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FUNDAMENTALS OF MATHEMATICS
1. NUMBER SYSTEM :
Natural Numbers : (N) = {1, 2, 3....}

Whole Numbers : (W) = {0, 1, 2, 3.....}

Integers : (I) = {–,........–3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3.....}

Positive Integers : (I+) = {1, 2, 3 ... }

Negative Integers : (I–) = {–, .... –3, –2, –1}

Non-negative Integers : {0, 1, 2, 3........}

Non-positive Integers : {–, .... –3, –2, –1, 0}


Even Integers = {....–6, –4, –2, 0, 2, 4, 6 ...}
Odd Integers = {–5, –3, –1, 1, 3, 5 ......}
Note :
(i
) Zero is neither positive nor negative. (ii) Zero is even number.
(ii) Positive means > 0. (iv) Non-negative means  0.

p
2. FRACTION   :
q
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3 5
(a) Proper Fraction = : Nr < Dr (b) Improper Fraction  : Nr  Dr
5 3
2
3
(c) Mixed Fraction : 2  (d) Compound Fraction : 3
5 5
6
1 2
(e) Complex Fraction : 2 (
f
) Continued Fraction : 2 
3 2
2
.....
This is usually written in the more compact
1 1
form 2  ........
2 2
3. RATIONAL NUMBERS (Q) :
All the numbers that can be represented in the form p/q, where p and q are integers and q  0, are called
rational numbers. Integers, Fractions, Terminating decimal numbers, Non-terminating but repeating decimal
p 
numbers are all rational numbers. Q =  :p, q  I and q  0 
 q 

Note :
(i
) Integers are rational numbers, but converse need not be true.
(ii) A rational number always exists between two distinct rational numbers, hence infinite rational numbers
exist between two rational numbers.

4. IRRATIONAL NUMBERS (QC) :


There are real numbers which can not be expressed in p/q form. Non-Terminating non repeating decimal

numbers are irrational number e.g. 2, 5 , 3 , 3 1 0 ; e,  .


e 2.71 is called Napier's constant and  3.14
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JEE-Mathematics
Note :
(i
) Sum of a rational number and an irrational number is an irrational number e.g. 2 + 3
(ii) If a Q and b Q, then ab = rational number, only if a = 0.
(iii) Sum, difference, product and quotient of two irrational numbers need not be an irrational number
or we can say, result may be a rational number also.

5. REAL NUMBERS (R) :


The complete set of rational and irrational number is the set of real numbers, R = Q QC . The real numbers
can be represented as a position of a point on the real number line.
6. COMPLEX NUMBERS. (C) :
A number of the form a + ib, where a, b R and i = 1 is called a complex number. Complex number
is usually denoted by z and the set of all complex numbers is represented by
C = {(x + iy) : x, y R, i = 1 }

N ⊂W ⊂I ⊂Q ⊂R ⊂C

7. EVEN NUMBERS :
Numbers divisible by 2, last digit 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 & represented by 2n.

8. ODD NUMBERS :
Not divisible by 2, last digit 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 represented by (2n ± 1)
(a) even ± even = even
(b) even ± odd = odd

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(c) odd ± odd = even
(d) even × any number = even number
(e) odd × odd = odd

9. PRIME NUMBERS :
Let 'p' be a natural number, 'p' is said to be prime if it has exactly two distinct positive integral factors, namely
1 and itself. e.g. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31 .....

10. COMPOSITE NUMBERS :


A number that has more than two divisors
Note :
(
i
) '1' is neither prime nor composite.
(ii) '2' is the only even prime number.
(iii) '4' is the smallest composite number.
(iv) Natural numbers which are not prime are composite numbers (except 1)

11. CO-PRIME NUMBERS/ RELATIVELY PRIME NUMBERS :


Two natural numbers (not necessarily prime) are coprime, if their H.C.F. is one
e.g. (1, 2), (1, 3), (3, 4) (5, 6) etc.
Note :
(
i
) Two prime number(s) are always co-prime but converse need not be true.
(ii) Consecutive natural numbers are always co-prime numbers.

12. TWIN PRIME NUMBERS :


If the difference between two prime numbers is two, then the numbers are twin prime numbers.
e.g. {3, 5}, {5, 7}, {11, 13} etc.

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13. NUMBERS TO REMEMBER :
Numbe r 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
S qua re 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 121 144 169 196 225 256 289 324 361 400
Cube 8 27 64 125 216 343 512 729 1000 1331 1728 2197 2744 3375 4096 4913 5832 6859 8000
S q. Ro o t 1 .4 1 1 .7 3 2 2 .2 4 2 .4 5 2 .6 5 2 .8 3 3 3 .1 6

Note :
(
i
) Square of a real number is always non negative (i.e. x2  0)
(ii) Square root of a positive number is always positive e.g. 4 =2

(iii) x2 ± x but x2 = |x|

14. DIVISIBILITY RULES :


Divisible by Remark.
2 Last digit 0, 2, 4, 6, 8
3 Sum of digits divisible by 3 (Remainder will be same when number is divided by
3 or sum of digits is divided by 3.)
4 Last two digits divisible by 4 (Remainder will be same whether we divide the number or
its last two digits)
5 Last digit 0 or 5
6 Divisible by 2 and 3 simultaneously.
8 Last three digits is divisible by 8 (Remainder will be same whether we divide the number
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or its last three digits)


9 Sum of digits divisible by 9. (Remainder will be same when number is divided by 9 or
sum of digit is divided by 9)
10 Last digits 0
11 (Sum of digits at even places) – (sum of digits at odd places) = 0 or divisible by 11

15. LCM AND HCF :


(a) HCF is the highest common factor between any two or more numbers or algebraic expressions.
When dealing only with numbers, it is also called "Greatest common divisor" (GCD).
(b) LCM is the lowest common multiple of two or more numbers or algebraic expressions.
(c) The product of HCF and LCM of two numbers (or expressions) is equal to the product of the numbers.
a p l  L.C.M. of (a, p, l)
(d) LCM of  , ,  
 b q m  H.C.F. of (b, q, m)

16. FACTORIZATION :
Formulae :
(a) (a ± b)2 = a2 ± 2ab + b2 = (a  b)2 ± 4ab
(b) a2 – b2 = (a+b) (a–b);
1
• If a2 – b2 = 1 then a + b 
a b
1 1
For example : sec   tan   or 3 2 
sec   tan  3 2
3 3 3
(c) (a+b) = a + b + 3ab(a+b)
(d) (a–b) = a3–b3 – 3ab (a–b)
3

(e) a3 + b3 = (a +b) (a2–ab + b2) = (a + b)3 – 3ab(a+b)


(
f) a3– b3 = (a–b) (a2 + ab + b2) = (a – b)3 + 3ab(a–b)
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(g) a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
1
(a + b + c){(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2}
=
2
(h) (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
(
i
) (a + b + c)3 = a3+b3+c3 + 3(a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
(
j
) a4 + a2 + 1 = (a2 + 1)2 – a2 = (1 + a + a2) (1 – a + a2)

17. CYCLIC FACTORS :


If an expression remain same after replacing a by b, b by c & c by a, then it is called cyclic expression
and its factors are called cyclic factors. e.g. a(b – c) + b(c – a) + c(a – b)

18. REMAINDER THEOREM :


If a polynomial a1x + a2x + a3xn–2 +.....+an is divided by x–p, then the remainder is obtained by putting
n n–1

x = p in the polynomial.

19. FACTOR THEOREM :


A polynomial a1xn + a2xn–1 + a3xn–2+....+an is divisible by x–p, if the remainder is zero
i.e. if a1pn +a2pn–1+...+an= 0 then x – p will be a factor of polynomial.

20. RATIO AND PROPORTION :

a c a b cd
(a) If  , then : a  b  c  d (componendo);  (dividendo);
b d b d b d

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ab cd a b b d
 (componendo and dividendo);  (alternendo);  (invertendo)
a b cd c d a c
1
a c e  a n  cn  e n  n
(b) If    ......, then each ratio =  n 
b d f b  d n  fn 

a c a 2  c2 a c a c
Example :    
b d 2
b d 2 bd bd

21. INTERVALS :

Intervals are basically subsets of R. If there are two numbers a, b R such that a < b, we can define four
types of intervals as follows :
(a) Open interval : (a, b) = {x : a < x < b} i.e. end points are not included.
(b) Closed interval : [a, b] = {x : a x b} i.e. end points are also included.
This is possible only when both a and b are finite.
(c) Semi open or semi closed interval : (a, b] = {x : a < x b} ; [a, b) = {x : a x < b}
(d) The infinite intervals are defined as follows :
(
i
) (a, ) = {x : x > a} (ii) [a, ) = {x : x a}
(iii) (–, b) = {x : x < b} (iv) (, b] = {x : x b}
(v) (–, ) = R
Note :
(
i
) For some particular values of x, we use symbol { } e.g. If x = 1, 2 we can write it as x {1, 2}
(ii) If their is no values of x, then we say x (null set)

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22. BASIC CONCEPTS OF GEOMETRY :
(A) BASIC THEOREMS & RESULTS OF TRIANGLES :
(a) Two polygons are similar if (i) their corresponding angles are equal, (ii) the length of their corresponding
sides are proportional. (Both conditions are independent & necessary)
In case of a triangle, any one of the conditions is sufficient, other satisfies automatically.
(b) Thales Theorem (Basic Proportionality Theorem) : In a triangle, a line drawn parallel to one side,
to intersect the other sides in distinct points, divides the two sides in the same ratio.
Converse : If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio then the line must be parallel to
the third side.
(c) Similarity Theorem :
(
i) AAA similarity : If in two triangles, corresponding angles are equal i.e. two triangles are equiangular,
then the triangles are similar.
(ii
) SSS similarity : If the corresponding sides of two triangles are proportional, then they are
similar.
(iii) SAS similarity : If in two triangles, one pair of corresponding sides are proportional and the
included angles are equal then the two triangles are similar.
(iv) If two triangles are similar then
(1) They are equiangular
(2) The ratio of the corresponding (I) Sides (all), (II) Perimeters, (III) Medians,
(IV) Angle bisector segments, (V) Altitudes are same (converse also true)
(3) The ratio of the areas is equal to the ratio of the squares of corresponding
(I) Sides (all), (II) Perimeters, (III) Medians, (IV) Angle bisector segments,
(V) Altitudes (converse also true)
(d) Pythagoras theorem :
(
i) In a right triangle the square of hypotenuse is equal to the sum of square of the other two sides.
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Converse : In a triangle if square of one side is equal to sum of the squares of the other two sides.
then the angle opposite to the first side is a right angle.
A

(ii
) In obtuse  AC2 = AB2 + BC2 + 2BC . BD

D B C

(iii) In Acute  AC2 = AB2 + BC2 – 2BC . BD


B D C

(e) The internal/external bisector of an angle of a triangle divides the A


opposite side internally/externally in the ratio of sides containing the
AB BD BE
angle (converse is also true) i.e.  
AC DC CE B D C E

(f) The line joining the mid points of two sides of a triangle is parallel & half of the third side. (It's converse is
alsotrue)
D C
(g) (
i
) The diagonals of a trapezium divided each other
G F
E
AE BE
proportionally. (converse is also true) i.e. 
EC ED A B
(ii
) Any line parallel to the parallel sides of a trapezium divides the non parallel sides
DG CF
proportionally i.e. 
GA FB
(iii) If three or more parallel lines are intersected by two transversals, then intercepts made by them on
transversals are proportional.

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(h) In any triangle the sum of squares of any two sides is equal to twice the square A
of half of the third side together with twice the square of the median which
2
1 
bisects the third side. i.e. AB2 + AC2 = 2  BC  + 2 (AD)2 = 2(AD2 + BD2)
2  B D C
(i) In any triangle the three times the sum of squares of the sides of a triangle is equal to four times the sum
of the square of the medians of the triangle.
(j) The altitudes, medians and angle bisectors of a triangle are concurrent among themselves.
(B) BASIC THEOREMS & RESULTS OF CIRCLES :
(a) Concentric circles : Circles having same centre.
(b) Congruent circles : Iff their radii are equal.
(c) Congruent arcs : Iff they have same degree measure at the centre.
Theorem 1 :
(
i) If two arcs of a circle (or of congruent circles) are congruent, the corresponding chords are equal.
Converse : If two chords of a circle are equal then their corresponding arcs are congruent.
(ii
) Equal chords of a circle (or of congruent circles) subtend equal angles at the centre.
Converse : If the angle subtended by two chords of a circle (or of congruent circles) at the centre
are equal, the chords are equal.
Theorem 2 :
(
i) The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the chord.
Converse : The line joining the mid point of a chord to the centre of a circle is perpendicular to
the chord.
(ii
) Perpendicular bisectors of two chords of a circle intersect at its centre.
Theorem 3 :
(
i) There is one and only one circle passing through three non collinear points.

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(ii
) If two circles intersects in two points, then the line joining the centres is perpendicular bisector of
common chords.
Theorem 4 :
(
i) Equal chords of a circle (or of congruent circles) are equidistant from the centre.
Converse : Chords of a circle (or of congruent circles) which are equidistant from the centre are
equal.
(ii
) If two equal chords are drawn from a point on the circle, then the centre of circle will lie on angle
bisector of these two chords.
(iii) Of any two chords of a circle larger will be near to centre.
Theorem 5 : 
(
i) The degree measure of an arc or angle subtended by an arc at the centre O
2
is double the angle subtended by it at any point of alternate segment.



(ii
) Angle in the same segment of a circle are equal.

(iii) The angle in a semi circle is right angle.


Converse : The arc of a circle subtending a right angle in alternate segment
issemicircle.
Theorem 6 :
Any angle subtended by a minor arc in the alternate segment is acute and any angle subtended by a
major arc in the alternate segment is obtuse.
Theorem 7 :
If a line segment joining two points subtends equal angles at two other points lying on the same side of the
line segment, the four points are concyclic, i.e. lie on the same circle.
(d) Cyclic Quadrilaterals :
A quadrilateral is called a cyclic quadrilateral if its all vertices lie on a circle.

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Theorem 1 :
The sum of either pair of opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is 180°
OR
The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.
Converse : If the sum of any pair of opposite angle of a quadrilateral is 180°, then the quadrilateral is
cyclic.
D C
Theorem 2 :
If a side of a cyclic quadrilateral is produced, then the exterior angle is equal
to the interior opposite angle. i.e. CBE = ADC A B E
D C
Theorem 3 :
P
The quadrilateral PQRS formed by angle bisectors of a Q S
cyclicquadrilateral is also cyclic. R
Theorem 4 : A B
If two sides of a cyclic quadrilateral are parallel then the remaining two sides are D C

equal and the diagonals are also equal. i.e. AB| | CD  AC  BD & AD  BC
OR A B
A cyclic trapezium is isosceles and its diagonals are equal.
Converse : If two non-parallel sides of a trapezium are equal, then it is cyclic.
OR
An isosceles trapezium is always cyclic.
Theorem 5 :
The bisectors of the angles formed by producing the opposite sides of a cyclic quadrilateral (provided that
they are not parallel), intersect at right angle.
(C) TANGENTS TO A CIRCLE :
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Theorem 1 :
A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact.
Converse : A line drawn through the end point of a radius and perpendicular to it is a tangent to the circle.
Theorem 2 :
If two tangents are drawn to a circle from an external point, then :
 
(
i) they are equal.  
(ii
) they subtend equal angles at the centre,
(iii) they are equally inclined to the segment, joining the centre to that point.
Theorem 3 :
A D A
If two chords of a circle intersect inside or outside the circle when B
produced, the rectangle formed by the two segments of one chord is O
P
equal in area to the rectangle formed by the two segments of the other P D
chord. PA × PB = PC × PD C B C
Theorem 4 : B

If PAB is a secant to a circle intersecting the circle at A and B and PT is A


tangent segment, then PA × PB = PT 2
P O
OR
Area of the rectangle formed by the two segments of a chord is equal to
T
the area of the square of side equal to the length of the tangent from the
point on the circle. E
Theorem 5 : C
If a chord is drawn through the point of contact of a tangent to a circle, B
O
then the angles which this chord makes with the given tangent are equal
respectively to the angles formed in the corresponding alternate segments. D
BAQ = ACB and BAP = ADB P A Q
Converse :
If a line is drawn through an end point of a chord of a circle so that the angle formed with the chord is equal to
the angle subtended by the chord in the alternate segment, then the line is a tangent to the circle.
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(D) COMMON TANGENTS OF TWO CIRCLES :


Direct common
A common tangent is called direct tangent if both centres of circle lie on same tangent
side of it and called transverse tangent if centres lie on opposite side of it.
r s
(a) When OO' > r + s i.e. the distance between the centres is greater than O O'

the sum of the radii.


Transverse
common tangent
In this case, the two circles do not intersect with each other and four
common tangents can be drawn to two circles. Two of them are called
direct (external) common tangents and the other two are known as Direct common
tangent
transverse (internal or indirect) common tangents
(b) When OO'= r + s i.e. the distance between the centres is equal to the sum r s
O O'
ofthe radii.
Transverse
In this case, the two circles touch each other externally the common common tangent

point of the two circles is called the point of contact and three common
tangents can be drawn to the two circles. Two of them are direct
common tangents and one transverse common tangent. Direct co
mmon ta
ngent
(c) When |r – s| < OO' < r + s i.e. the distance between the centres is less than
s
r
the sum of the radii and greater than their absolute difference. O O'

In this case, the two circles intersect in two points and there are two direct
common tangents only.

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(d) When OO' = r – s, r > s i.e. the distance between the centres is equal to the difference
r
ofthe radii. O O'
s

In this case the two circles touch internally. The common point of the two circles is
called their point of contact and there is only one common tangent to the two circles.

(e) When OO' < r – s, r > s i.e. the distance between the centres is less than the difference r
O s
O'
oftheradii.

In this case one circle lies inside the other and they do not touch. In such a case there is no common
tangent.

Theorem 1 :

If two circles touch each other (internally or A


O' A O O' O
externally) the point of contact lies on the line
through the centres.
Theorem 2 :
A
The points of intersection of direct common tangents B
and transverse common tangents to two circles divide s
O P
the line segment joining the two centres externally and Q O'
r
D
internally respectively in the ratio of their radii.
C
OP r
(
i
) P divides OO' externally in the ratio r : s i.e. 
O 'P s

OQ r
(ii
) Q divides OO' internally in the ratio r : s i.e. 
O 'Q s

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23. BASIC CONCEPT OF MENSURATION
PLANE
(A) TRIANGLE : A A
(a) Sum of three angle is 180°
c b
(b) Perimeter = Sum of three sides = a + b + c = 2s h h
Semi perimeter s = (a + b + c)/2
(c) Area = 1/2 (Base × Height) B a C B a C
1
= (Any side × Altitude over it) =   s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c)
2
Note : Area of triangles formed between two same parallel lines and on
the same base is same h
1
Area = bh
2 b
(d) Right Angle Triangle : One angle 90° (Right angle)
& Hypotenuse2 = Perpendicular2 + Base2 (Pythagoras theorem) H
1 P
Area = PB
2
(e) Isosceles Triangle : Two sides equal hence two angle are equal. B
Special case : Isosceles Right Triangle : Two sides equal and Base = Perpendicular.

a a a
b
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b b
 3
(f) Equilateral Triangle : All three sides and angles (60°) are equal; h =   a;
2  a a
h
1 1  3  3  2 h2
Area =   base × height =   (a) ×  a=  a =
2 2 
 2   4  3 a

(B) QUADRILATERAL : C
D
(a) Sum of all angles is 360° h2
1 1 h1
Area = (AC)(h1 + h2) i.e. sum of areas of  ACD + ABC = d1 d 2 sin 
2 2 A B
(b) Parallelogram :
A a D
(
i) Opposite sides are parallel and equal. d2
(ii) Opposite angles are equal. (B = D and A = C) b h b
O d1
(iii) Diagonals bisects each other. AO = OC & BO = OD
(iv) Perimeter = 2(a + b) ; B a C
1 1
(v) Area = (ah) + (ah) = ah i.e. sum of areas of  ACD + ABC
2 2 Dp C
1
p1 p 2
also, Area =
sin  p2
(c) Special cases of parallelogram : 
A B
(i
) Rhombus : All sides are equal and opposite angles are equal.
AB = BC = CD = DA = a
A a D
A = C & B = D
Diagonals are not equal (d1  d2) but bisects each other at 90° d1
a a
AC  BD but AC  BD d2
O
1 B
Area = (d1 × d2) i.e. sum of areas of  ACD + ABC a C
2
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(ii
) Square : All sides are equal and all angle are equal (90°) A a D
d
Diagonals are equal and perpendicular bisectors of each other a a
2 O d
d
Area = a2 =
2 B a C
AC  BD & AO = OC, BO = OD

(iii) Rectangle : Opposite sides are equal and parallel, all angles are
equal (90°) and diagonal are equal and bisects each other but not at A a D
90°. d1 d2
b b
Area = a × b; Perimeter = 2(a + b) O

B a C
(iv) Trapezium : Any two opposite sides are parallel but not equal.
Diagonals cuts in same proportion. AD || BC ; AD  BC ; d1  d2
b
A D
1 d1
Area =   (a + b) h i.e. sum of area of ABC + ACD d2
2 h O
AO OD B C
 ( BOC ~ DOA) E a
OC OB
(C) POLYGON :
E
A plane figure enclosed by line segments (sides of polygon).
F D
(a) n sides polygon have n sides : Triangle and quadrilaterals are polygon

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of three and four sides respectively. The polygons having 5 to 10 sides C
are called, PENTAGON, HEXAGON, HEPTAGON, OCTAGON, A
B
NANOGON and DECAGON respectively.

(b) Regular polygon : Polygon which has all equal sides and equal angles and can be inscribed in a circle
whose center coincides with the center of polygon. Therefore the center is equidistant from all its
vertices.
(
i
) A regular polygon can also circumscribe a circle.
(ii
) A ‘n’ sided regular polygon can be divided into ‘n’ Isosceles
Congruent Triangles with a common vertex i.e. centre of
polygon. 
h
1 a
(iii) Area = n ×   × a × h
2

(iv) Perimeter = na

n 2
Each interior angle of polygon = 
 n 
(v) × 180°

(vi) Angle subtended at the centre of inscribed/circumscribed circle by one side = 360°/n
o
 360 
(vii) Each exterior angle =  
n 
(viii) Sum of all interior angle = (n – 2) × 180°
(ix) Sum of all exterior angles = 360°
(x) Convex polygon : If any two consecutive vertices are joined then remaining all other vertices will
lie on same side.

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(D) CIRCLE :
Area A = r2 ; Circumference (perimeter) = 2r
r
(a) Sector of a circle : Bounded by arc of circle (subtending angle ‘’ at center) O
and two radii. Circle is divided into minor (containing ‘’) and major sectors

  
(
i
) Arc length of sector :    2 r
 360  
Major
   2  1  O
Area : A =  r =   r
 360  
(ii
) r  r
2
A  C
(iii) Perimeter of sector AOC = 2r +  Minor
(b) Segment of a circle : Bounded by arc of the circle and the chord (determining the
segment).
(
i
) Circle is divided into two segments minor segment and major segment.
(ii) When chord is diameter, sector coincides with segment.
Major
(iii) Area (segment ACB) = Area of sector OACB - Area of AOB O

   A B
1    
=  × r2 –   ×
 360   2  2r sin  ×
2
 r cos 
2 C

   2 1 2
Area =  r –   r sin 
 360  
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SOLIDS

Require three dimension to describe


(a) Surfaces of solids : Plane areas bounding the solid e.g. six rectangle faces bounding a brick. Surface
area is measured in square units.
(b) Volume of solids : Space occupied by a solid and is measured in cubic units.

b

Cuboid Cone Cylinder Sphere
(A) CUBOID :
Rectangular shaped solid also known as rectangular parallelopiped (e.g. match box, brick)
(a) Have six rectangular faces with opposite faces parallel and congruent.

(b) Have twelve edges (Edge - The line segment where two adjacent faces meets).

(c) Three adjacent faces meet at a point called vertex and cuboid have eight vertices H
E D h
A
(d) Surface area : A = 2[ × b + b × h + h × ] square unit. G
F b
B  C
(e) Volume : V = l × b × h cubic unit.

(B) CUBE :

Special case of cuboid having all sides equal.
Area = 62 ; Volume = 3 Unit cube : Side  = 1

Volume is 1 cubic unit (From this cubic unit is derived)

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(C) CYLINDER :
Having a lateral (curved) surface and two congruent circular cross section. O
(e.g. Jar, Circular Pillars, Drums, Pipes etc.)
(a) Axis : Line joining the centers of two circular cross section.

Generator
(b) Right circular cylinder : When axis is perpendicular to circular cross section.

Axis
h
(c) Generators : Lines parallel to axis and lying on the lateral surface.
(d) Base : With cylinder in vertical position, the lower circular end is base.
(e) Height (h) : Distance between two circular faces. r
Base
(f) Radius (r) : Radius of base or top circle.
(g) Total surface area : Base area + curved surface area
= 2r2 + 2rh = 2r(h + r)(including two circular ends).
Without circular ends (Hollow cylinder) = 2rh
(h) Volume : V = r2h
(D) CONE :
V
Have a curved surface with a vertex (V) and circular base radius : r and center O)

t
igh
(a) Axis : Line joining vertex and center of base circle (VO) 

he
h

nt
(b) Height of cone (h) : Length of VO

sla
(c) Slant height (Q) : Distance of vertex from any point of base circle r
O
 = r2  h2
(d) Right circular cone : When axis is perpendicular to base.
(e) The cross section of a cone parallel to base is a circle and perpendicular to base is an isosceles triangle.
(f) Volume : (1/3)r2h (volume of a cone is 1/3rd of volume of a cylinder with same height and base

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radius).
(g) Curved surface Area : r
(h) Total surface Area : r + r2 = r ( + r)
(i) A right circular cone can be generated by rotating a right angled triangle about its right angle forming
side.
(E) SPHERE :
All point on its surface are equidistant from its center, the distance is called r
radius (r) and any line passing through center with end points on surface is called
diameter.
(a) Volume : (4/3) r3
(b) Surface area : 4r2
(F) HEMISPHERE :
r
A sphere is divided into two hemi spheres by a plane passing through center.
(a) Volume : (2/3)r3
(b) Curved surface area : = 2r2
(c) Total surface area : = 2r2 + r2 = 3r2
24. INDICES AND SURDS
Important Results :
1. a × a × a ×.... × a (m times) = am 2. am × an = am+n 3. am  an = am–n
m
1  x xm
4. (am)n = amn 5. a m  6.  y  
am ym
7. (xy)m = xm.ym 8. n
x  x 1 / n ; n  2, n  N 9. a0 = 1
10. ax = ay  x = y or a = 1 or a = 0 if x > 0 & y > 0 11. a = b  a = b or x = 0
x x

b 2
12. ap/q = (ap)1/q = (a1/q)p 13. (xa)b  x a but = xab e.g. (23)2 = 26 = 64 & 2 3 = 29 = 512

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LOGARITHM
1. DEFINITION :
Every positive real number N can be expressed in exponential form as ax = N where 'a' is also a positive
real number different than unity and is called the base and 'x' is called an exponent.
We can write the relation ax = N in logarithmic form as logaN = x. Hence ax = N  logaN = x.
Hence logarithm of a number to some base is the exponent by which the base must be raised in order to
get that number.
Limitations of logarithm: logaN is defined only when
(
i
) N > 0 (ii) a > 0 (iii) a  1
Note :
(
i
) For a given value of N, logaN will give us a unique value.
(ii
) Logarithm of zero does not exist.
(iii) Logarithm of negative reals are not defined in the system of real numbers.

Illustration 1 : The value of N, satisfying loga[1 + logb{1 + logc(1 + logpN)}] = 0 is -


(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1
Solution : 1 + logb{1 + logc(1 + logpN)} = a = 1 0

logb{1 + logc(1 + logpN)} = 0  1 + logc(1 + logpN) = 1


logc(1 + logpN) = 0  1 + logpN = 1
logpN = 0  N = 1 Ans. (D)
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p 4 q4
Illustration 2 : If log5p = a and log2q = a, then prove that = 1002a–1
100

Solution : log5p = a  p = 5a
log2q = a  q = 2a

p4q4 5 4 a.2 4 a (1 0 )4 a (100 )2 a


     100 2 a 1
1 00 100 1 00 10 0

Do yourself - 1 :
(i) Express the following in logarithmic form :
(a) 81 = 34 (b) 0.001 = 10–3 (c) 2 = 1281/7
(ii) Express the following in exponential form :

(a) log232 = 5 (b) log 2


4 4 (c) log100.01 = –2
(iii) If log4m = 1.5, then find the value of m.
(iv) If log2 3
1728  x, then find x.

2. FUNDAMENTAL IDENTITIES :
Using the basic definition of logarithm we have 3 important deductions :
(a) loga1 = 0 i.e. logarithm of unity to any base is zero.
(b) logNN = 1 i.e. logarithm of a number to the same base is 1.

1
(c) log 1 N  1 = logN i.e. logarithm of a number to the base as its reciprocal is –1.
N
N

Note : N =  a 
loga N
e.g. 2 log2 7  7
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Do yourself - 2 :
(i) Find the value of the following :

log2 5
43 1 
1  (sec x  tan x)
2 2
(a) log (b) log1.4 3 (c) 2 
cot 22
2
30  

(ii) If E = (sin10° + cos10°)2 + (cos10° – sin10°)2 , then find log0.5 E


(iii) If 4 log2 2 x  3 6 , then find x.

3. THE PRINCIPAL PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS :


If m,n are arbitrary positive numbers where a > 0, a  1 and x is any real number, then-
(1) logamn= logam + logan

m
(2) loga  log a m  log a n
n
(3) logamx = x logam

16 25 81
Illustration 3 : Prove that 7 log  5 log  3 log  log 2
15 24 80

16 25 81
7 log  5 log  3 log

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Solution :
15 24 80

 16 
7
 25   81 
5 3
  16 7  25 5  8 1 3 
 log    log    log  80   log     
 15   24      15   24   80  
 

 2 4 7  5 2 5  3 4 3   2 28 510 3 12 
 log    3   4    log  7   
 3  5   2  3   2  5   3  5
7
215  3 5 212  5 3 

 log 2 28 15 12  5 1 0 7  3  3 12 7  5  = log(21 × 50 × 30) = log 2

(a  b) 1
Illustration 4 : If a2 + b2 = 23ab, then prove that log  (log a  log b).
5 2
2 2 2
Solution : a + b = (a + b) –2ab = 23ab

 (a + b) = 25ab  a+b = 5 ab
2
....(i)
Using(i)

(a  b) 5 ab 1 1
L.H.S. = log  log  log ab  (log a  log b)= R.H.S.
5 5 2 2

Illustration 5 : If logax = p and logbx2 = q, then logx ab is equal to (where a, b, x  R+ – {1}) -

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) 
p q 2p q p 2q 2p 2q
logax = p  a = x  a = x .
p 1/p
Solution :
similarly b = x  b = x
q 2 2/q

1 2  1
  . 1 1
Now, log x ab  log x x1 / p x 2 / q  log x x  p q 2  
2p q

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Do yourself - 3 :
1 1
(i) Show that log 9  2 log 6  log 81  log1 2  3 log 3
2 4
b c c a a b
x y z
(ii) If logex – logey = a , logey – logez = b & logez – logex = c, then find the value of      
y z x

4. BASE CHANGING THEOREM :


Can be stated as "quotient of the logarithm of two numbers is independent of their common base."
log a m
log b m 
Symbolically, log a b where a > 0, a  1, b > 0, b  1

Note :

log a log b 1
(i) logba. logab = . = 1; hence log b a  .
log b log a log a b

(ii) a log b c  c logb a

1
(iii) Base power formula : log a k m  log a m
k
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(iv) The base of the logarithm can be any positive number other than 1, but in normal practice, only two
bases are popular, these are 10 and e(=2.718 approx). Logarithms of numbers to the base 10 are
named as 'common logarithm' and the logarithms of numbers to the base e are called Natural or Napierian
logarithm. We will consider logx as logex or nx.
(v) Conversion of base e to base 10 & viceversa :
log10 a log e a
log e a   2 .303  log10 a; log10 a   log10 e  log e a  0 .4 34 log e a
log10 e log e 10

Illustration 6 : If a, b, c are distinct positive real numbers different from 1 such that
(logba . logca – logaa) + (logab . logcb – logbb) + (logac . logbc – logcc ) = 0, then abc is equal to -
(A) 0 (B)e (C) 1 (D) none of these
Solution : (logba logca – 1) + (logab. logcb – 1) + (logac logbc – 1) = 0

log a log a log b log b log c log c


 .  .  .  3  (log a)3 + (log b)3 + (log c)3 = 3loga logb logc
log b log c log a log c log a log b

 (loga + logb + logc) = 0 [If a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = 0, then a + b + c = 0 if a  b  c]


 log abc = log 1  abc = 1

Illustration 7 : Evaluate : 8 11 / log 5 3


 2 7 log9 36  3 4 / log7 9

Solution : 81 log3 5  3 3 log9 36  3 4 log9 7


3/ 2 2
 3 4 log3 5  3 log3 (3 6 )  3 log3 7

= 625 + 216 + 49 = 890.

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Do yourself - 4 :

log 3 1 35 log 3 5
(i) Evaluate : 
log15 3 log 405 3

(ii) Evaluate : log927 – log279


(iii) Evaluate : 2 log 3 5  5 log3 2
(iv) Evaluate : log34.log45 .log56 .log67 .log78 . log89

1 1
(v) If   x , then x can be -
log 3  log 4 

(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 3.5 (D) 


(vi) If loga3 = 2 and logb8 = 3, then logab is -
(A) log32 (B) log23 (C) log34 (D) log43

5. GRAPH OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS :


Graph of y = loga x :
y y

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(1,0)
O (1,0) x O x

When a > 1 When 0 < a < 1


Points to remember :

(
i
) If base of logarithm is greater than 1 then logarithm of greater number is greater. i.e. log28 = 3,
log24 = 2 etc. and if base of logarithm is between 0 and 1 then logarithm of greater number is smaller.
i.e. log1/28 = –3, log1/24 = –2 etc.

 x < y if a > 1
loga x < logay  
 x > y if 0 < a < 1
(ii
) It must be noted that whenever the number and the base are on the same side of unity then logarithm
of that number to that base is positive, however if the number and the base are located on different
side of unity then logarithm of that number to that base is negative.

1 1 
e.g. log10 10 
3
; log 49  4 ; log 1    3 ; log 2  1   5; log (0.001) = –3
 32 
2 8 
7
3  
10

1 1
(iii) x  2 if x is positive real number and x   2 if x is negative real number
x x
(iv) n  2, n  N
n
a  a1 / n  nth root of 'a' ('a' is a non negative number)
Some important values : log102 = 0.3010 ; log103 = 0.4771 ;n2 = 0.693, n10 = 2.303

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6. CHARACTERISTIC AND MANTISSA :

For any given number N, logarithm can be expressed as logaN = Integer + Fraction
The integer part is called characteristic and the fractional part is called mantissa. When the value of log n
is given, then to find digits of 'n' we use only the mantissa part. The characteristic is used only in determining
the number of digits in the integral part (if n  1) or the number of zeros after decimal & before first non-
zero digit in the number (if 0 < n < 1).

Note :
(
i
) The mantissa part of logarithm of a number is always positive (0  m  1)

(ii
) If the characteristic of log10N be n, then the number of digits in N is (n + 1)
(iii) If the characteristic of log10N be (–n), then there exist (n – 1) zeros after decimal in N.

7. ANTILOGARITHM :
The positive real number 'n' is called the antilogarithm of a number 'm' if log n = m
Thus, log n = m  n = antilog m

Do yourself - 5 :
(i) Evaluate : log(0.06)6
(ii) Find number of digits in 1820
200
1 
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(iii) Determine number of cyphers (zeros) between decimal & first significant digit in  
6 
5
(iv) Find antilog of to the base 64.
6

8. ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTION/MODULUS FUNCTION :

The symbol of modulus function is |x|


 x if x  0
and is defined as : y = |x| = 
  x if x  0

Properties of Modulus :

For any a, b R


(a) |a| 0 (b) |a| = |–a|

a | a|
(c) |ab| = |a||b| (d) =
b | b|
(e) |a + b| |a|+|b| (f
) |a|–|b||a – b|
(g) ||a|–|b|| = |a – b| iff ab > 0 or b = 0

Illustration 8 : If ||x–1| – 2| = 5, then find x.


Solution : |x – 1| – 2 = ± 5
|x – 1| = 7, – 3
Case-I : When |x – 1| = 7  x – 1 = ± 7  x = 8, –6
Case-II : When |x – 1| = –3 (reject)

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Illustration 9 : If |x – 1| + |x + 1| = 2, then find x.
Solution : Case-I : If x  –1
–(x – 1) – (x + 1) = 2
 –x + 1 – x – 1 = 2
 –2x = 2  x = –1 ........(i)
Case-II : If – 1 < x < 1
–(x – 1) + (x + 1) = 2
 –x+1+x+1=2
 2=2  –1 < x < 1 ........(ii)
Case-III : If x  1
x–1+x+1=2
 x=1 ........(iii)
Thus from (i), (ii) and (iii) – 1  x  1

Illustration 10 : Solve : x |x + 3| + 2 |x + 2| = 0

Solution : Case-I : x < – 3

–x(x + 3) – 2 (x + 2) = 0

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x2 + 5x + 4 = 0  x = –1, –4

 x = –4.  x = –1 (reject)

Case- II : –3 < x < – 2

(x) (x + 3) – 2x –4 = 0
x2 + x – 4 = 0

1  17 1  17
 x ,
2 2

1  17 1  17
 x=  x (reject)
2 2

Case-III : x > –2
x (x + 3) + 2x + 4 = 0
x2 + 5x + 4 = 0
 x = –1, – 4.
 x = –1  x = –4 (reject)

1  17
Hence x = –4, , –1.
2

Do yourself - 6 :
(i) Solve : |x + 3| = 2(5 – x)
(ii) Solve : x|x| + 7x – 8 = 0

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Miscellaneous Illustrations :
Illustration 11 : Show that log418 is an irrational number.
log 2 3 1 1
Solution : log418 = log4(32 × 2) = 2log43 + log42 = 2   log 2 3 
log2 4 log2 4 2

assume the contrary, that this number log23 is rational number.

p
 log23 = . Since log23 > 0 both numbers p and q may be regarded as natural number
q
 3 = 2p/q  2p = 3q
But this is not possible for any natural number p and q. The resulting contradiction completes the
proof.
Illustration 12 : If in a right angled triangle, a and b are the lengths of sides and c is the length of hypotenuse and
c – b  1, c + b  1, then show that
logc+ba + logc–ba = 2logc+ba . logc–ba.
Solution : We know that in a right angled triangle
c2 = a2 + b2
c2 – b2 = a2 ..........(i)

1 1 log a (c  b)  log a (c  b)
LHS =  
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log a (c  b) log a (c  b) log a (c  b). log a (c  b)

log a (c2  b2 ) log a a 2


  (using(i))
log a (c  b). log a (c  b) log a (c  b).log a (c  b)

2

log a (c  b). log a (c  b) = 2log(c+b)a . log(c – b) a = RHS

6 loga x. log1 0 a. loga 5


Illustration 13 : Solve the following equation for x : a  3 log10 (x / 10 )  9 log10 0 x  log4 2
5

Solution : Let A = logax . log10a . loga5 = log10x . loga5 = log a (5 )log10 x

 aA = 5 log10 x  5  (say log10 x   )


& let B = log10(x/10) = log10x – 1 =  – 1

3
 3B = 3– 1 =
3
1 1  1
& let C = log100x + log42 = log1 0 2 x  log 2 2 2 =
1 1
log10 x  
2 2 2
1
 9C  9 2
 3 1  3 .3 

6  3
According to question .5   3.3 
5 3

1 
 6.5– 1 = 3   3   6.5– 1 = 3– 1(10)  5– 2 = 3– 2
3
which is possible only when  = 2  log10x = 2  x = 102 = 100 Ans.
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 x4  2 
Illustration 14: Solve : log(2x–1)   =1
2x 1

x4  2
Solution : = 2x – 1  x4 + 2 = 4x2 – 1
2x 1

4  16  12 4  4 4 2
 x4 – 4x2 + 3 = 0  x2 =  = = 3, 1
2 2 2

 x   3,  1 .........(i)

 x4  2 
Substituting x =  3 and –1 in log 2 x 1  2 x  1 we get 2x – 1 negative. And if x = 1 in 2x – 1
 
we get base = 1  reject x = ±1,  3

Hence x  3 Ans.

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ANSWERS FOR DO YOURSELF
1 : (i) (a) log381 = 4 (b) log10(0.001) = –3 (c) log128 2 = 1/7

(ii) (a) 32 = 25 (b) 4 = ( 2 )4 (c) 0.01 = 10–2


(iii) m = 8 (iv) 6

1
2 : (i) (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (ii) –1 (iii) 3
5

3 : (ii) 1
4 : (i) 3 (ii) 5/6 (iii) 0 (iv) 2 (v) (A) (vi) (C)

5 : (i) 8.66 86 (ii) 24 (iii) 155 (iv) 32

7
6 : (i) (ii) x = 1
3

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EXERCISE - 01 CHECK YOUR GRASP
SELECT THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE (ONLY ONE CORRECT ANSWER)
1 1 1
1. + + has the value equal to -
log bc
abc log ca
abc log ab
abc
(A) 1/2 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4
log21 / 4 a (a 2  1 )3
2  3 log27  2a
2. The ratio simplifies to -
4 log49 a
7  a 1
(A) a2 – a – 1 (B) a2 + a – 1 (C) a2 – a + 1 (D) a2 + a + 1

 x2 
3. The value of the expression, log4   – 2 log4(4x4) when x = – 2 is -
 4 
(A) – 6 (B) – 5 (C) – 4 (D) meaningless
1 1 1
4.   is equal to-
1  log b a  log b c 1  log c a  log c b 1  log a b  log a c
1
(A) abc (B) (C) 0 (D) 1
abc
5. Which one of the following denotes the greatest positive proper fraction ?
log2 6 log3 5  1 
1 1  log3 2   log 2 
(A)   (B)   (C) 3 (D) 8 3
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4 3

s
6. If p  , then n equals -
(1  k)n
s log(s / p) log s log p(1  k )
(A) log (B) (C) (D)
p(1  k ) log(1  k ) log p(1  k ) log(s / p)

7. Value of x satisfying log10 1  x  3 log10 1  x  log 10 1  x 2  2 is -


(A) 0 < x < 1 (B) –1 < x < 1 (C) –1 < x < 0 (D) none of these
8. The number of real solution of the equation log10 (7x – 9) + log10 (3x – 4) = 2 is -
2 2

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

1
9. The equation, log2(2x2) + (log2x). xlog x (log2 x 1)+ log24 (x4) + 2 3 log1 / 2 (log2 x)= 1 has -
2
(A) exactly one real solution (B) two real solutions
(C) 3 real solutions (D) no solution
10. Given system of simultaneous equations 2x. 5y = 1 and 5x+1 . 2y = 2. Then -
(A) x = log105 and y = log102 (B) x = log102 and y = log105

1 1
(C) x = log10   and y = log102 (D) x = log105 and y = log10  
5 2

11. The value of 3 log4 5  4 log5 3  5 log4 3  3 log5 4 is -

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) none of these

12. Given that logpx =  and logqx = then value of logp/q x equals -

    
(A) (B) (C) (D)
    

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12
13. logAB ,where B  and A  1  2  5  1 0 is -
3 5  8

(A) a negative integer (B) a prime integer

(C) a positive integer (D) an even–natural number


14. If logc2 . logb625 = log1016 . logc10 where c > 0 ; c  1 ; b > 1 ; b  1 determine b -
(A) 25 (B) 5 (C) 625 (D) 16
100
5
15. Number of cyphers after decimal before a significant figure comes in   is -
3
(A) 21 (B) 22 (C) 23 (D) none
SELECT THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVES (ONE OR MORE THAN ONE CORRECT ANSWERS)

 1 
16. The solution set of the system of equations, log12x   log2 y = log2x and log2x.(log3(x + y)) = 3 log3x is-
 log x 2 
(A) x = 6 ; y = 2 (B) x = 4 ; y = 3 (C) x = 2 ; y = 6 (D) x = 3 ; y = 4
3 2
3 log10 x  log10 x
17. If x1 and x2 are the solution of the equation x 3
= 100 3 10 then -

(A) x1x2 = 1 (B) x1 . x2 = x1 + x2 (C) log x2 x1 = –1 (D) log (x1 . x2) = 0

18. If ax = b, by = c, cz = a and x = log b a 2 ; y  log c b 3 & z  log a c k , where a, b, c > 0 & a, b, c  1, then k is

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equal to -
1 1
(A) (B) (C) log 64 2 (D) log 32 2
5 6
19. If logkx. log5k = logx5, k  1, k > 0, then x is is equal to -
1
(A) k (B) (C) 5 (D) none of these
5
2
3 / 4 (log3 x)  log3 x  5 / 4
20. If x = 3 , then x has -
(A) one positive integral value (B) one irrational value
(C) two positive rational values (D) none of these

CHECK Y O UR GRASP ANSWER KEY EXERCISE-1

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. B D A D C B D B D C
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. A A C B B A,C A,C,D B,C B,C A,B,C

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EXERCISE - 02 BRAIN TEASERS

SELECT THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVES (ONE OR MORE THAN ONE CORRECT ANSWERS)
1. Which of the following when simplified reduces to an integer ?

2 log 6 log 32 log5 16  log5 4 2


 1 
(A) (B) (C) (D) log1 / 4  
log12  log 3 log 4 log5 12 8  16 

 8 
log 8  2 
x 
2. The equation = 3 has -
 log8 x 2
(A) no integral solution (B) one natural solution (C) two real solution (D) one irrational solution
3. Which of the following when simplified, vanishes ?
1 2 3
(A) + –
log 3 2 log 9 4 log 27 8

2 9
(B) log2   + log4  
3 4
(C) – log8 log4 log2 16
(D) log10 cot 1° + log10cot 2° + log10 cot 3° + ......... + log10 cot 89°
4. Which of the following when simplified, reduces to unity ?
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2 log 2  log 3
(A) log105 . log1020 + log10
2
2 (B)
log 48  log 4
1  64 
(C) – log5 log3 5
9 (D) log 3  27 
6
2

1  2 log 3 2
5. The number N = + log26 2 when simplified reduces to -
(1  log3 2 )2
(A) a prime number (B) an irrational number
(C) a real which is less than log3 (D) a real which is greater than log76
6. Which of the following are correct ?
(A) log319 . log1/73.log41/7>2
(B) log5 (1/23) lies between – 2 & – 1
2 log3 7
1
(C) if m = 4 log4 7 and n =   then n = m4
9

 
(D) log 5 sin
 5  .log 
5 simplifies to an irrational number
sin
5

 x
x
7. If p, q  N satisfy the equation x x
= then p & q are -
(A) relatively prime (B) twin prime
(C) coprime (D) if logqp is defined then logpq is not & vice versa

P P P P
8. The expression, logp logp ....... P where p  2, p  N, when simplified is -
n radical sign
(A) independent of p, but dependent on n (B) independent of n, but dependent on p
(C) dependent on both p & n (D) negative
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9. Which of the following numbers are positive ?

2 / 3
1 2
(A) log log 2   (B) log2   (C) log10log109 (D) log10sin25°
3 2 3

10. If logpq + logqr + logrp vanishes where p, q and r are positive reals different than unity then the value of

(logpq)3 + (logqr)3 + (logrp)3 is -

(A) an odd prime (B) an even prime (C) an odd composite (D) an irrational number

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BRAIN TEASERS ANSWER KEY EXERCISE-2

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. A,D B,C A,B,C,D A,B,C C,D A,B,C A,C,D A,D A,B A

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EXERCISE - 03 MISCELLANEOUS TYPE QUESTIONS

FILL IN THE BLANKS

 
log3a x
1. The solution set of the equation x log a x = a  is_____________, (where a > 0 & a  1) .

1
2. The value of b satisfying log b= 3
is _____________.
8
3
3. Solution set of the equation, log10
2
x + log10x2 = log10
2
2– 1 is _____________ .
log (0 .1 )
4. The expression (0 .0 5 ) 20
is a perfect square of the natural number _____________.
(where 0. 1 denotes 0.111111 .........  )

5. The expression log20.5 8 has the value equal to _____________.

6. If log72 = m, then log49 28 in terms of m has the value equal to _____________.


7. Let p be the integral part of log3 108 and q be the integral part of log5375 then p + q – pq has the value equal
to _____________.
(a3  1)(b3  1)  1
8. log(a + b) = logab (a, b > 0), then is_____________.
ba(a  b)
MATCH THE COLUMN
Following question contains statements given in two columns, which have to be matched. The statements in
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Column-I are labelled as A, B, C and D while the statements in Column-II are labelled as p, q, r and s. Any given
statement in Column-I can have correct matching with ONE OR MORE statement(s) in Column-II.
1. Match the column for values of x which satisfy the equation in Column-I

Column-I Column-II

log1 0 (x  3) 1
(A) = (p) 5
2
log10 (x  21) 2

(B) xlogx+4 = 32, where base of logarithm is 2 (q) 100

(C) 5 log x  3 log x 1  3 log x 1  5 log x 1 where the base (


r) 2

of logarithm is 10

1
(D) 91+logx – 31+logx – 210 = 0 ; where base of log is 3 (s)
32

ASSERTION & REASON

These questions contains, Statement I (assertion) and Statement II (reason).


(A) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true ; Statement-II is correct explanation for Statement-I.
(B) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true ; Statement-II is NOT a correct explanation for statement-I.
(C) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is false.
(D) Statement-I is false, Statement-II is true.
1. Statement-I : If a = y2, b = z2, c = x2, then 8logax3.logby3.logcz3 = 27
Becuase
1
Statement-II : logba. logcb = logca, also logba =
log a b
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
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2. Statement-I : If log (log x) 5 = 2, then x = 5 5


5

Becuase
Statement-II : logxa = b, if a > 0, then x = a1/b
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
3. Statement-I : The equation log 1 (5  x 2 ) = log (3  x2 ) (15  x ) has real solutions.
2 | x|

Becuase
Statement-II : log1/ba = –logba (where a,b > 0 and b  1) and if number and base both are greater than
unity then the number is positive.
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D

COMPREHENSION BASED QUESTIONS

Comprehension # 1
In comparison of two numbers, logarithm of smaller number is smaller, if base of the logarithm is
greater than one. Logarithm of smaller number is larger, if base of logarithm is in between zero and

one. For example log24 is smaller than log2 8 and log 1 4 is larger than log 1 8 .
2 2

On the basis of above information, answer the following questions :


1. Identify the correct order :-
(A) log26 < log38 < log36 < log46 (B) log26 > log38 > log36 > log46

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(C) log38 > log26 > log36 > log46 (D) log38 > log46 > log36 > log26
2. log 1 40 is-
20

(A) greater than one (B) smaller than one


(C) greater than zero and smaller than one (D) none of these
5
3. log 2 is-
3
6
(A) less than zero (B) greater than zero and less than one
(C) greater than one (D) none of these

MISCELLANEOUS TYPE QUESTION ANSWER KEY EXERCISE -3

 Fill in the Blanks


1 1 2m  1
1. {1, a1/} 2. 32 3. , 4. 9 5. 3 6. 7. –5 8. 3
20 5 2
 Match the Column
1. (A)  (p), (B)  (r, s), (C)  (q), (D)  (p)

 Assertion & Reason


1. B 2. A 3. D

 Comprehension Based Questions


Comprehension # 1 : 1. B 2. B 3. B

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EXERCISE–04 [A] CONCEPTUAL SUBJECTIVE EXERCISE


loga N
1. Prove that  1  loga b & indicate the permissible values of the letters :
logab N
b
logb logb N g
logb a
2. Compute the following : (a) log1 / 3 729. 3 9 1 .2 7 4 / 3 4
(b) a
loga N. logb N. logc N
3. Prove the identity ; loga N. logb N  logb N. logc N  logc N. loga N 
logabc N
4. Which is smaller ? 2 or  log e 1 2  log2 e  1  .
5. Solve for x : log4 log3 log2 x = 0.
6. Find the value of 49 A  5 B where A  1  log7 2 & B   log5 4 .
A B C
7. If 4  9  10 , where A  log16 4, B  log3 9 & C  logx 83 then find x.
2 3
8. Find the value of the expression 6

log 4 (2 00 0 ) log 5 (2 000 )6
9. Solve the system of equations : loga x loga (xyz) = 48
loga y loga (xyz) = 12, a > 0, a  1
loga z loga (xyz) = 84
10. Compute the following :
1 3

F I
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log5 9
3
log 6 3 2 FG 1 IJ
 b125g
81
. G e 7j H 2 K  log
log1 / 5
(a)
409 H
log25 7
JK
log25 6
(b) 5 2
7 3
4
 log1 / 2
1
10  2 2 1

(c) 4
5 log4 2 e 3 6 j 6 log e
8 3 2 j
11. Solve for x : (a) 5logx + 5xlog5 =3 (a > 0) ; where base of log is a (b) logx2.log2x2 = log4x2
12. Solve for x : (a) logx+1(x2+x–6)2 = 4 (b) x + log10(1 + 2x) = x.log105 + log106
13. Given a 2  b 2  c 2 & a > 0 ; b >0 ; c >0 , c – b  1, c +b  1,
Prove that : logc b a  logc b a  2. logc b a. logc b a
14. (a) Given : log10 34.56 = 1.5386, find log10 3.456 ; log100.3456 & log100.003456.
(b) Find the number of positive integers which have the characteristic 3, when the base of the logarithm is 7.
15. If log102 = 0.3010 & log103 = 0.4771. Find the value of log10 (2.25).
16. If log102 = 0.3010, log103 = 0.4771. Find the number of integers in :
(a) 5200 (b) 615 & (c) the number of zeros after the decimal in 3–100
17. Find the antilogarithm of 0.75, if the base of the logarithm is 2401.

CONCEPTUAL SUBJECTIVE EXERCISE ANSWER KEY EXERCISE-4(A)

a  0 ; a  1 
25
1. N  0 ; N  1  2. (a) –1, (b) logbN 4. 2 5. 8 6. 7. x = 10
  2
 b  0 ; b  1 / a 
1  1 1 1 
8. 9. (a4, a, a7) or  4 , , 7  10. (a) 1,(b)6,(c) 9
6 a a a 
11. (a) x = 2  log5 a (b) x  2 2
or 2  2
12. (a) x = 1(b) x = 1
14. (a) 0.5386, 1.5386, 3.5386 (b) 2058 15. 0.3522 16. (a) 140, (b) 12, (c) 47 17. 343

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EXERCISE - 04 [B] BRAIN STORMING SUBJECTIVE EXERCISE

1. Find a rational number which is 50 times its own logarithm to the base 10.

2. Prove that ax  by  0 where x  loga b & y log b a , a >0 , b > 0 & a , b  1.

3. If a  log12 18 & b  log 24 54 then find the value of ab + 5 (a – b).

log a N log a N  log b N


4. If = where N > 0 & N  1, a, b, c > 0 & not equal to 1, then prove that b2 = ac.
log c N log b N  log c N

5. If logba.logca + logab.logcb + logac.logbc = 3 (where a, b, c are different positive real numbers 1), then
find the value of abc.
6. Prove that log710 is greater than log1113.

7. Solve the system of the equations ax b g log a


b g
 by
log b
; blog x  alog y where a > 0, b > 0 and a  b ,

ab  1
8. Solve for x : log5120 + (x – 3) – 2. log5(1–5x–3) = – log5(0.2 – 5x–4).

 1 
 log 3  log  3  27  .
x
9. Solve for x : log 4   1 
2x

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10. Find the real solutions to the system of equations
log10(2000xy) – log10x . log10y = 4
log10(2yz) – log10y . log10z = 1
and log10(zx) – log10z . log10x = 0

 4  4  2 2 
11. Find x satisfying the equation log2  1    log2 1    2 log   1 .
   x x  4 x 1 

12. Solve for x : log2  4  x   log  4  x  . log  x  1   2 log2  x  1   0 .


 2  2

13. Solve the following equation for x & y : log100 x  y  1 , log10y – log10|x|= log1004.
2

14. Find all real numbers x which satisfy the equation, 2 log2 log2 x  log 1 / 2 log2 2 2 x   1 .

15. Solve for x : log 3 / 4 log 8 (x2  7 )  log1 / 2 log1 / 4 (x2  7)1  2 .

BRAIN STORMING SUBJECTIVE EXERCISE ANSWER KEY EXERCISE-4(B)

1. 100 3. 1 5. abc = 1 7. x = 1/a and y = 1/b 8. x=1 9. x 

10. x = 1, y = 5, z = 1 or x = 100, y = 20, z = 100 11. x = 2 or 6

 7 3  2 4 
12. 0, ,  13. {–10, 20}, {10/3, 20/3} 14. x = 8 15. x = 3 or –3
 4 2 

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JEE-Mathematics

EXERCISE - 05 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. Number of solutions of log4(x–1) = log2(x – 3) is [JEE 2001 (Screening)]

(A) 3 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 0


2. Let (x0, y0) be the solution of the following equations [JEE 2011, 3 (–1)]
2 x 
ln 2
 (3 y)ln 3
lnx lny
3 =2
Then x0 is
1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) 6
6 3 2
 
1 1 1 1
3. The value of 6  log 3  4 4 4 ......  is [JEE 2012, 4M]

2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 
 
NODE6 (E)\Data\2014\Kota\JEE-Advanced\SMP\Maths\Unit#01\Eng\01. FUNDAMENTALS OF MATHEMATICS & Logarithm\01. Fundamental of Mathematics & Logarithm

PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS ANSWER KEY EXERCISE-5

1. B 2. C 3. 4
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