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    Rectangular Coordinates: How To Convert Rectangular Coordinates To Polar Coordinates, and Vice-Versa

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    सुमित नेमा
    The document discusses converting between rectangular and polar coordinates. Rectangular coordinates use (x,y) to locate a point using horizontal and vertical distances from the origin. Polar coordinates use (r,θ) where r is the distance from the origin and θ is the angle from the positive x-axis. The document provides formulas to convert between the systems: x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ to convert from polar to rectangular, and r2 = x2 + y2, tan θ = y/x to convert from rectangular to polar. Examples are given to demonstrate converting between coordinate systems.

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    Rectangular Coordinates: How To Convert Rectangular Coordinates To Polar Coordinates, and Vice-Versa

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    सुमित नेमा
    56 views5 pages
    The document discusses converting between rectangular and polar coordinates. Rectangular coordinates use (x,y) to locate a point using horizontal and vertical distances from the origin. Polar coordinates use (r,θ) where r is the distance from the origin and θ is the angle from the positive x-axis. The document provides formulas to convert between the systems: x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ to convert from polar to rectangular, and r2 = x2 + y2, tan θ = y/x to convert from rectangular to polar. Examples are given to demonstrate converting between coordinate systems.

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    The document discusses converting between rectangular and polar coordinates. Rectangular coordinates use (x,y) to locate a point using horizontal and vertical distances from the origin. Polar coordinates use (r,θ) where r is the distance from the origin and θ is the angle from the positive x-axis. The document provides formulas to convert between the systems: x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ to convert from polar to rectangular, and r2 = x2 + y2, tan θ = y/x to convert from rectangular to polar. Examples are given to demonstrate converting between coordinate systems.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    56 views5 pages

    Rectangular Coordinates: How To Convert Rectangular Coordinates To Polar Coordinates, and Vice-Versa

    Uploaded by

    सुमित नेमा
    The document discusses converting between rectangular and polar coordinates. Rectangular coordinates use (x,y) to locate a point using horizontal and vertical distances from the origin. Polar coordinates use (r,θ) where r is the distance from the origin and θ is the angle from the positive x-axis. The document provides formulas to convert between the systems: x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ to convert from polar to rectangular, and r2 = x2 + y2, tan θ = y/x to convert from rectangular to polar. Examples are given to demonstrate converting between coordinate systems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 5

    How to convert rectangular coordinates to polar coordinates, and vice-versa.

    Rectangular coordinates

    Rectangular coordinates and polar coordinates are two different ways of using two numbers
    to locate a point on a plane.

    Rectangular coordinates are in the form (x,y), where 'x' and 'y' are the horizontal and
    vertical distances from the origin. In other words the first figure refers always to the distance
    from the origin in direction of the X-axis to the point and the second figure from the origin in
    the direction of the Y-axis to the point

    In the diagram below the coordinates are:


    (x,y) in the 1st quadrant are (3, 4)
    (x,y) in the 2nd quadrant (─5, 3)
    (x,y) in the 3rd quadrant (─4, ─5) and
    (x,y) in the 4th quadrant (3, ─1).

    y The axes of a two-dimensional


    Cartesian system divide a plane
    (3, 4) into four regions, called
    4 quadrants, each bounded by two
    (-5, 3) 3 half-axes. These are often
    numbered from 1st to 4th and
    second quadrant 2 first quadrant where the signs of the two
    -X /+Y +X / +Y coordinates are
    1
    -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
    x in the 1st quadrant (+,+),
    in the 2nd quadrant (−,+),
    rd
    -1 in the 3 quadrant (−,−), and
    th
    in the 4 quadrant (+,−).
    -2 (3, -1)
    As can be seen a rectangular
    third quadrant -3 forth quadrant
    +X / -Y coordinate system specifies each
    -X / -Y
    -4 point in a plane by a pair of
    (-4, -5) -5
    numerical coordinates, which are
    the distances from the point to
    two fixed perpendicular directed
    lines, measured in the same unit
    Rectangular Coordinates of length.

    Convertion of rectangular to polar coordinates


    The rectangular coordinates (x,y) and polar coordinates (r, θ) are related as follows:
    x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ
    R2 = x2 + y2 and tan θ = y/x
    k:\surveying\sem1-10\how to convert rectangular coordinates to polar coordinates.doc 1 of 5
    Signs of sine, cosine and tangent, by Quadrant

    The definition of the trigonometric functions cosine and sine in terms the coordinates of
    points lying on the unit circle tell us the signs of the trigonometric functions in each of
    the four quadrants, based on the signs of the x and y coordinates in each quadrant.

    First Quadrant
    For an angle in the first quadrant the point P has positive x and y coordinates. Therefore:
    In Quadrant I, cos(θ) > 0, sin(θ) > 0 and tan(θ) > 0 (All positive).

    2nd Quadrant
    For an angle in the second quadrant the point P has negative x coordinate and positive y
    coordinate. Therefore: In Quadrant II, cos(θ) < 0, sin(θ) > 0 and tan(θ) < 0 (Sine
    positive).

    3rd Quadrant
    For an angle in the third quadrant the point P has negative x and y coordinates. Therefore:
    In Quadrant III, cos(θ) < 0, sin(θ) < 0 and tan(θ) > 0 (Tangent positive).

    4th Quadrant
    For an angle in the fourth quadrant the point P has positive x coordinate and negative y
    coordinate. Therefore: In Quadrant IV, cos(θ) > 0, sin(θ) < 0 and tan(θ) < 0 (Cosine
    positive).

    The quadrants in which cosine, sine and tangent are positive are often remembered using
    a favorite mnemonic.
    One example: All Students Take Calculus.
    Reference:
    http://sriamanmathblog.blogspot.com/2009/09/signs-of-sine-cosine-and-tangent-by.html

    k:\surveying\sem1-10\how to convert rectangular coordinates to polar coordinates.doc 2 of 5


    Example:

    (a) A point has rectangular coordinates: (3, 4) as shown in the rectangular coordinates.
    Convert this rectangular coordinates to polar coordinates.
    Solution: r = square root of (3² + 4²) = 5, θ = tan-1(4/3) = 53.13º
    so (r, θ)
    θ = (5, 53.13º)

    (b) A point has rectangular coordinates: (─ 5, 3) (point is in 2nd quadrant)

    Solution: R = square root of [(- 5)² + 3²] = 5.83, θ = tan-1(3/5) = 180°─ 30.964°
    so (r, θ)
    θ = [5.83, (180° ─ 30.964°)]
    (5.83, 149.04°)

    (c) A point has rectangular coordinates: (─ 4, ─5) (point is in 3rd quadrant)

    Solution: R = square root of [(- 4)² + (─5)²] = 6.4, θ = tan-1(5/4) = 180°─ 51.34°
    so (r, θ)
    θ = [5.83, (180° + 51.34°)]
    (5.83, 231.34°)

    (d) A point has rectangular coordinates: (3², ─1) (point is in 4th quadrant)

    Solution: R = square root of [3² + (─1)²] = 3.16 θ = tan-1(─1/3) = 18.43°


    so (r, θ)
    θ = [5.83, (360° ─ 18.43°)]
    (5.83, 378.43°)

    The determination of θ is as follow:


    in the 1st quadrant (+,+), it is θ
    in the 2nd quadrant (−,+), it is 180 ─ θ
    in the 3rd quadrant (−,−), it is 180 + θ
    in the 4th quadrant (+,−) it is 360 ─ θ
    `

    Polar Coordinates
    In Surveying 2 the rectangular coordinate system is seldom use, but familiarity with the polar
    coordinate system is essential for the practical exercises.

    Polar coordinates are in the form: (r, θ), where


    'r' is the distance from the origin to the point,
    and 'θ' is the angle measured from the positive
    'x' axis to the point, as shown in the opposite
    diagram.

    k:\surveying\sem1-10\how to convert rectangular coordinates to polar coordinates.doc 3 of 5


    To convert between polar and rectangular coordinates,
    we make a right triangle to the point (x,y), like this:

    Polar to Rectangular

    From the diagram above, these formulas convert polar


    coordinates to rectangular coordinates:

    x = r x cos θ, y = r x sin θ

    So the polar point: (r,θ) can be converted to rectangular coordinates like this:

    ( r x cos θ, r x sin θ )  ( x, y )

    Polar coordinate system


    A circular coordinate system, is a
    two-dimensional polar coordinate
    90°

    system, defined by an origin, O, and


    12

    a fixed line (right half of the positive


    °
    60
    0°

    x-axis) leading from this


    (a) pointdistance r from pole O to point
    15 P, and measure the angle theta
    0° (b) °
    (5. 30 between the axis and OP in a
    °)
    .13

    83 counterclockwise direction This line


    ,1
    53

    49 is also called polar axis.


    .04
    (5,

    °) The location of a point is


    0 1 2 3 4 5 6
    180° 0° determined by its distance from a
    fixed point (pole) at the centre of
    (3.16
    , 341 (d) the coordinate space.
    .57°
    )
    4°

    ) The distance r from pole O to point


    1.3

    P (pole ray) and the angleθ (theta)


    23

    0° 33
    21 0° between the axis and OP is measure
    .4
    (6

    in a anticlockwise direction
    The polar coordinates in the
    0°

    (c)
    30

    opposite diagram are equial to the


    24

    0°
    270°

    one of the rectangular coordinates


    shown on page 1
    Polar Coordinates (angles measured counter clockwise)
    0 ≤ θ < 360°

    k:\surveying\sem1-10\how to convert rectangular coordinates to polar coordinates.doc 4 of 5


    Example:

    (a) A point has polar coordinates: (5, 53.13°) as s hown in the above diagram.

    Convert this polar coordinates to rectangular coordinates.

    Solution: (x,y) = (5 x cos 53.13º, 5 x sin 53.13º) = (3, 4)

    (b) A point has polar coordinates: (5.83, 149.04°) as shown in the above diagram.

    Convert this polar coordinates to rectangular coordinates.

    Solution: (x,y) = (5.83 x cos 149.04°, 5.83 x sin 149.04° ) = (─5, 3)

    (c) A point has polar coordinates: (6.4, 218.66°) a s shown in the above diagram.

    Convert this polar coordinates to rectangular coordinates.

    Solution: (x,y) = (6.4 x cos 231.34°, 6.4 x sin 231.34°) = (─4, ─5)

    (a) A point has polar coordinates: (3.16, 341.57°) as shown in the above diagram.

    Convert this polar coordinates to rectangular coordinates.

    Solution: (x,y) = (3.16 x cos 341.57º, 3.16 x sin 341.57º) = (3, ─1)

    I you like to the experiment with rectangular or cartesian and polar coordinate systems
    access the web page below.

    There are three applets (1) rectangular (Cartesian) coordinates, (2) Coordinate systems and
    (3) polar coordinates that's great fun to play with.

    http://www.univie.ac.at/future.media/moe/galerie/zeich/zeich.html

    k:\surveying\sem1-10\how to convert rectangular coordinates to polar coordinates.doc 5 of 5

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