AIRCRAFT DESIGN PROJECT

SAILPLANE

A PROJECT REPORT

INTRODUCTION:

A glider or sailplane is a type of glider aircraft used in the leisure activity

and sport of gliding.The unpowered aircraft use naturally occurring
currents of rising air in the atmosphere to remain airborne. Gliders are
aerodynamically streamlined and are capable of gaining altitude and
remaining airborne, and maintaining forward motion.
Gliders benefit from producing the least drag for any given amount of lift,
and this is best achieved with long, thin wings, a fully faired narrow
cockpit and a slender fuselage. Aircraft with these features are able to
soar - climb efficiently in rising air produced by thermals or hills. In still
air, gliders can glide long distances at high speed with a minimum loss of
height in between.
The glider was developed in Germany after the first world war, and it
found particular acceptance among younger pilots. Even though many
used it as a new form of sport and excitement, others employed
experimental gliders to advance their studies in aerodynamics and to
develop new methods of construction.

EXAMPLE:

DG Flugzeugbau DG-800
The DG Flugzeugbau DG-800 series is a family of 15 metre and 18
metre single-seat gliders and motor gliders produced
by Glaser-Dirks since 1993 and by DG Flugzeugbau GmbH after 1997. It is
the successor to the DG-400 and the DG-600 models.

Specifications:

General characteristics:

 Crew: One pilot

 Capacity: 156 kg (343 lb) water ballast
 Length: 7.06 m (23 ft 2 in)
 Wingspan: 18.00 m (59 ft 1 in)
 Height: ca. 1.35 m (4 ft 5 in)
 Wing area: 11.8 m2 (127 ft2)
 Aspect ratio: 27.4
 Empty weight: ca. 344 kg (757 lb)
 Gross weight: 600 kg (1,320 lb)
 Powerplant: 1 × Solo, 40 kW (ca. 53 hp)

Performance

 Maximum speed: 270 km/h (170 mph)

 Maximum glide ratio: 50 (51.5 with winglets)
 Rate of climb: 5.2 m/s (1,000 ft/min)

Comparative Study Of Various Aicrafts:

1. MILITARY AIRCRAFTS:
A military aircraft is any fixed-wing or rotary-wing aircraft that is
operated by a legal or insurrectionary armed service of any type. Military
aircraft can be either combat or non-combat:

 Combat aircraft are designed to destroy enemy equipment using

their own aircraft ordance. Combat aircraft are normally developed
and procured only by military forces.
 Non-combat aircraft are not designed for combat as their primary
function, but may carry weapons for self-defense. These mainly
operate in support roles, and may be developed by either military
forces or civilian organizations.

F-16 Fighting Falcon:

Specifications

General characteristics:

Crew: 1

Length: 49 ft 5 in (15.06 m)

Wingspan: 32 ft 8 in (9.96 m)

Height: 16 ft (4.88 m)

Wing area: 300 ft² (27.87 m²)

Airfoil: NACA 64A204 root and tip

Empty weight: 18,900 lb (8,570 kg)

Loaded weight: 26,500 lb (12,000 kg)

Max. takeoff weight: 42,300 lb (19,200 kg)

Internal fuel: 7,000 pounds (3,200 kg)[3]

Powerplant: 1 × General Electric F110-GE-129 (for F-16C/D Block

30-40-50) or Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-220/220E afterburningturbofan

Dry thrust: 17,155 lbf (76.3 kN)

Thrust with afterburner: 28,600 lbf (127 kN)

At sea level: Mach 1.2 (915 mph, 1,470 km/h)[69]

At altitude: Mach 2[3] (1,320 mph; 2,120 km/h) clean configuration

Combat radius: 340 mi (295 nmi; 550 km) on a hi-lo-hi mission with four
1,000 lb (450 kg) bombs

Ferry range: 2,280 nmi (2,620 mi; 4,220 km) with drop tanks

Service ceiling: 50,000+ ft[3] (15,240+ m)

Rate of climb: 50,000 ft/min (254 m/s)

Wing loading: 88.3 lb/ft² (431 kg/m²)

Thrust/weight: 1.095 (1.24 with loaded weight & 50% internal fuel)

2. Bomber :

A bomber is a combat aircraft designed to attack ground and naval

targets by dropping air-to-ground weaponry (such as bombs),
firing torpedoes and bullets or deploying air-launched cruise missiles

Specifications
General characteristics
Crew: 4 (pilot, co-pilot, bombardier, defensive systems officer)
Length: 54.10 m (177 ft 5 in)
Height: 13.10 m (43 ft 0 in)
Spread: 400 m² (4,306 ft²)
Swept: 360 square metres (3,900 sq ft))
Empty weight: 110,000 kg (242,505 lb; operating empty weight)
Loaded weight: 267,600 kg (589,950 lb)
Max. takeoff weight: 275,000 kg (606,260 lb)
Powerplant: 4 × Samara NK-321 turbofans
Dry thrust: 137.3 kN (30,865 lbf) each
Thrust with afterburner: 245 kN (55,115 lbf) each
Performance
Maximum speed: Mach 2.05 (2,220 km/h, 1,200 knots, 1,380 mph) at
12,200 m (40,000 ft)
Cruise speed: Mach 0.9 (960 km/h, 518 knots, 596 mph)
Range: 12,300 km (7,643 mi) practical range without in-flight refuelling,
Combat radius: 7,300 km[81] (3,994 nmi, 4,536 mi,) 2,000 km (1,080 nmi,
1,240 mi) at Mach 1.5[43]
Service ceiling: 16,000 m (51,181 ft)
Rate of climb: 70 m/s (13,860 ft/min)
Wing loading: 742 kg/m² with wings fully swept (152 lb/ft²)
lift-to-drag: 18.5–19, while supersonic it is above 6[82]
Thrust/weight: 0.37

3.Non combat Aircrafts

Military transport aircrafts are primarily used to transport troops and

war supplies. Cargo can be attached to pallets which are easily loaded,
secured for flight quickly for delivery.
Embraer KC-390:
Specifications:

General characteristics:

Role: Transport aircraft

Crew: 2
Capacity: 80 passengers or
64 airborne troops or 6 pallets (68" X 108") or 74 litter patients with 2
medical personnel
Cargo compartment: Length 17.75 m X width 3.45 m X height 2.9 m
Payload: 26 tonnes (59,500 lb)
Length: 33.43 m (109 ft, 8 in)
Wingspan: 33.94 m (111 ft,4 in)
Height: 11.43 m (37 ft 6 in)
Loaded weight: 74.0 tonnes (163,142 lb)
Max. takeoff weight: 81.0 tonnes (178,574 lb)
Powerplant: 2 × IAE V2500-E5 turbofan, 139.4 kNeach Performance
Maximum speed: Mach 0.8 (470 knots, 850 km/h, 541 mph)
Range: 2,730 nmi
Service ceiling: 36,000 ft (10,973 m)
4.Reconnaissance Aircraft :

A reconnaissance aircraft is a military aircraft designed or adapted to

perform aerial reconnaissance. Their roles include collection of imagery
intelligence (such as photography), signals intelligence,
and measurement and signature intelligence. In addition to
general intelligence gathering, modern technology has also enabled
some aircraft and UAVs to carry out real-time surveillance.

Lockheed U-2:

Specifications:

General characteristics

Crew: One
Length: 63 ft (19.2 m)
Wingspan: 103 ft (31.4 m)
Height: 16 ft (4.88 m)
Wing area: 1,000 ft² (92.9 m²)
Aspect ratio: 10.6
Empty weight: 14,300 lb (6,486 kg)
Max. takeoff weight: 40,000 lb (18,144 kg)
Maximum speed: 434 knots (Mach 0.67, 500 mph, 805 km/h)
Cruise speed: 373 knots (Mach 0.56, 429 mph, 690 km/h)
Stall speed: 70–80 knots (80–90 mph, 130–140 km/h) near ground[38]
Range: 5,566 nmi (6,405 mi, 10,308 km)
Service ceiling: 70,000+ ft (21,300+ m)
lift-to-drag: 23:1 (maximum)
Flight endurance: 12 hours

6. Surveillance Aircraft :

A surveillance aircraft is an aircraft used for surveillance—collecting

information over time. They are operated by military forces and other
government agencies in roles such as intelligence gathering, battlefield
surveillance, airspace surveillance, observation (e.g. artillery
spotting), border patrol and fishery protection. This article
concentrates on aircraft used in those roles, rather than for traffic
monitoring, law enforcement and similar activities.

AAI RQ-2 Pioneer:

Specifications:

General characteristics:
Manufacturer: AAI corporation
Crew: unmanned
Length: 14 feet (4 m)
Height: 3.3 feet (1.0 m)
Weight: 205 kg (452 pounds)
Wingspan: 16.9 feet (5.2 m)
Speed: 110 knots (200 km/h)
Range: 185 kilometres (100 nmi)
Ceiling: 4,600 m (15,000 ft)
Fuel Capacity: 44–47 liters
Payload: Dual Sensor (12DS/POP-200/POP-300)
Inventory: 175 Delivered/35 In-Service

7. Passenger Airline:

A passenger airline is an airline dedicated to the transport of passengers.

Passenger airlines usually operate a fleet of passenger aircraft which,
rather than being owned outright, are usually leased from commercial
aircraft sales and leasing companies. Deliveries of the 747-8F freighter
version began in October 2011; deliveries of the 747-8I passenger
version began in May 2012.

Boeing 747 :

Specifications

General specifications:

Cockpit crew: 2
Length :184 ft
Wings Span:195 ft 8 in (59.6 m)
Wing Area: 5,500 ft²
Wing sweep: 37.5°
Aspect ratio: 7 7.9 8.5
Tail height: 65 ft
Cargo capacity:3,900
Operating empty weight: 337,100 lb
Maximum takeoff weight : 700,000 lb
Cruise speed: 907 km/h
Mach: 0.855
Takeoff: 9,250 ft (2,820 m)
Range: 5,830 nmi
Fuel capacity: 50,359 US
Thrust (per engine): 46,300–56,900
8. Business jet:

A business jet, private jet, or bizjet, or simply B.J.is a jet aircraft designed
for transporting small groups of people.Business jets may be adapted for
other roles, such as the evacuation of casualties or express parcel
deliveries, and some are used by public bodies, government officials or
the armed forces.

Specifications:

General characteristics:

Crew: Two pilots

Capacity: 6 passengers

Length: 43 ft

Wingspan: 35 ft 7

Height: 12 ft 7

Wing area: 231.2 sq ft

Empty weight: 6,150 lb

Max takeoff weight: 12,499 lb

Maximum speed: 561 mph

Maximum speed: Mach 0.82

Cruise speed: 518 mph (834 km/h; 450 kn)

Stall speed: 104 mph (167 km/h; 90 kn)

Range: 1,830

Service ceiling: 45,000 ft

Rate of climb: 6,900 ft/min

9. Agricultural Aircraft :

An agricultural aircraft is an aircraft that has been built or converted

for agricultural use - usually aerial application of pesticides (crop
dusting) or fertilizer (aerial topdressing); in these roles they are referred
to as "crop dusters" or "top dressers". Agricultural aircraft are also used
for hydroseeding.

Fletcher FU-24 :
Specifications:
General characteristics:

Crew: two
Capacity: Six passengers
Length: 31 ft 10
Wingspan: 42 ft 0
Height: 9 ft 4
Wing area: 294.0 sq
Airfoil: NACA 4415
Empty weight: 2,620
Gross weight: 4,860
Max takeoff weight: 5,430 lb
Fuel capacity: 67 US Gallons
Maximum speed: 145 mph
Cruise speed: 130 mph
Stall speed: 57 mph
Never exceed speed: 165 mph
Range: 441 mi
Service ceiling: 16,000 ft
Rate of climb: 805 ft/min
10.FireFighter:

A firefighter (also fireman and firewoman) is a rescuer extensively

trained in firefighting, primarily to extinguish hazardous fires that
threaten life, property and/or the environment, as well as to rescue
people (and animals) from dangerous situations.
The complexity of modern, industrialized life has created an increase in
the skills needed in firefighting technology. The fire service, also known
in some countries as the fire brigade or fire department, is one of the
three main emergency services.

Lockheed P-2 Neptune:

Specifications:

General characteristics:

Crew: 9-11
Length: 77 ft 10 in (23.72 m)
Wingspan: 100 ft 0 in (30.48 m)
Height: 28 ft 4 in (8.56 m)
Wing area: 1,000 ft² (92.9 m²)
Empty weight: 34,875 lb (15,819 kg)
Max. takeoff weight: 64,100 lb (29,076 kg)
Propellers: 4 bladed propeller
Maximum speed: 278 kn
Cruise speed: 155 kn
Range: 3,458 nmi
 Weight estimation:
a) Crew weight (Wc ) The crew comprises the people necessary to
operate the airplane in flight. e.g., Pilot, Co-pilot, Airhostess etc.
b) Payload weight ( Wp ) The payload is what the airplane is mentioned
to transport passengers, baggage, freight etc. (Military use the payload
includes bombs, rockets and other disposable ordnance).
. c) Fuel weight ( W f ) This is the weight of the fuel in the fuel tanks.
Since fuel is consumed during the course of flight. is a variable,
decreasing with time during the flight.
. d) Empty weight ( We ) This is weight of everything else-the structure
engines (with all accessory equipment), electronic equipment landing
gear, fixed equipment and anything else that is not crew, payload or fuel.
e) Gross weight ( W0 ) The sum of these weights is the total weight of
the airplane. Gross weight or total weight varies through the flight
because fuel is being consumed. The design take off gross weight is the
weight of the airplane at the instant it begins its mission. It includes the
weight.

Wo= gross weight

Wc= crew weight
Wp=weight payload
Wf=fuel weight
We=empty weight

Drag Estimation:
Drag estimation is critical in making computational design studies. Drag
may be estimated thousands of times during a multidisciplinary design
optimization, and computational fluid dynamics is not yet possible in
these studies. The current model has been developed as part of an
air-vehicle conceptual-design multidisciplinary design optimization
framework. Its use for subsonic and transonic aircraft configurations is
presented and validated. We present our parametric geometry
definition, followed by the drag model description. The drag model
includes induced, friction, wave, and interference drag. The model is
compared with subsonic and transonic isolated wings, and a wing/body
configuration used previously in drag prediction workshops. The
agreement between the predictions of the drag model and test data is
good, but lessens at high lift coefficients and high transonic Mach
numbers. In some cases the accuracy of this drag estimation method
exceeds much more elaborate analyses.