SGLT
Cytoplasm
ATP
Na+– K+
pump
ADP + Pi
Basal surface
Na+
Fig. 3.20
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3 Na+ out
Extracellular
fluid
ATP Intracellular fluid
2 K+ in
ADP + Pi
Fig. 3.21
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Particle
Particle
1 A phagocytic cell encounters a
particle of foreign matter.
7 The indigestible
residue is voided by Pseudopod
exocytosis.
Residue
2 The cell surrounds
the particle with its
pseudopods.
Nucleus
Phagosome
6 The phagolysosome
fuses with the 3 The particle is phagocytized
plasma membrane. Lysosome and contained in a
Vesicle fusing phagosome.
with membrane
Phagolysosome
5 Enzymes from the
lysosome digest the 4 The phagosome fuses
foreign matter. with a lysosome and
becomes a phagolysosome.
Fig. 3.22
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Extracellular
molecules
Receptor
Coated
pit Clathrin-
coated
Clathrin vesicle
1 Extracellular molecules bind to 2 Plasma membrane sinks inward, 3 Pit separates from plasma
receptors on plasma membrane; forms clathrin-coated pit. membrane, forms clathrin-coated
receptors cluster together. vesicle containing concentrated
molecules from ECF.
(1-3): Courtesy of the Company of Biologists, Ltd.
Fig. 3.24
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Fusion pore Secretion
Dimple
Plasma
membrane
Linking
protein
Secretory
vesicle
(a) 1 A secretory vesicle approaches 2 The plasma membrane and (b)
the plasma membrane and docks vesicle unite to form a fusion
on it by means of linking proteins. pore through which the vesicle
The plasma membrane caves in contents are released.
at that point to meet the vesicle.
b: Courtesy of Dr. Birgit Satir, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Table 3.3
Fig. 3.25 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Microvilli
Microfilaments
Terminal web
Secretory
vesicle in
transport
Lysosome
Desmosome
Kinesin
Microtubule
Intermediate
filaments
Intermediate
filaments
Centrosome Microtubule
in the process
of assembly
Microtubule
undergoing
disassembly
Nucleus
Mitochondrion
(a)
Basement
membrane
Hemidesmosome
(b)
15 µm
b: © Dr. Torsten Wittmann/Science Source
Fig. 3.26
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(a)
(b)
(c)
Microtubule
Protofilaments
Dynein arms
Tubulin
Fig. 3.27
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Nucleolus Nuclear
pores
Nucleoplasm
Nuclear
envelope
(a) Interior of nucleus 2 µm (b) Surface of nucleus 1.5 µm
a: © Richard Chao; b: © E.G. Pollock
Fig. 3.28
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nuclear pores
Ribosomes
Chromatin
Nuclear lamina
Nucleolus
Nuclear pore
complex
(a) (b)
Fig. 3.29
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Cisternae of Oil droplet
rough ER (inclusion)
Nucleus
Ribosomes Smooth
of rough ER Endoplasmic
reticulum
(a) 1 µm (b) 1 µm
Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
Ribosomes
Cisternae
Smooth
(c) Endoplasmic
reticulum
(a-b): © Don Fawcett/Science Source
Fig. 3.30
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Golgi vesicles
Golgi
complex
600 nm
© David M. Phillips/Science Source
Fig. 3.31
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Mitochondria
Peroxisomes
Lysosomes
Smooth ER
Golgi
complex
(a) Lysosomes 1 µm (b) Peroxisomes
0.3 µm
(a-b): © Don Fawcett/Science Source
Fig. 3.32
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Matrix
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Intermembrane
space
Mitochondrial
ribosome
Crista
1 µm
© Keith R. Porter/Science Source
Fig. 3.33
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Microtubules
Protein link Longitudinal
view
Cross
section
0.1 µm
(a) Cross section (TEM)
Microtubules
