CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1
1.1 INTRODUCTION

For the past 75 years, the vast majority of televisions have been built around the same

technology: the cathode ray tube (CRT). In a CRT television, a gun fires a beam of electrons

(negatively-charged particles) inside a large glass tube. The electrons excite phosphor atoms

along the wide end of the tube (the screen), which causes the phosphor atoms to light up. The

television image is produced by lighting up different areas of the phosphor coating with different

colors at different intensities

Cathode ray tubes produce crisp, vibrant images, but they do have a serious drawback:

They are bulky. In order to increase the screen width in a CRT set, you also have to increase the

length of the tube (to give the scanning electron gun room to reach all parts of the screen).

Consequently, any big-screen CRT television is going to weigh a ton and take up a sizable chunk

of a room.

Recently, a new alternative has popped up on store shelves: the plasma flat panel display.

These televisions have wide screens, comparable to the largest CRT sets, but they are only about

6 inches (15 cm) thick. Based on the information in a video signal, the television lights up

thousands of tiny dots (called pixels) with a high-energy beam of electrons. In most systems,

there are three pixel colors -- red, green and blue -- which are evenly distributed on the screen.

By combining these colors in different proportions, the television can produce the entire color

spectrum.

The basic idea of a plasma display is to illuminate tiny colored fluorescent lights to form

an image. Each pixel is made up of three fluorescent lights -- a red light, a green light and a blue

2
light. Just like a CRT television, the plasma display varies the intensities of the different lights to

produce a full range of colors.

The central element in a fluorescent light is a plasma, a gas made up of free-flowing ions

(electrically charged atoms) and electrons (negatively charged particles). Under normal

conditions, a gas is mainly made up of uncharged particles. That is, the individual gas atoms

include equal numbers of protons (positively charged particles in the atom's nucleus) and

electrons. The negatively charged electrons perfectly balance the positively charged protons, so

the atom has a net charge of zero.

If you introduce many free electrons into the gas by establishing an electrical voltage

across it, the situation changes very quickly. The free electrons collide with the atoms, knocking

loose other electrons. With a missing electron, an atom loses its balance. It has a net positive

charge, making it an ion.

In a plasma with an electrical current running through it, negatively charged particles are

rushing toward the positively charged area of the plasma, and positively charged particles are

rushing toward the negatively charged area.

In this mad rush, particles are constantly bumping into each other. These collisions excite

the gas atoms in the plasma, causing them to release photons of energy Xenon and neon atoms,

the atoms used in plasma screens, release light photons when they are excited. Mostly, these

atoms release ultraviolet light photons, which are invisible to the human eye.

3
 Figure 1.1 – How Atoms emit Light

But ultraviolet photons can be used to excite visible light photons

4
1.2 Necessity of Project & Training

Training of six months provides best Industrial exposure to Engineering graduates. As

far as training is concerned, I am sure, Now that, this is the best part of my complete degree as it

provides platform / Breakthrough to enter the corporate world

Main necessity of the project is to get the knowledge about the latest technology in the

world of television named “PLASMA DISPLAY PANEL”

This technology helps to carry high-definition television (HDTV) into millions of homes.

We can even hang it on our wall because of it slimness and less weight as compare to cathode

ray colour T.V.

5
1.3 Objective

 First objective is to gain knowledge about the working of T.V.

 Next is to to know the changes coming in the field of televisin day by day

 To know how to tackle the vrious faults ocoming during use and how to overcome them.

6
1.4 THEME

 First is to gain knowledge about the working of T.V.

 Next is to to know the changes coming in the field of televisin day by day

 To know how to tackle the vrious faults ocoming during use and how to overcome them.

7
1.5 About L.G.

The LG Group is South Korea's third largest conglomerate, or chaebol, producing a range

of products in three specific industries, spanning professional and consumer electronics to

industrial and household chemicals, with one hundred and forty-nine subsidiaries operating in

over eighty countries. The group is engaged in chemicals, electronics, and telecommunications

and services. Today they employ thousands of people and their assets consists of a total of fifty-

one companies, with nine in electronics, eight in chemicals, and thirty-four in

telecommunications with locations all around the world.

Its original name was The Lucky Chemical Industrial Corporation, and was the first

Korean company to enter the plastics industry in 1952. While expanding its plastics business, the

company moved into electronics with a new brand name in 1958. In 1959, the company

produced South Korea's first radio. For some time, electronics were produced under the label,

while chemicals, especially household items like toothpaste and detergent, continued to be

marketed under the brand. In1995, however, its electronics arm was renamed something

completely different in order to better compete in Western markets. Recently, the company has

associated its marketing slogan which has become well known. In January 2009 they became one

of only a handful of companies to own a two-lettered domain name on the internet. Many

companies simply can't use a two letter domain name because their company name isn't as easy

to abbreviate as others.

Today their company is the world's second largest producer of television sets and the

third largest manufacturer of mobile phones. Interestingly, while many smartphone makers are

trying to diversify their software platforms and create handsets, they have decided to continue

8
using the original operating systems for the foreseeable future so as to provide for custom-

tailored devices. The company hasn't ruled out others, but expects the original operating system

to be its primary platform for the vast majority of its models.

This strategy is an official one, designed to improve both companies' shares in their

respective domains of the wider mobile market. The pact comes at an important time for both

companies. In the past company mergers has been beneficial to both parties involved. The

agreement would also create a joint research and development teams to focus on creating phones

with powerful features available only through the tight integration between hardware and

software (not so coincidentally rather like the other powerful smartphones on the market), along

with joint marketing efforts at various price-points around the world

9
CHAPTER-1
LITERATURE

10
2.1 What is inside of display?

The xenon and neon gas in a plasma television is contained in hundreds of thousands of

tiny cells positioned between two plates of glass. Long electrodes are also sandwiched between

the glass plates, on both sides of the cells. The address electrodes sit behind the cells, along the

rear glass plate. The transparent display electrodes, which are surrounded by an insulating

dielectric material and covered by a magnesium oxide protective layer, are mounted above the

cell, along the front glass plate.

Fig 2.1-How Plasma Works

11
 Both sets of electrodes extend across the entire screen. The display electrodes are

arranged in horizontal rows along the screen and the address electrodes are arranged in vertical

columns.

As you can see in the diagram below, the vertical and horizontal electrodes form a basic

grid.

Fig 2.2-Layers of PDP

To ionize the gas in a particular cell, the plasma display's computer charges the electrodes

that intersect at that cell. It does this thousands of times in a small fraction of a second, charging

each cell in turn.

12
 When the intersecting electrodes are charged (with a voltage difference between them),

an electric current flows through the gas in the cell. As we saw in the last section, the current

creates a rapid flow of charged particles, which stimulates the gas atoms to release ultraviolet

photons.

The released ultraviolet photons interact with phosphor material coated on the inside wall

of the cell. Phosphors are substances that give off light when they are exposed to other light.

When an ultraviolet photon hits a phosphor atom in the cell, one of the phosphor's electrons

jumps to a higher energy level and the atom heats up. When the electron falls back to its normal

level, it releases energy in the form of a visible light photon.

The phosphors in a plasma display give

off coloured light when they are excited. Every

pixel is made up of three separate sub pixel

cells, each with different coloured phosphors.

One sub-pixel has a red light phosphor, one sub

pixel has a green light phosphor and one sub

pixel has a blue light phosphor. These colours

blend together to create the overall colour of the

pixel. Fig 2.3-Working

By varying the pulses of current flowing through the different cells, the control system

can increase or decrease the intensity of each sub pixel colour to create hundreds of different

combinations of red, green and blue. In this way, the control system can produce colours across

the entire spectrum.

13
 The main advantage of plasma display technology is that you can produce a very wide

screen using extremely thin materials. And because each pixel is lit individually, the image is

very bright and looks good from almost every angle. The image quality isn't quite up to the

standards of the best cathode ray tube sets, but it certainly meets most people's expectations.

14
2.2 HISTORY

"For most of its time, it was a solution looking for a problem," says Larry Weber (BSEE

'69, MSEE '71, PhD '75) of the technology he has dedicated his professional life to. Today that

"solution"—the amazing plasma display panel, invented at the University of Illinois in 1964—

seems to have finally found the problem it always deserved: carrying high-definition television

(HDTV) into millions of homes.

Weber's 60-inch plasma display, a prototype he developed for Matsushita (bearing the

Panasonic label), combines the large size and superb resolution necessary for HDTV with the

convenience of thinness. You can even hang it on your wall. In fact, one of these marvels hangs

on the wall of Weber's upstate New York company, Plasmaco, an R & D arm of Matsushita.

When you see it, you'll know why the Society for Information Display gave Weber its highest

award in 2000 for his contributions to plasma displays.

And you'll begin to understand why the TV industry gave a 2002 Emmy award for

technological achievement to the original U of I inventors of the plasma display: Weber's old

teachers Donald Bitzer (BSEE '55, MSEE '56, PhD '60) and the late Gene Slottow (PhD '64), and

their first graduate student, Robert Willson (PhD '66), whose name appears alongside those of

Bitzer and Slottow on the original plasma display patent. Fujitsu, the leading manufacturer of

plasma displays, also shared the award.

15
 Fig 2.4-PLASMA

Weber, Fujitsu, and others are now clearing the final hurdle that separates plasma

displays from long-term commercial viability: cost. With low-end models selling for about

$3000—half the price of two years ago—manufacturers seem well on their way toward making

plasma displays the ultimate solution to the problem of HDTV.

And yet, Bitzer and Slottow had a completely different problem in mind when they

created the early displays at Illinois. For them, the plasma display was part of the solution to the

problem of computer-based education. What's more, U.S. TV companies who early considered

plasma as an alternative to the cathode ray tube soon dropped the idea. A few computer

companies stuck with plasma until another flat-panel technology, liquid crystal, seized that

market. Other than that, only military contracts sustained a small plasma display industry in the

U.S., and so most U of I students who worked on the technology (including Willson) eventually

had to find jobs in other areas. Meanwhile Japanese engineers, whose companies dispatched

them for extended visits to Bitzer's lab, went home to an electronics industry that today

dominates the development and manufacture of plasma displays.

16
 By 1963 Bitzer had demonstrated the success of his now-legendary automated teaching

system, PLATO, within the limited, controlled environment of the Coordinated Science

Laboratory. Bitzer and CSL director Daniel Alpert understood that putting PLATO in practice

for large numbers of students—in essence, transforming it from a classroom into a system—

would require more than replacing the ILLIAC I, a relic from the days of "big iron" that served

as the original mainframe for PLATO's time-sharing network. A real-world PLATO would also

eventually require a better way of visually mediating the exchange between computer and

student.

At that time, almost all devices for interacting visually with computers were

alphanumeric displays that could only render letters and numbers, not the graphics required for

teaching and learning many subjects. Bitzer rigged a system using radar display tubes that could

digitally read pictures and alphanumeric characters from ILLIAC I, then transmit the images by

cable to TV terminals at each student station.

Fig 2.5-Colour T.V.

17
 The system worked well enough while PLATO was in a proof-of-concept phase.

However, the constant refreshing of the image that is required in a cathode ray tube, while fine

for TV, didn't lend itself well to the sustained display required for graphics. The tubes had no

memory for holding an image, and the cheap computer memory that makes tubes suitable for

graphics today was a dear resource in the 1960s. PLATO would require a better display for the

long haul.

Bitzer enlisted Willson, then a graduate assistant, and Slottow, then a research engineer,

in the task of exploring how a matrix of discrete neon cells might be driven by a high-frequency

ac current, using capacitors at each cell so that individual cells, or pixels, could be addressed.

The big breakthrough came one summer evening as Bitzer and Slottow waited outside CSL for

their wives to pick them up after work. They began discussing the project in terms of its barest

essentials and realized that the simplest configuration would be to exploit the natural capacitance

of the glass on either side of a panel, which could be done by placing electrodes on the outside of

each cell, separating the driving current from the gas.

Next morning, the team set about building a new device. With Willson doing most of the

handiwork, they ultrasonically drilled a hole fifteen thousandths of an inch wide into a thin glass

slide, then sandwiched that slide between two others. They deposited thin-film gold electrodes

on the outside surfaces to carry a high-voltage driving source. They sealed the sandwich with

epoxy on three sides and glued it to a vacuum pump on the fourth, then pumped it clean and

backfilled it with neon.

18
2.2.1 Power on. Blue.

It was July 1964, and the first ac plasma display panel had been built. The panel's single

cell operated on the fundamental rules that govern the millions of cells in one of today's panels.

Fig 2.6-A 4 x 4 pixel plasma display.

After this initial success, the team learned that nitrogen from the air had leaked into their

cell, accounting not only for its blue hue, but also for its good "memory margin"—its property of

remaining lit in the presence of a "sustain" voltage significantly lower than the "breakdown"

voltage necessary to initiate the discharge. By 1967, the inventors had figured out how to achieve

good memory margin using just neon, and they had developed the driving circuitry necessary to

address a large array of pixels. (Alpert had kept Bitzer's research under his wing after becoming

graduate college dean in the mid-1960s. After the move, Bitzer's lab was renamed the Computer-

based Education Research Laboratory.) That year, they built a 16 x 16 panel that glowed orange,

thanks to the purer neon mixture. PLATO screens and other plasma panels for years to come,

here at the U of I and beyond, would radiate the same orange.

19
 Fig 2.7-A 16 x 16 pixel "UI" display from 1967. (D. L. Bitzer)

Fig 2.8- Graph

In its "on" state, a plasma cell actually flickers thousands of times per second. Every time

the ac sustain voltage reverses polarity, its corresponding field within the cell realigns with an

alternating "wall voltage" emanating from the glass, creating a total cell voltage sufficient to

ignite the discharge. A new wall voltage of opposite polarity then begins to build up until it

cancels the cell voltage, extinguishing the discharge, and a new cycle begins.

Patent attorney Nate Scarpelli (BSEE '58) was new to the Chicago law firm of Merriam

Marshall Shapiro Klose when the firm assigned him the task of patenting PLATO, the plasma

20
display, and other ideas for the U of I. The "Merriam" was Charles Merriam, who sat on the

board of the U of I Foundation and was the driving force behind University Patents, originally

set up within the Foundation to license U of I patents, but later spun-off into the publicly held

University Patents, Inc. The push was on to commercialize U of I technologies—a new and

controversial course for the century-old land grant institution—with an eye toward building the

university's endowment.

Although the first patent covering the fundamental operation and applications of the

plasma display panel was not granted until 1971 ("one of the most complete applications I think

I've ever done," recalls Scarpelli), U of I began collecting on the technology as early as 1967.

That year U of I sold an exclusive license to the Owens-Illinois glass company, which would

deliver the first commercial-grade "Digivue" displays for use in PLATO in 1971.

21
 Fig 2.9-An Owens-Illinois "Digivue" panel with electronics exposed. (Owens-Illinois)

IBM took an early interest as well, and the lure of Big Blue's prestige and deep pockets

forced Merriam and Alpert into some ticklish negotiations between the two corporate players,

with the happy result that U of I collected a million dollars from IBM in exchange for another

license. That license would lead in 1983 to the IBM 3290 Information Panel, "the industry's first

mass-produced, large-screen plasma display terminal for commercial use," according to an IBM

advertisement.

TV companies including RCA, Zenith, and General Electric took notice of early press

reports about plasma displays as potential "hang-on-the-wall" TVs. Some took out licenses, but

22
they all sent visitors to see what was happening at CERL. Zenith provided the phosphors for

Edward Stredde's (BSEE '66, MSEE '68) master's work on a multicolor plasma display.

Fig 2.10

Early press reports prophesied plasma's potential as a new TV display technology. This article

from the Minneapolis Star pointed out the role of Minneapolis-based Control Data Corporation

in PLATO. A CDC computer replaced ILLIAC as the PLATO mainframe, and the company

bought limited rights to the PLATO name in the late 1960s. (Minneapolis Star)

After finishing his PhD in 1975 with a dissertation on the discharge dynamics of plasma

displays, Weber joined the CERL staff and began consulting to U.S. companies interested in

such commercial applications of the Illinois technology.

Another CERL alum, Roger Johnson (BSEE '65, MSEE '66, PhD '70) joined the ECE

faculty in 1971 and found his consulting home in the Pentagon and its contractors, which

included Magnavox, Science Applications International (now SAIC), and the Owens-Illinois

spin-off Photonics Systems. Johnson would leave his faculty post in 1977 and spend the next 25

years at SAIC developing flat displays and mobile workstations. In 1982, the company

23
manufactured its "Plasmascope" displays for controlling ground-launched cruise missiles. The

displays were "nuclear hardened" to withstand the radioactive environment of a nuclear war.

Similar displays went into the Trident nuclear attack submarine and the "Doomsday Plane"—

officially known as the Advanced Airborne Command Post, a Boeing 747 outfitted to control

U.S. forces in a nuclear war. Photonics and Magnavox collaborated on the largest plasma

displays of the time, status boards used by the Air Force to monitor air operations.

Japanese companies were among the first to take out licenses and begin their own plasma

display research, enjoying the support and encouragement of NHK, the government broadcasting

system that had advocated HDTV as early as the 1960s. Among the prominent Japanese

engineers who visited CERL to study plasma displays was Heiji Uchiike, now of Saga

University. Uchiike spent a year at CERL in the early days of the plasma display and has gone

on to train many of the top plasma engineers in Japan. Japanese companies who sent visitors to

CERL, many of them staying for extended periods, include Fujitsu, Hitachi, Matsushita, Sony,

NEC, and even NHK. These companies, especially Fujitsu, have made important developments

based on the fundamental ideas that came out of Illinois.

Bitzer noted that the Japanese also saw plasma as an answer to the problem of displaying

their Kanji script, something the Western alphanumeric computer displays of the early 1960s

could not do. So plasma panels became widely used in Japan for cash registers, meters, and

public signs.

24
 Fig 2.11-Plasma Panel as public sign

The transparency of the monochrome plasma displays allowed slides to be superimposed on

images read from the computer.

Fig 2.12- Monochrome plasma displays

25
 Owens-Illinois had sunk millions into manufacturing plasma displays when it gave up on

the business and sold its plasma division in the 1970s. U.S. TV companies didn't last long after

they came to understand the investment it would take to make plasma competitive with cathode

ray tubes. Computer companies stuck it out until 1987, when IBM became the last major U.S.

company to dump its commercial plasma display business. That left only the Pentagon to sustain

a small but very lucrative plasma display industry in the U.S.

Weber had derived most of his income from consulting on the commercial side, so there

wasn't a lot left to do when IBM closed its plasma manufacturing plant in Kingston, NY. Except

perhaps to join forces with three former IBM executives, buy the used equipment from the plant

(88 trailer truckloads of it), haul it to an old apple juice factory in nearby Highland, and hang up

a shingle. Which is exactly what he did.

Plasmaco was also a U of I project in technology commercialization. Weber remained on

the CERL staff while serving as chief technical officer of the company, and many Plasmaco staff

visited CERL for training. The university licensed Plasmaco to use its plasma technology, which

now included energy-efficient driving circuitry developed by Weber himself. (Every plasma TV

on the market now incorporates Weber's contributions, which are the subject of an ongoing legal

dispute between U of I and Fujitsu.)

26
 Fig 2.12- Transparent screen

Weber (left) took the Illinois technology to Plasmaco and used it to bring in business.

Here he shows off a transparent screen with moving graphics at a 1988 convention. (L. Weber)

In 1990, Weber moved to New York and assumed full-time duties at the new company,

which scraped by producing monochrome plasma computer displays until 1993. But by that

time, liquid crystal displays had achieved color and conquered the market. Plasmaco now faced

foreclosure, and the company's investors shook up the top management, making Weber president

and CEO and forcing him to fire half his staff. "Things got very ugly with all the creditors that

were after us," recalled Weber. "The sheriff was knocking at my door because we couldn't even

show up for court. The lawyers wouldn't represent us because we hadn't paid them."

Weber convinced a banker to lend him $80,000 for components to begin developing a

color display. By the last day of a 1994 industry convention in San Jose, CA, he was able to rig a

static display of colored stripes that impressed people with its brightness and contrast ratio.

Weber then began a joint development program with Matsushita, which bought Plasmaco in

1996 for $26 million, leaving Weber in his position as president. Weber hired his old student Bill

27
Schindler (MSEE '82) to manage Plasmaco's 60-inch prototype project, unveiled in 1999 and

widely agreed to have the best contrast ratio in the industry.

If you sit 10 feet away from a 36-inch regular TV, Weber explains, you can't tell the

difference between a normal picture and the high-definition standard toward which the TV

industry is moving. You could widen the cathode ray tube—the venerable device that gave TV

its nickname "The Tube"—to the 60 or more inches required to see a one-millimeter pixel at 10

feet. But the tube can't get wider without getting deeper, so you would have to knock out a door

and use a forklift to get a big one into your living room. Projection systems have spatial

limitations of their own caused by the placement of the projector and screen, and they require a

dark room for good results. Liquid crystal displays have the advantage of thinness (that's why

they are great for laptops), but they are not as bright as plasma displays, they can't yet be made as

wide, and their pictures disappear when viewed from the side.

That's why Japanese companies like Matsushita and Fujitsu are finally in a position to see

the payoff for their long commitment to plasma display panels. Weber does see the possibility of

future U.S.-based manufacturing of plasma displays. But the companies will be Japanese,

looking to move production closer to the growing U.S. market for their products.

Johnson is more optimistic about U.S. leadership in the further development of plasma

displays. Now retired from SAIC, he has gone back to running his old consulting company,

which is incorporated in Illinois. Johnson believes Illinois can have "a second round at the plate,

and maybe hit the ball again." He is interested in partnering with current ECE faculty and

students who are conducting research relevant to plasma displays. For example, Professor Kevin

Kim's lab is perfecting "microspheres" that may be useful for evenly depositing materials in

28
plasma display manufacturing. Phil Krein developed an energy-saving power supply for plasma

displays. And Mark Kushner developed software for simulating the physical dynamics of plasma

cells. Johnson would also like to organize a seminar series on flat-panel displays at U of I.

29
2.3 SPECIFICATION OF MODEL

Screen Size: 42 inch/ 106cm diagonal

Aspect Ratio: 16 :9 (width:height)

Resolution: 852 x 480 Pixels(SD grade)

Peak Brightness : typ.240cd/m² (with filter 60%)

Contrast Ratio: 700:1(Dark Room & with filter 45%)

Viewing Angle: 160° horizontally and vertically

Displayable Colors: 16.7 million

Weight: kg (MNT), kg(D/stand), kg(spk.)x2

Life: >25,000 hours (elapsed time to 50% of initial brightness)

Dimensions(MNT) : 105.6cm wide, 63.4cm high, 8.2cm deep

Input Terminals : RF terminal(PAL/SECAM/NTSC)

(Set Top Box) Composite Video input(RCA) X 2, S-Video

Audio L&R input(RCA) X 2

Component Video (Y,Pb,Pr) + R/L for DVD

Component Video (Y,Pb,Pr)+ R/L for HDTV Stb.

RGB-SUB 15 pin for HDTV Stb.(480p/720p/1080i)

Analog RGB-SUB 15pin(PC VGA ~SVGA)

Stereo Input for PC Audio

Output Terminals : Analog RGB-SUB 15 pin(PC/DTV input bypass)

(Set Top Box) Audio L&R(RCA)

RGB-SUB 25 Pin for MNT(RGB/HV in & Control)

Composite Video output + R/L output

30
Input Terminals : Analog RGB-SUB 15 pin (Compatible with PC

(MNT) VGA ~SVGA, Compressed XGA)

RGB-SUB 25 Pin for STB(RGB/HV in & Control)

Component Video (Y,Pb,Pr) for DVD & DTV Stb.

Composite Video input(PAL/SECAM/NTSC)

Audio L&R input(RCA)X2

Display Frequency : 15.73kHz to 60kHz horizontally, 50Hz to 75Hz(V)

Picture : PIP(2Tuner:STB), Twin Picture, Digital Comb filter,

Digital Video Enhancer(Jagging free )

Sound : A2 stereo, AVL, Dolby Virtual, 2x10Wrms

Remote Control : Included(Unified)

External Control : D-sub 25-pin connector

Power Source : 110-240V , 50/60 Hz

Power Consumption: 300 watts( with Max. Audio : 320W)

31
2.4 Internal Diagram Of plasma

Fig 2.13- Internal Diagram Of plasma

2.4.1 Function Descriptions

Y-Board ( Scan Driver ):- Connected to Scan(Y) electrode and FPC to operate Scan and

Sustain

Z-Board(Common Sustain Driver):- Connected to Sustain(Z) electrode and FPC to operate

Sustain

X-Board ( Address Driver ):- Connected to lower address(X) electrode and FPC to operate

Address

Control Board:- Generates and distributes display data and driver timing of Video and Audio

signal from external input to X,Y,Z Board.

32
DC/DC-2 Board With input voltages:- Vs,Va,Vcc, converts into Circuit login voltage(5V),

Va,Vsc,Vs & Vsetup and distributes to X,Y,Z Board.

FPC(Flexible Plate Circuit) :-Connect line to line with PCB and pattern of Panel

ACF(Asymmetric Conductive Fundamental):-Charged material between Panel and FPC. Used

for heat pressing material to connect FPC and pattern of Panel(Glass) and constituted by

conductive metal(Ni,Au,etc) and thermosetting high polymer organism powder.

Heat Sink:- Electrical parts are attached to absorb and radiate heat generated at

Panel when operating.

COF ( Chip On Film ):- Unifying IC chip on the PCB and FPC, and it realizes simplified

structure and miniaturization.

33
2.5 MONITOR BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 2.14-Block Diagram

2.5.1 Description of various parts

PDP(plasma display panel) MODULE:- The xenon and neon gas in a plasma television is

contained in hundreds of thousands of tiny cells positioned between two plates of glass. Long

electrodes are also sandwiched between the glass plates, on both sides of the cells. The address

electrodes sit behind the cells, along the rear glass plate. The transparent display electrodes,

which are surrounded by an insulating dielectric material and covered by a magnesium oxide

protective layer, are mounted above the cell, along the front glass plate.

34
 Fig 2.15-How Plasma Works

Both sets of electrodes extend across the entire screen. The display electrodes are

arranged in horizontal rows along the screen and the address electrodes are arranged in vertical

columns. As you can see in the diagram below, the vertical and horizontal electrodes form a

basic grid.

Fig 2.16-Layers of PDP

35
 To ionize the gas in a particular cell, the plasma display's computer charges the electrodes

that intersect at that cell. It does this thousands of times in a small fraction of a second, charging

each cell in turn.

When the intersecting electrodes are charged (with a voltage difference between them),

an electric current flows through the gas in the cell. As we saw in the last section, the current

creates a rapid flow of charged particles, which stimulates the gas atoms to release ultraviolet

photons.

The released ultraviolet photons interact with phosphor material coated on the inside wall

of the cell. Phosphors are substances that give off light when they are exposed to other light.

When an ultraviolet photon hits a phosphor atom in the cell, one of the phosphor's electrons

jumps to a higher energy level and the atom heats up. When the electron falls back to its normal

level, it releases energy in the form of a visible light photon.

The phosphors in a plasma display give

off coloured light when they are excited. Every

pixel is made up of three separate sub pixel

cells, each with different coloured phosphors.

One sub-pixel has a red light phosphor, one sub

pixel has a green light phosphor and one sub

pixel has a blue light phosphor. These colours

blend together to create the overall colour of the

pixel. Fig 2.3-Working

36
BUFFER HC541:- The HC541A is identical in pinout to the LS541. The device inputs are

compatible with Standard CMOS outputs. External pullup resistors make them compatible with

LSTTL outputs. The HC541A is an octal non–inverting buffer/line driver/line receiver designed

to be used with 3–state memory address drivers,clock drivers, and other bus–oriented systems.

This device features inputs and outputs on opposite sides of the package and two ANDed active–

low output enables. The HC541A is similar in function to the HC540A, which has inverting

outputs.

• Output Drive Capability: 15 LSTTL Loads

• Outputs Directly Interface to CMOS, NMOS and TTL

• Operating Voltage Range: 2 to 6V

• Low Input Current: 1mA

• High Noise Immunity Characteristic of CMOS Devices

• In Compliance With the JEDEC Standard No. 7A Requirements

TH 88083:-

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